Cherry tomato Zhejiang cherry powder No. 1 is planted in the morning and evening with Millennium , extending the tomato supply period
Wang Xuqiang
Fund project: Zhejiang Province's major scientific and technological special project for the selection and breeding of new agricultural varieties (2016C02051)
Cixi City Kandun Street is the largest cherry tomato production base in Zhejiang Province. It mainly adopts the early spring protected area cultivation model, with a planting area of more than 50 hm 2. Kandun Street is located in the shallow sea sedimentary plain on the south bank of Hangzhou Bay. It is a slightly saline-alkali sandy soil with loose texture and medium fertility. The cherry tomatoes produced are of excellent flavor and quality. The products are mainly supplied to local and surrounding regional markets. The main planted variety is Millennium [Farmer Seedlings (China) Co., Ltd.] (Figure 1), which has a planting history of more than 15 years. The harvest tastes are the best in April; in May, as the temperature rises, the fruits are ripening faster, the fruits are harder, the flavors are worse, and there are defects such as unstable fruit shape; in June, the purchase price of dealers is often lower than 2 yuan · kg -1. Therefore, Kandun Street in Cixi City urgently needs to introduce new varieties of cherry tomatoes to combine them, thereby extending the supply period of high-quality cherry tomatoes.
Figure 1 Millennium
In the autumn of 2017, Zhejiang Cherry Powder No. 1 (Figure 2) was introduced (Figure 2), which was harvested and launched in the spring of 2018. Compared with the original main planted variety Millennium, it showed excellent commercial properties and flavor quality, making up for the defects of deteriorating flavor and unstable fruit shape in the late millennium, and was favored by dealers and consumers. To this end, an on-site promotion meeting was held on June 1, 2018. In the autumn of the same year, farmers (total 68 households) purchased seeds and government subsidized 50% of the seeds for promotion. In the early spring of 2019, there were more than 40 consecutive days of rainy and low temperatures. Tomato gray mold disease broke out. Many tomatoes with early spring crops reduced their yields and even failed to harvest. Zhejiang Cherry Powder No. 1 showed excellent resistance to resilience, allowing farmers who tried to grow Zhejiang Cherry Powder No. 1 to obtain high returns. The starting price of harvest was 32 yuan · kg -1 and the end of harvest was 8 yuan · kg -1, setting a historical record of 40,000 to 50,000 yuan per 667 m2 output value, of which 4 growers had an income of up to 250,000 yuan. In the second half of 2019, the booking volume of Zhejiang Cherry Powder No. 1 seeds increased significantly, and the cultivation area will be equal to the original main planted variety Millennium.
Figure 1 Zhejiang Cherry Powder No. 1
After two years of trial planting in 2018 and 2019, a set of cultivation models suitable for Cixi and its surrounding areas, Millennium and Zhejiang Cherry Powder No. 1 are summarized in the morning and evening, and the key cultivation techniques are summarized as follows.
1 Variety matching
is best for Millennium and Zhejiang Cherry Powder No. 1 morning and evening planting. It can exert the high-yield and high-quality characteristics of the varieties in different temperatures, extend the supply period of high-quality cherry tomatoes, and meet consumer needs. After trial seeding, the No. 1 of Zhejiang Cherry Pine No. 1 was sown at the same time and bloomed 15 days earlier than the Millennium. During the planting, the millennium will sow from October 10 to 15, and the fruit will be produced from March to April of the following year. At this time, the fruit will be slightly sweet and soft and with better quality; Zhejiang Cherry Powder No. 1 should be postponed to the late October to early November (Wu Min et al., 2019), and May to June of the following year will be the fruit production period, with high yield and best quality, slightly sweet and soft sand.
2 Sowing seedling breeding
0 Millennium and Zhejiang Cherry Powder No. 1 seedling breeding methods are the same. They are all carried out in a plastic greenhouse and sowed on a seedling bed based on peat; sow the seeds evenly on the seedling bed with 1 g of sowing amount of 3 m 2, and then cover the peat with a thickness of 0.5 cm. After sowing, keep warm, moisturize and shade. Remove the sunshade when 60% of the seedlings are unearthed, and reduce the temperature and humidity in the shed after the seedlings are completed to prevent the seedlings from growing too much. After 21 days of sowing, the seedlings grown in the peat seedling bed were planted on the prepared insulated greenhouse seedling bed, with the line spacing of 10 cm square. Through false root damage, fertilizer control, water control, temperature control and other squatting seedlings, cherry tomato seedlings can quickly transform from vigorous vegetative growth to reproductive growth, cultivate large inflorescences and promote early flowering. Fake seedlings are a key technology to inhibit the growth of cherry tomato seedlings (also including the period after planting), promote fruit rounding, and improve yield.In order to reduce labor, many farmers directly use a hole plate to cultivate seedlings, or simply control the water and suppress the growth of the seedlings, and then transplant them. The seedlings are thick stems, thick leaves, vigorous growth, few buds, delayed flowering, increased deformed fruits, and significantly reduced yields.
