German psychologist Ebbinghaus once said: "Although psychology has a long past, it only has a short history."
1879, scientific psychology was born at the University of Leipzig, Germany. Since then, psychology has become a separate discipline from philosophy, and can have its own world and let psychology experts show their skills.
1. Psychological schools representing various views
With the birth of scientific psychology, various theoretical views on human psychological behavior have emerged one after another, forming different psychological schools. Each school has to put forward its own theoretical views, and other schools do not agree with other theoretical opinions, so psychology has entered an era of many schools and disputes with each other.
Frankly speaking, this situation is inevitable in the early stages of the development of scientific psychology, and this situation of controversy among hundreds of schools of thought is conducive to the development of psychology and has positive significance for promoting academic research in psychology.
In the period from the late 19th century to the early 20th century, the more influential schools of psychology mainly include structural psychology, functional psychology , behavioral psychology, Gestalt psychology, and psychoanalysis.
2. The school of psychology with brilliant stars
1) Constructivist psychology ; This school was founded by the founder of scientific psychology Wonte and his student Tiechner . Constructivist psychology advocates the use of introspective experiments to analyze the content of human consciousness, and in the analysis process, it is found out how the structural part of consciousness and consciousness are connected to various complex psychological processes. Wonte et al. want to explain the process of human psychological activities through the construction of conscious experience.
2) functionalist psychology ; The main representative of functionalist psychology is William James, the father of American psychology. The theoretical proposition of this school is that they believe that human consciousness is a continuous and continuous whole, emphasizing the adaptive function of human psychology, and attaching importance to the practical application of psychology in human life;
opposes constructivist psychology decomposition of human consciousness into elements such as sensation, emotion, and will, which contributes to the development of applied psychology ; at the same time, it has a stimulating effect on stream of consciousness novel in Western modern literature . William James himself is a writer who occupies a position in modern Western literature.
3) Behavioral psychology ; Behavioral psychology can be said to be popular in the early days of scientific psychology and has a huge impact. Its representative figures include Bapulov of Russia and Thorndike of the United States; after the 1920s, the representative figures of behavioral psychology were mainly Watson . He was not only a theoretical researcher, but also a psychologist who vigorously promoted the application of psychology; Behavioral psychology is also called Environmental psychology by psychological workers, because Watson and others emphasized that the environment is in people. The role of psychological behavior in the development of development;
Behavioralism psychology advocates that the study of psychology should put aside implicit things such as consciousness and perception , and directly study the external and visible behaviors of human beings, and emphasize in particular how the environment shapes human psychological behavior. Watson is an extreme representative of behaviorist psychology; after him, the new behaviorism corrected Watson's extreme propositions and began to pay attention to the impact of individual internal factors on behavior. The main representatives are Bandura , Skinner , etc.
4) Gestalt psychology; Gestalt psychology was founded by some German psychologists, and the representative figure was Wertheimer; as the name suggests, Gestalt is an object composed of the base, tower body, and spire of the tower; Gestalt means cloze in the context of German , so this school is also called cloze psychology; Wertheimer and others advocate that the study of human psychological behavior should be grasped from the whole, but human psychological behavior as a whole is not a simple addition, and they oppose the decomposition of human psychological phenomena into elements for research.
5) Psychoanalysis; is the school of modern psychology that has the greatest influence and far-reaching influence among all schools of modern psychology ; it not only profoundly affects the development of modern psychology itself, but also has a profound impact on other disciplines outside of psychology. For example, modern Western philosophy in modern western philosophy is deeply influenced by psychoanalysis; psychoanalysis was founded by Austrian psychiatrist Freud , Analysis is part of modern psychology, but strictly speaking it is not scientific psychology. Many psychologists believe that psychoanalysis is empirical psychology, without the support of empirical research on ;
However, as a school of psychology, its impact on Western thought can be said to be comprehensive and profound. Whether it is philosophy, literature, art, and sociology, they are deeply influenced by psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis not only studies the consciousness of human individuals, but also emphasizes the impact of subconsciousness on individual psychological behavior. Freud believes that it cannot be the source of individual internal driving force.
