Abstract: Define mental health problems into two categories: internalized and externalized problems based on clinical and practical experience of mental health problems.
Because the detection rate of mental health problems has great differences in many studies, we have conducted a systematic study on the detection rate of mental health problems for primary and secondary school students in my country. The search time for
is based on the generation of smartphones in 2010 as the key influencing factor of students' mental health problems. It spans ten years, and a total of 10,424 research results and 1,135 meta-analysis of the detection rate were retrieved.
Among them, there are 101 items for primary school students, 222 items for junior high school students, 252 items for high school students, and 560 items for college students. The total number of subjects was 3248,179 students.
results show that:
(1) The detection rate of mental health problems among primary school students from high to low is sleep problems (25.2%), depression (14.6%), anxiety (12.3%), aggressive behavior (4.1%), withdrawal (3.8%), discipline violations (3.7%), and somatosimism (3.6%);
(2) The detection rate of mental health problems among junior high school students from high to low is anxiety (27%), depression (24%), self-harm (22%), sleep problems (17%), suicide ideation (17%), suicide plan (7%), suicide attempt (attempt) (4%);
( 3) The detection rate of mental health problems among high school students is depression (28.0%), anxiety (26.3%), sleep problems (23.0%), self-harm (22.8%), suicide ideation (17.1%), somatosification (9.8%), suicide plan (6.9%), suicide attempt (attempt) (2.9%);
(4) mental health detection rate among college students is sleep problems (23.5%), depression (20.8%), self-harm (16.2%), anxiety (13.7%), suicide ideation (10.8%), somatosification (4.5%), and suicide attempt (2.7%).
Overall, the detection rate of depression, anxiety, sleep problems and self-harm for primary and secondary school students in my country is relatively high, and their overall mental health is worrying, which requires arousing high alertness from the whole society.
as an evidence, it can be used to provide evidence-based evidence-based detection rate of mental health problems among students in my country and its educational policy preparation, and the basis for the practice of mental health education. It also provides targeted classification prevention and precise intervention for students of different ages and mental health problems.
In the future, we should base ourselves on China, strive to build a long-term mechanism for mental health education with Chinese characteristics , compile scientific measurement tools and screening standards, and establish and improve the dynamic monitoring system of mental health and school mental health service system.
Keywords: Chinese students; mental health problems; detection rate; meta-analysis; educational inspiration
There is a new atmosphere and new challenges in the new era.
With the arrival of "great changes unseen in a century", various competitive pressures and conflicts have also arrived as scheduled, causing people's mental health problems in learning and life, self-awareness, emotional adjustment, interpersonal communication, social adaptation and career development to increase rapidly.
Especially in recent years, these mental health problems have gradually expanded from adult and professional groups to college, middle school and primary school students, and have shown a "younger age" development trend. According to World Health Organization (WHO), 50% of individual mental health problems occur in the children and adolescent stage, and this stage is in the "storm" period of "psychological weaning" and is a key development stage for intelligence, self-identity and personality socialization.
Due to the lack of knowledge and experience and social experience of children and adolescents, and the immature psychosocial sexual functions of children and adolescents, once their mental health problems cannot be prevented, screened, intervened and corrected in a timely manner, it is likely to lay the groundwork for the psychological disorders and mental illnesses in adulthood, and it is fulfilled that "a happy childhood is cured for a lifetime, and an unfortunate childhood must be cured for a lifetime."
For this reason, as a basic premise for improving and improving the mental health quality of 289 million primary and secondary school students in my country, it should be an urgent task and urgently needed by the times.
However, the detection rate of mental health problems among primary and secondary school students in my country has always been in a state of different opinions, different opinions, and no consensus, which has caused some confusion in academic research and educational decision-making.
Based on this, I and the research team based on the classification method of clinical experience in mental health issues, draw on the dichotomy of psychological pathological problems in children and adolescents proposed by American psychologist Gerd Achenbach, that is, pointing to the internalized problems within the individual psychological of (such as anxiety, depression, somaticization, withdrawal, sleep problems, etc.) and externalized problems that reflect individual negative reactions to the external environment (such as aggressive behavior, disciplinary behavior, self-harm and suicide issues, etc.), and define mental health issues into two categories: internalized problems and externalized problems, and starts systematically studying the detection rate of mental health problems for college, middle school and primary school students in my country starting from March 2021.
