At the beginning of the twentieth century, a new school of psychology emerged in the United States. This school had a great impact on psychology. It was behaviorism. In this issue, Dr. Junjun will introduce you to the relevant knowledge of behaviorism!
Brief description of the school:
The prevalence of positivism affects the emergence of behaviorism. Therefore, behaviorism emphasizes the study of human behavior rather than consciousness.
The main task of psychology is to discover the regular connection between stimulation and response, so that the reaction can be inferred based on the stimulus, and in turn, the stimulus can be inferred through the reaction, so as to achieve the purpose of predicting and controlling behavior.
Core theory:
, Environmental determinism
Human behavior is acquired, and the environment determines a person's behavior pattern. After an individual acquires a certain behavior through learning, it can also change the behavior through learning.
There is a regular relationship between stimulation and response. By studying the regularity of stimulation and response, we can achieve the purpose of predicting and controlling the behavior of animals and humans. Individual behavior is produced by adapting to the external environment. Some of these behaviors will be expressed, and some will be hidden within the individual.
. Learning theory
Learning is the connection between stimulation and response. What kind of stimulation will produce what kind of reaction.
The learning process is a process of gradual "trial and error" until the final success. The key to successful learning is reinforcement, which increases the frequency or probability of learning behavior.
. Research methods
Use more objective methods to study psychology. These objective methods include four types, namely:
observation method : natural observation method without the help of instruments and experimental observation method with the help of instruments. Oral report method : A method of collecting relevant research data through oral statements from research subjects. Conditioned reflex method : A method of observing a certain behavioral response by giving a certain conditioned stimulus. test method : refers to testing the subject's reaction to the stimulus situation.
Representative figures:
- Watson
Watson is the founder of behaviorist psychology. He believes that psychology should become "a purely objective natural science", and the research object of psychology should not be invisible and intangible consciousness. It is the behavior that we can observe and believe that human behavior is determined by the environment.
He also believes that the method of studying psychology should not be introspection , but should use more scientific and objective observation and experimental methods.
- Skinner
Skinner proposed operant conditioning and divided behavior into two categories: one is response behavior and the other is operant behavior. The difference between these two types of behavior is that one is caused by stimulation. , and the other is emitted by the body itself. corresponds to these two types of behaviors. conditioned reflection is also divided into two categories, one is responsive reflection and the other is operant reflection. For example: when your hand touches boiling water, you will quickly withdraw your hand. This is a response reflex; while writing, reading, swimming, etc. are operant reflexes.
Skinner also proposed reinforcement theory , which believes that the key to learning is reinforcement, and a certain behavior is enhanced through reinforcers. Reinforcement is divided into positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement . Unlike punishment, reinforcement can increase an individual's behavior.For example: when a child completes his homework on time, you give him his favorite apple to increase his behavior of completing his homework on time, which is positive reinforcement; you can also cancel the cleaning task that he does not like after he completes his homework on time. This will also increase his behavior of completing homework on time. This is negative reinforcement.
- Bandura
Bandura believed that individuals do not have to experience everything personally and can learn complex behavioral responses by observing the behavior of others. Therefore, he proposed the observational learning theory. Observational learning may not produce direct explicit behavioral responses, nor is it a simple imitation of other people's actions. It may not require direct reinforcement. This kind of learning involves subjective cognitive factors.
Bandura believes that behavior , environment , individual internal factors interact among each other, forming a triangular interactive relationship, and personal achievement is a combination of individual and environmental factors.
Professional writings:
- Watson: "Behaviorist Psychology", "Behaviorism", "Behaviorist Early Childhood Education", "Human Behavior" ", "The Foundations of Behaviorism"
- Skinner: "The Behavior of Organisms: An Experimental Analysis", "Science and Human Behavior", "Verbal Behavior", "The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching", "Teaching Machine", "When strengthening Time Table", "Walden Second", "Freedom and Human Control", " Beyond Freedom and Dignity"
- Bandura: "Adolescent Aggression", "Social Learning and Personality Development", " society Learning Theory ", "The Social Basis of Thought and Behavior: A Social Cognitive Theory"
Although, after behaviorism developed into the 1930s, its strict adherence to the orientation of natural science and its adventurous and radical views It was criticized by many people.
However, behaviorism had a great impact on psychology, and the more scientific and rigorous experimental methods it advocated promoted the scientific nature of psychology. Later, the thoughts and analysis of behaviorism were also widely used in major social institutions and penetrated into various disciplines.
Okay, that’s all for today’s sharing of knowledge about behaviorism. If you are very interested in psychology and want to know more, you can read psychology books, or you can systematically learn psychology through the basic training course for psychological counselors. The training courses will explain the theories and doctrines of each school in more detail and concretely, so that we can have a more comprehensive and systematic understanding of the emergence and development of psychology.
Sanjunyuan, insight into you, me and him! Learn a little bit about psychology every day to help you understand yourself better!