Cherry tomatoes are crops with strong vitality. Side-branch cuttings can also be used to breed seedlings, but the yield of cutting seedlings is about 1/3 less than that of real seedlings.
3 Seedling management
During the seedling cultivation period, manage according to climatic conditions, keep the cold and warm in winter, and keep the shed temperature at 20-30 ℃ after the seedlings emerge, high at the beginning and low at the end. When the shed temperature is too high, ventilation and cooling should be appropriately ventilated and cooled to prevent the seedlings from growing too much; at the same time, prevent the shed temperature from being below 10 ℃ to avoid frost damage. Water thoroughly at one time generally does not require disease prevention or fertilization. The strong seedling standards for Millennium and Zhejiang Cherry Powder No. 1 are the same: the calendar seedling age is about 60 days (days), the plant height is about 20 cm, the stem is about 0.3 cm thick, buds appear, 4 to 6 leaves, moderate thickness, green, with many white roots and short, and strong low temperature resistance.
4 Crossing
Millennium is planted from December 10 to 15th, and Zhejiang Cherry Powder No. 1 will be planted from December 20th to January 1st of the following year. If the two varieties are sown in November, the late seedling age of 1 day (day) should be increased by 7 days accordingly. Before planting, cover the greenhouse membrane, and then level the land and make the bed. The bed height is 20 cm. The “825” standard steel pipe greenhouse has 5 rows of beds, and the skirt film mattress is left on both sides to 0.7 m. The planting bed is 1 m wide, first lay drip irrigation tubes on the bed surface, and then cover white mulch . The growth volume of Zhejiang Cherry Powder No. 1 plant is relatively large, and base fertilizer must be applied again. 200 kg of decomposed vegetable cakes (or rabbit manure and sheep manure) will be applied every 667 m2 15 days before planting, 75 kg of ternary compound fertilizer produced in Norway (N-P-K is 15-15-15, the same below) and 10 kg of potassium sulfate will be applied. Millennium can reduce the amount of ternary compound fertilizer application, applying 50 kg per 667 m2, and the amount of other fertilizers applied is the same. The seedlings after the fake planting and squatting seedlings are planted with mud balls, seal the planting holes, water the roots thoroughly, and build a small arch shed for 3 days to promote survival. Planting should be carried out on sunny days and planted in a single row. Since the plant of Zhejiang Cherry Powder No. 1 is tall and growing vigorously, and the plants are sealed and easily induce gray mold. The plant density must be reduced to facilitate ventilation and light transmission. Therefore, the planting distance is 25 cm, about 1,700 plants per 667 m2; the millennium plant size is slightly smaller, and the planting distance is 20 cm, about 2,080 plants per 667 m2.
5 Field management
5.1 Light temperature management After planting, pay attention to insulation. The temperature of the shed should be kept at 20-28 ℃ during the day and above 12 ℃ at night; the plants are relatively resistant to low temperature before flowering and fruiting, and the plants have weakened their ability to withstand low temperatures after fruiting. They are very susceptible to gray mold under high humidity and low temperature conditions. They should be surrounded by a skirt film and cover the inner shed film day and night. In the cold winter, try not to tie up vines, so that a layer of small arch shed film (covered by single or double arch) is added when the coldest, and the plants can be covered with floor heating to safely overwinter. The first 2 ears of fruit creep to grow ground film to prevent frost damage and can also reduce the plant height (Wang Xuqiang et al., 2018). In extreme low temperature weather, you can use candles and other measures to supplement the heat in the shed to prevent radiation heat dissipation and cooling. Ignition of burning substances can help replenish CO 2, increase the shed temperature, replenish light sources, and reduce humidity. While keeping heat, try to ensure sufficient light time and light intensity, and ventilation should be carried out regularly to reduce the humidity in the shed.
Millennium has been harvested by the end of May, and Zhejiang Cherry Powder No. 1 enters the high temperature season in June. The bright green sepal tips will be scorched, affecting the appearance quality. When the temperature is sunny and the temperature is higher than 33 ℃, it should cover the sunshade net to cool down from 10:00 to 15:00.
