1. Fur
Fur refers to the skin and hair of animals and is one of the earliest clothing materials for humans. At that time, the winter clothing of ordinary people in the Jin Kingdom was mostly made of domestic animal skins, such as sheepskin. There is also a kind of woolen fabric called "毳", which is made of the fine hair of birds and animals. It was worn by the nobles and was later replaced by the more comfortable and warm "qiu". "Qiu" is a piece of clothing made of animal fur. When worn, the skin is on the inside and the hair is on the outside.
2, hemp, kudzu fiber
Jin people wear clothes made of animal fur in winter, and clothes made of hemp, kudzu fiber and silk fabrics in summer. The main clothing materials for ordinary people in the Jin Dynasty were linen and Gebu . Linen and Gebu have the characteristics of moisture absorption, heat dissipation, coolness and breathability, and are especially suitable for summer wear; the upper-class nobles wear light and comfortable silk fabrics.
Linen is a clothing material made from hemp plant fiber. There are many types of hemp, such as ramie , ramie , etc. Because the climate in the north is suitable for growth, and ramie is commonly grown in the warm and humid south, the linen clothes worn by the Gaijin people are mostly made of fiber.
Kudzu is also called Kudzu . Kudzu is mostly wild and has a large yield per plant. Kudzu fiber is easy to collect, so it is widely used by people for weaving, papermaking or lemon rope. Kudzu is several meters long and has long and thin stem fibers. It is a commonly used textile raw material for ordinary people.
3, Silk
Silk is the raw material for clothing of the upper-class nobles of the Jin Dynasty. It is a slender fiber extracted from silkworm cocoons. It is soft, smooth and highly elastic. Silk fabrics made of silk are very comfortable to wear. As early as the Neolithic Age, people began to use silk fibers to make clothes.
There are two main types of silk in Jin: mulberry silk and tussah silk. The different varieties are due to the different leaves that silkworms eat. Those who eat mulberry leaves are called mulberry silkworms, and those who eat tussah leaves are called tussah silkworms.
Mulberry silk is silk extracted from the cocoons of mulberry silkworms. It feels delicate and smooth, of high quality, and its color is white and slightly yellow. After mulberry trees are planted, depending on the planting density, types such as ground mulberry, low-stem mulberry, medium-stem mulberry, high-stem mulberry and arbor mulberry are formed.
Tussah silk is the silk fiber extracted from the cocoon of tussah silkworm. Tussah silkworms feed on tussah leaves and are artificially raised in tussah forests.
(2) Clothing form
From archaeological data and ancient It can be seen from Qin literature that the costumes of the Jin people followed the dressing customs of the Shang and Zhou dynasties. There were different nobles and different uniforms. At the same time, they also absorbed and learned the clothing characteristics of some minority tribes such as the Rong and Di, forming a clothing style that focused on the unity of practicality and aesthetics.
1, first server
First server, also known as "head clothing", refers to all the decorations tied to the head, including crowns worn by nobles, turbans worn by commoners, and hair-style headdresses.
2, Clothes
Jin people's clothing styles come in all shapes and sizes, but there are two basic forms, namely the top and lower skirt system and the clothing and skirt system. These two types of clothes have their own characteristics and were used in parallel in the Jin Dynasty.
3, foot clothing
Foot clothing refers to something that wraps the feet. The ancestors first used animal skins to wrap their feet to protect them from hard objects. Later, foot clothing gradually developed and shoes appeared. Jin people's shoes include shoes, trousers, trousers, etc. Lu is the general name for shoes, which can be divided into two categories: "屦" and "舄". Wei is a shoe with a single sole, and "舄" is a shoe with a double sole.
2. The diet of the Jin State
The Jin State was in a period of great social change such as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States . The rapid development of productivity, especially the advancement of production technology and the use of iron tools and cattle farming , further promoted the development of agriculture.The superior natural environment and advanced production technology laid a solid material foundation for Jin's rich social life.
(1) Diet structure
Jin people followed the eating habits of the Xia and Shang Dynasties, and at the same time pursued a healthier diet: First, Jin people knew how to A balanced diet, "grains, meats, fruits and vegetables, nourish them all."