In the study, we used meta-analysis technology to search related research on mental health problems such as Chinese students' anxiety, depression, somatosification, withdrawal, sleep problems, aggression and discipline violations, suicide and self-harm behavior in the full-text database of China National Knowledge Infrastructure Journal and Master's Doctoral Papers database, and the Web of Science core database. The search time was based on the generation of smartphones in 2010 as the key influencing factor of students' mental health problems. It spanned ten years from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2020, and a total of 10,424 related research results were retrieved. According to screening criteria, 1135 research literatures were included in the meta-analysis of detection rates.
Among them, there are 101 items for primary school students, 222 items for junior high school students, 252 items for high school students, and 560 items for college students. The total number of subjects was 3248,179 students. The statistical software CMA3.3 was used for analysis.
After more than a year of hard work, preliminary research results have been obtained. As a one-on-one opinion, it can be used to provide evidence-based detection rate of mental health problems for primary and secondary school students in my country, as well as references for educational policy preparation and mental health education practice, and to carry out targeted prevention and educational intervention for students of different ages and different mental health problems.
Detection rate and educational enlightenment of mental health problems for primary school students in my country
primary school stage is the beginning of basic education.
There are nearly 100 million primary school students in my country, with a huge number of researchers and a large number of researchers. Many relevant research literature on the detection rate of mental health problems of primary school students have been accumulated. However, due to the different year of publication of research results, the subjects' regions, research questions, technical routes, measurement tools and research methods are very different, and the results are also very different and insufficient.
The main manifestations are that the detection rate is different, and the mental health problems involved are not comprehensive enough. In order to objectively and accurately explore the detection rate of mental health problems of primary school students, meta-analysis technology is very useful.
This technology quantitatively integrates the conclusions of existing research results, thereby avoiding interference and influence from other factors such as biased sample and sociological characteristics of the population.
On the other hand, as pointed out in the World Health Organization report, rapid social changes are a major decisive factor in individual mental health. Therefore, we have reason to believe that the detection rate of mental health problems of primary school students in my country will inevitably undergo certain changes with changes in social changes, cultural environment, and social psychology.
In view of this, my research team and I searched a total of 9,538 Chinese and English documents on mental health issues among primary school students from 2010 to 2020.
includes 3126 anxiety, 3844 depression, 551 somatogenesis, 167 retreat, 1255 sleep problems, 469 aggressive behaviors, and 126 violations of discipline. For the searched literature, EndNote X9 software was used to import it, and 101 literatures were screened according to the entry criteria and included in the subsequent meta-analysis, including 9 anxiety, 34 depression, 12 somatogenesis, 10 retreat, 11 sleep problems, 13 aggressive behaviors, and 12 violations of discipline.
The total number of primary school students was 289,396. Next, the random effect model was used to analyze the mental health problems of all kinds of primary school students. The research results showed that the detection rate of
(1) anxiety was 12.3%; the detection rate of
(2) depression was 14.6%; the detection rate of
(3) somatic detection rate of 3.6%; the detection rate of
(4) retreat was 3.8%; the detection rate of
(5) sleep problems was 25.2%; the detection rate of
(6) attack behavior was 4.1%; and the detection rate of
(7) violations was 3.7% (Table 1).
From Table 1, it can be clearly seen that for primary school students, the detection rates of different mental health problems vary greatly, such as the detection rate of somatic detection rate as low as 3.6%, while the detection rate of sleep problems is as high as 25.2%. This shows that it is scientific to refine mental health problems into two different indicators, and it also gives us an important warning that the mental health problems of primary school students cannot be ignored. Early detection, early prevention, and early intervention are needed, especially the top three sleep problems (25.2%), depression (14.6%) and anxiety (12.3%), which rank among the top three in the detection rate, should be paid attention to.
(1) Sleep problem.
includes sleep deprivation, insomnia, sleep disorders, , etc., which has become a major public health problem around the world and has seriously affected and lagged the healthy growth of children and adolescents.
Many studies have found that children in my country have serious sleep problems, which is significantly higher than the sleep problem detection rate data (0.2%-10%) reported by other countries in the world. Some researchers have found that the sleep problems in children in my country are as high as 46.97%.
Its harmfulness may lead to emotional disorders, learning difficulties, cognitive impairment of primary school students, , obesity, and hypertension of .
It is gratifying that children's sleep problems have attracted the attention of the state, government and all sectors of society. At present, a series of supporting measures from the state and government's " double reduction " policy to local education administrative departments at all levels are a "heavy medicine" to solve the sleep problems of primary school students.