5.2 Pruning and tying vines. After the cold winter, tie the vines in time. Use a thick bamboo pole with a "people" crust and pull a fixed rope to prevent lodging. Use double trunks to prune, leave one side branch below the first spike flower and cultivate it into double trunks, erase the remaining side branches, and lead the vines to the bamboo frame "human" on both sides of the bed. Double-dry pruning can reduce the amount of seeds used, reduce seed costs, and ensure moderate fruit size. It is not recommended to single-dry pruning, mainly because the seeds are costly, the plants grow vigorously, and the fruits are relatively large. The side branches of cherry tomatoes grow vigorously and should be pruned in time. When the 7-spike flower appears on Zhejiang Cherry Powder No. 1, 2 leaves will be left to pinch it. When the 5-spike flower appears in the millennium, the old leaves at the base should be removed to promote the color change of the fruit.
5.3 Fertilizer and water management. The use of high-quality organic fertilizer, reapplying brand compound fertilizer, and color conversion and water control are key technologies to improve the yield and quality (sugar content) of cherry tomatoes, and are also effective methods to prevent the occurrence of physiological diseases such as tomato tendon rot, umbilical rot, and cracked fruit. There will be no shortage of water in the shed in winter and spring, and there is generally no need to water except for fixed root water. When the third ear fruit is set, apply water-soluble high potassium compound fertilizer (N-P-K-MgO is 9-9-34-3+TE) 5 kg + Norway produces ternary compound fertilizer every 667 m2, and use drip irrigation to irrigate the fertilizer and water together. To increase the flavor of cherry tomato fruit, no watering will be left after this top dressing to keep the soil dry.
5.4 Flow-keeping and fruit protection Millennials have poor pollen development or do not produce pollen under low temperature conditions in winter and early spring, and cannot naturally set fruits. Fruit-staining spirit spray flowers to protect fruits must be used in production. Generally, 10 mL of fruit-sucking spirit produced by Wujin Caoqiao Plant Hormone Factory in Changzhou City is used to produce 10 kg of fruit-sucking spirits. When there are 3 to 4 flowers on the first ear, start spraying flowers. Use a small spray gun for the first and second ears to spray flowers as much as possible to avoid the tender leaves to avoid the drug damage. In order to improve the spraying efficiency, a small sprayer can be used to spray the flowers above 3 ears. At this time, the plant is tall and the hormones are relatively less harmful to the leaves. Entering the late stage of growth, although the temperature should reduce the concentration of hormone use, the plant is insufficient at this time and the sensitivity of the upper flower organs to hormones is reduced. Therefore, the hormone concentration will be increased in actual production to ensure fruit setting. 10mL fruit setting is mixed with water 8 kg. Although
Zhejiang Cherry Powder No. 1 has the characteristics of single-bearing fruit (Ruan Meiying et al., 2016), the natural fruit rate is low under the early low temperature conditions, and the fruit is not easy to expand, which affects the yield. In actual production, fruit-screwing flowers and fruits should also be used to protect the fruits. The specific operation is the same as that of Millennium.
5.5 Pest control Cherry tomato production in Cixi area, sowing in winter and harvesting in spring, the pest is relatively mild. During the seedling period, 10% imidacloprid (one-time net) wettable powder 1,000 times liquid can be used to prevent and control aphids once. The main disease of cherry tomatoes is gray mold. The occurrence of gray mold in the early stage is related to the weather and fertility period. After fruiting, the plant's disease resistance is weakened. Low temperature and rainy weather are the main cause of the outbreak of gray mold. The key to preventing diseases is to take good insulation and humidity measures; in the later stage, due to the tall plants and large amount of flowers, especially the improper application of hormones, the adhesion of petals to the sepals and the adverse weather is the main reason for the serious occurrence of gray mold. At this time, not only the leaves are ill, but also halo lesions on the fruit, which affects commercial properties. Zhejiang Cherry Powder No. 1 is milder than millennium fruit. The entire growth period is 3 to 4 times. The most critical period is around Qingming Festival (when the third ear fruit is set), and the other prevention and control time depends on the weather conditions. When rainy weather comes, choose to spray the medicine on sunny days, and generally use water or small dose pesticide spray to prevent and prevent and avoid leaving medicinal stains on the surface of the fruit, affecting commercial properties. The prevention and control agent can be selected as 2,500-3,000 times liquid of 42.4% oxazole ether · fluoramide (Jianda) suspension agent, or 1,000-1,500 times liquid of 25% acrylate (Amisida) suspension agent.
6 harvested
Millennium fruit has good hardness and high elasticity during the harvesting period. It can be sold nearby or sold for long distances. The ripening season of Zhejiang Cherry Powder No. 1 is relatively concentrated. Generally, the harvesting season is completed around 40 days. It must be harvested once every 1 to 2 days. The fruit is softer and the shelf life is short. It is suitable for nearby sales. It is not suitable for long-distance transportation. Ninety-year-old ripe fruits should be pre-cooled first to reduce cell activity, prevent cracking and softening, and extend the shelf life.