1, staple food
Jin State has a pleasant climate and fertile soil, which is suitable for the growth of crops, especially the growth of drought-resistant crops such as millet, millet, and millet. These food crops constitute the main body of Jin State's dietary life. In the diet of the Jin State, the grains that are people's staple food are mainly divided into three categories: cereals, wheat and bean.
2, Dishes
In the Jin State, people’s diet was mainly grain, but these staple foods were tasteless, so in the dietary life of the Jin State, there were also non-staple foods to assist the staple food in swallowing. Dishes, namely cooked vegetables and meat, are an important part of non-staple food.
It is generally difficult for ordinary people to eat meat. They can only eat vegetables to satisfy their meals. Vegetables commonly eaten by the people of the Jin Dynasty are recorded in the literature as melon gourd, bitter root, yam, yam, moth, quinoa, quinoa, etc.
Beef is the top-grade meat, and generally only people above the princes can enjoy it regularly. Mutton is second only to beef and is generally only eaten by people above doctor level.
3, fruit
Fruit also plays an important role in the dietary life of Jin people. It is rich in vitamins and dietary fiber . It can be eaten raw to avoid the destruction of its nutrients due to high temperature cooking. It can promote the digestion of food and help people better absorb nutrients.
4, wine
Wine has a long history in China, and there was wine in Xia Dynasty at the latest. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, wine-making technology gradually improved and the types of wine became richer. The appearance of wine was not specially brewed by man, but was discovered by people by accident. In ancient times, there were occasional leftovers left over, which fermented for a long time and became fragrant and turned into wine. After people tasted it, they found it fragrant and mellow, so when there was surplus grain, they allowed it to mold and ferment to make wine.
(2) Cooking methods and eating utensils
Due to the constraints of material conditions, most of the cooked food methods in ancient times were to grill meat directly on the fire. However, by the Western Zhou Dynasty, people had accumulated many food cooking methods. Cooking is to cook vegetables and meat through heating to make dishes. Seasoning means seasoning, and the dishes are made delicious through seasoning. cooks food raw materials, which can not only sterilize and disinfect, but also enhance appetite and promote digestion.
1, cooking methods and cooking utensils
Jin people pay attention to food cooking, which is not only reflected in the completeness of cooking utensils, but also in the variety of cooking methods. Cooking utensils are cookers, which are used to cook meat and steam grains. They mainly include tripods, kettles, cauldrons, steamers, steamers, etc. The cookers of upper-class noble families are generally bronze products, while the common people mainly use pottery in their daily lives. The cooking methods of Jin people include burning, broiling, blasting; cooking, boiling, gizzarding; steaming; frying, boiling; pickling, etc.
2. Seasoning methods
During the Western Zhou Dynasty, cooked food had five flavors: sour, bitter, sweet, pungent, and salty. Condiments can remove the odor of food raw materials, sterilize and disinfect, increase the aroma of dishes, and make them delicious. In addition to basic condiments, Jin people's diet also pays attention to the preparation of compound seasonings, which mainly refer to various sauces.
3, food container
Food container refers to the utensils used for serving rice and eating, including tripods, gui, bamboo baskets, beans, plates, bowls, etc.The food utensils used by the upper class nobles include bronze products and pottery, which are unique in shape, exquisite and complete; while the utensils used by ordinary civilians are simple and crudely made. Judging from the pottery and bronzes unearthed from Jin tombs, early food utensils were mainly composed of tripod, gui, and ke; in the middle spring and Autumn period, tripod and dun were matched; in the late spring and autumn period, dou began to replace dun in the combination; by the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States period, dou replaced dun and became the food utensil that matched the tripod.
4, Feeder
Feeder is a device used to put food from the cooker into the food container and then into the mouth. The ancients had the method of eating with their hands, and then gradually learned to eat with tableware. Jin people still eat dry food such as millet, , etc. with their hands, and use a food container when enjoying soup. The food-taking utensils of the Jin people mainly include spoons, buckets, daggers, chopsticks, forks, etc.
(3) Food Culture of Jin State
Jin State has a variety of food, including soup, meat sauce, dried preserved meat, etc. It not only has a balanced diet, but also pays attention to the medicinal properties of the food raw materials themselves, and also pays attention to physical and mental pleasure. There are many banquet activities.
