In life, do we have such questions: "Why is bread called bread?" "Why is the table called a table?" and so on; This is essentially a question about the concept of something . Concept is a psychological representation of the things you experience . It classifies them according to some common characteristics of things. Using concepts can help us improve efficiency . Scientists are also trying to study concepts through cognition and perception of human . How do individuals form concepts? How to classify it? Eleanor Rosch believes that classification does not come from language, but is naturally present and related to the biological abilities of human perception .
Experimental purpose:
check whether there is a prototype inside an individual to define whether a certain thing meets a certain category.
experimental hypothesis:
There are prototypes inside individuals to define whether a thing meets a certain category.
Experimental method:
Rosch found some male Danny people to study, who are still in the Stone Age so far, and their language does not contain some concepts that are already existing in modern culture ; and they are not color blind. In English, the colors are mainly 11 categories: : red, yellow, green, blue, black, gray, white, purple, orange, pink and brown. And Danny has only two categories of colors: dark cool tones and bright warm tones.
0 The subjects were about 12-15 years old. The color categories used in the experiment included pink, red, yellow, orange, brown, green, blue and purple color discs. For one group of subjects, the color presented was focus color, the prototype (red of the fire truck). Rosh believes that these colors are considered to be categories that generally represent natural formation, so that these colors are easily recognizable regardless of language and cultural context. For another group of subjects, the eight color discs were the color between the two focus colors, and those who speak English might call them "red-brown", "yellow-green" . These colors are named Blur or "Non-focus colors".
At the beginning of on the first day of , each color and its corresponding name were presented to the subjects. The experimenter read it and the subjects repeated it. After that, the colors are disrupted in sequence and re-presented to the subjects. If the subject can correctly name the color, the experimenter will give praise. If the naming is wrong, the correct name will be told . After 5 to 12 days of study, the study results of color naming of subjects will be tested and the learning progress of subjects will be recorded until all subjects can name the colors correctly.
After completing the task in the learning stage, all subjects will carry out the next task. The experimenter will present the subjects with multiple colors, including , eight unlearned colors , and ask them whether these colors belong to a certain color category. Calculate the success rate of the migration task of the two groups of subjects (used to explain whether previous learning can be transferred to different situations).
Experimental results:
Then in the color learning task, Danny subjects who learned focus colors learned faster than those who learned non-focus colors, because focus colors are more in line with the prototype of the color concept. The overall error rate of the subjects in
learning color prototype group was 8.54, while the overall error rate of the subjects in learning color prototype group was 18.96. The differences between the two groups were very significant.
Experimental significance:
Roch discovered a measurement method that can be used to test theories that seem almost impossible to test. These findings show that specific concepts exist in our brains. People’s classification of objects is to analyze and classify by comparing them with the prototype of the corresponding category and whether they meet the prototype, rather than to judge whether they belong to a certain category by examining whether they meet the general language definition. breaks the previously generally believed that language produces concepts, proving that concepts in language are formed and developed around categories that exist naturally.
Experimental application:
After Rosh's early research, a large number of studies have supported the existence of natural categories and the role of category prototypes in the formation of concepts . Later researchers also made changes and in-depth based on the research methods of Luoshu .
One of the methods is to ask the subject to grade whether the listed object belongs to a certain category . Or let the subject listen to a description, such as "turkey is a bird", and then press the key as soon as possible, and makes a yes or no response . There are also studies that asked subjects to list or draw a sample of a certain category. In a given time, asked the subjects to list the samples that are more representative for a certain category .
This article reference: "40 Research on Changing Psychology"
OK, that's all for today's knowledge sharing. If you are very interested in psychology and want to learn more, you can read psychological books, or you can systematically learn psychology through the basic training course of psychological counselors.
Sanjunyuan, see you, me and him! Learn a little psychology every day to let you understand yourself better!