(2) Depression problem.
The depression problems in children will have irreversible negative effects on them as adults, including damage to social relations, substance abuse, obesity, etc.
In this regard, our research results are similar and different from previous studies. Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences has published the "Mental Health Blue Book: Interannual Evolution of Adolescent Mental Health Status in 2009 and 2020", which mentioned that the detection rate of depression among primary school students was about 10%, which is basically consistent with our research results (14.6%). However, compared with children in other countries, Australia is 16.6%, Greece is 4.28%, Italy is 10.6%, and South Korea is 17.3%. The detection rate of depression among primary school students in my country is moderately high, indicating that the age group for depression is gradually deteriorating, and there are significant signs of local deterioration, which should attract special attention from educators and the whole society.
(3) Anxiety problem.
A severe and lasting anxiety state may develop into anxiety disorders and spread to various aspects of study life, such as learning anxiety, exam anxiety, social anxiety, etc.
Compared with other countries, researchers found that children in high-income areas had an anxiety detection rate of 18.27% and 1.53% in low-income and middle-income areas, which means that the level of economic development may have an impact on the detection rate of anxiety problems among primary school students.
As a developing country, the detection rate of anxiety problems for primary school students in my country (12.3%) is also in a medium and high position, which requires us to be alert and pay attention.
Although the detection rate of mental health problems of other types of primary school students is not high, it fluctuates between 3.6% and 4.1%. But it is worth noting that once certain mental health problems arise and worsen, they are likely to have serious consequences.
For example, the attacks and violations of discipline by primary school students are not only unfavorable to the formation and development of their personality, sociality and good morals, but also creates chaos in the school environment and bury unpredictable hidden dangers for campus safety such as campus bullying and campus violence.
Therefore, the above issues should also attract the attention and attention of mental health educators.
There is no doubt that alleviating and reducing the detection rate of primary school students' mental health problems should be a systematic project. It is necessary to understand the physiological, psychological characteristics and growth laws of primary school students, respect their interests, specialties and development needs, and carry out targeted psychological health education for all employees, all, all, and all aspects of primary school students.
For low and middle-grade students in primary schools,
should help primary school students to understand themselves at the self-level, understand themselves, and accept their strengths and weaknesses;
at the learning level, consciously and gradually cultivate primary school students' learning habits, stimulate their learning motivation and interest, establish self-confidence in learning, and be willing to learn;
at the interpersonal level, guide primary school students to establish collective consciousness and be brave to work with classmates and teachers. Interaction, cultivate the ability to participate independently in various activities, as well as a cheerful, sociable and independent healthy personality ;
at the emotional adjustment level, help primary school students experience the fun of solving various difficulties in their study and life, learn to recognize emotions and express emotions reasonably;
at the social adaptation level, cultivate primary school students' initial adaptation to different social roles, improve their ability to take care of themselves, and help primary school students correctly handle the contradiction between learning and hobbies and interests.
The focus of this stage of mental health education is to emphasize helping primary school students learn to learn, to understand themselves and adjust their emotions, and lay the foundation for the development of a healthy personality.
For senior primary school students,
helps primary school students correctly understand their characteristics, strengths and hobbies, and accept themselves in various collective activities;
at the learning level, strives to cultivate primary school students' good learning interest, learning attitude and learning ability, correct learning motivation, adjust learning mentality, treat academic performance correctly, and experience the joy of learning success;
at the interpersonal level, guide primary school students to carry out Appropriate interactions between the opposite sex, establish and maintain a good teacher-student relationship, and actively expand the scope of interpersonal communication;
at the emotional adjustment level, help primary school students overcome their aversion to learning, learn to experience and express emotions appropriately and correctly;
at the social adaptation level, actively promote primary school students' pro-social behaviors, correctly understand their relationship with society, country and the world, gradually and effectively adapt to social life, and prepare for junior high school and future study and life.
The focus of mental health education in this stage of school should focus on primary school students' learning habits and self-confidence, improve collective awareness and improve personality, correctly deal with various difficulties and setbacks, and cultivate a positive and enterprising attitude facing graduation and further education.
Article source : "Tsinghua University Education Research" Issue 04, 2022
Author Profile : Yu Guoliang, director and professor of the Institute of Psychology of Renmin University of China, the research direction is social psychology and mental health education.
DOI:10.14138/j.1001-4519.2022.04.002013