1. Medicine and food come from the same origin, and food is medicine and nourishment.
Whether it is grains, vegetables, fruits, or meat, a reasonable diet will contribute to good health and replenish lean energy.
Grains, vegetables, and fruits not only fill the stomachs of Jin people, but many of them are medicinal materials, which can prolong life after long-term use. Such as millet, it can nourish kidney qi and remove heat in the stomach and spleen. It can be eaten as porridge to replenish deficiency and replenish qi. Animal livers and fats are also good medicines for treating diseases.
2. Eat with pleasure and compose poems to entertain them.
The aristocratic class of the Jin Dynasty often held banquets. During the banquets, they would perform songs, dances and compose poems, which could make people feel happy, increase appetite and deepen the relationship between guests. However, during banquets, the singing and dancing performances you enjoy must be appropriate and suitable for your status, otherwise it will bring disaster to yourself and the country.
"Historical Records·Book of Music" records that Duke Ping of Jin held a banquet Duke Ling of Wei at Shihuitai. During the banquet, Shi Juan played the music he heard by the Pu River the night before to cheer up the entertainment. Ping Gong also asked Shi Kuang to play Qing Shang, Qing Zheng and Qing Jiao tunes on the qin. Shi Kuang said that Duke Ping had a weak virtue and righteousness and could not listen to these tunes, but Duke Ping did not listen to the advice. So while playing Qingjiao Diao, a strong wind blew up, flying sand and rocks. After that, "the Jin Kingdom suffered a severe drought, and the land was red for three years." The Cold Food Festival, also known as the "Cold Festival", is held one or two days before the Qingming Festival. According to legend, it is to commemorate the ministers of Duke Wen of Jin Dynasty, Jie Zitui. Regarding the incident of Jie Zitui, there are records in many pre-Qin documents. It is said that during the exile of Duke Wen of Jin, Jie Zitui cut off his stock to serve the king. When Chong'er returned to the Jin State and became the king of the Jin State, he rewarded the meritorious officials who followed him, but forgot about Jie Zitui, so Zitui lived in seclusion in the mountains with his mother. Later, Duke Wen personally invited Jie Zi to push out of the mountain, Zitui did not want to be an official and hid in the mountain, so Duke Wen ordered the mountain to be set on fire to force Zitui out. As a result, Jie Zitui refused to come out of the mountain, and finally burned his mother to death under a big tree. In order to commemorate Jie Zitui, it is forbidden to cook on fire on the day of his death.
4. Two meals a day
Jin people’s dietary custom is two meals a day. The first meal is morning food, also known as feast; the second meal is evening food or feast food, also known as feast. People in Jin Dynasty eat two meals a day. On the one hand, their meal time corresponds to the needs of agricultural production. They eat at sunrise and rest at sunset. On the other hand, in the pre-Qin period, the living standards of civilians were not high. Two meals a day could save food and not make them hungry.
3. Summary
The changes in Jin’s national customs have directly affected the daily life of Jin people, making Jin’s social life present the characteristics of diversity and class. This is specifically reflected in: In terms of diet, Jin’s food raw materials are abundant. Rich, staple foods include millet, millet, rice, wheat, and bean sprouts; vegetables include melons, bitter vegetables, bitter vegetables, 葑, yam, moxa, wormwood, quinoa, etc.; meats include cattle, sheep, pigs, dogs, fish, etc.; fruits include peaches, plums, Jujubes, pears, etc.; the diet of the Jin Dynasty was rich in soups, sauces, and dried preserved fruits, and it paid attention to a balanced diet and dietary hygiene; two meals a day, medicine and food came from the same source, and food was a tonic; the aristocratic rulers had frequent banquets and had extremely high requirements for food.
In terms of clothing, civilians wear linen and kudzu, aristocrats wear silk, and clothes with fur ; the shape of clothes gradually develops from the top and lower skirt system to the garment system with attached skirts, and deep clothes are deeply loved by the public; Jin people's clothing has the characteristics of crossed collars, waistbands, and solid colors.
The Jin State implemented an open and flexible policy, and the cultures of all ethnic groups communicated and integrated with each other, which made the content of Jin's social life increasingly diversified and laid the foundation for the rich and colorful social life in the 三jin region in later generations.
