1,
Speaking of it, it is really incredible. From the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty to 1949, the northwest " Sanma " family, which had controlled the lifeline of Gansu (Gansu before 1928, including today's Qinghai and Ningxia), has been in a remote, closed and extremely barren land in southern Gansu. Specifically, it comes from two loess hills surrounded by layers of loess hills, including Monigou and Yangwa Mountain in Xixiang, Hezhou (now Linxia).
This famous "Three Horses" family is: Ma Zhan'ao , Ma Anliang , Ma Tingyi family; Ma Fulu, Ma Fuxiang brothers and their nephews Ma Hongbin and Ma Hongkui family; Ma Haiyan, Ma Qi , Ma Bufang , Ma Buqing , and Ma Zhongying family. The older Northwest people probably know Ma Bufang and Ma Hongkui , but they don’t know much about others. In fact, all of these names are outstanding:
Ma Anliang, the son of Ma Zhanao, the admiral of Gansu during the Guangxu period, the title of general , the largest warlord in Gansu in the early Republic of China, known as the "Son of the Northwest".
Ma Tingyi , the son of Ma Anliang, was the guardian of Liangzhou in the early days of the Republic of China.
Ma Fulu, Dong Fuxiang, an important general in Gansu Army, . When the Eight-Nation Alliance sieges Beijing, the Gansu Army was ordered to go to Beijing to protect the Qing court. In the Boxer Movement, the Gan army did not obey the orders of Ronglu and attacked the US and British consulates together with Boxer . Ma Fulu led the way and rushed bravely, and the missile population was killed. The Qing court posthumously awarded the general Zhenwei.
Ma Fuxiang, together with his brother Ma Fulu, was a general of the Gan Army. In addition to his skilled martial arts, he was also good at strategy and literary talent. Zeng Hu fled west from Empress Dowager Cixi and was deeply appreciated. Later, he was named the general of Ningxia Town and became a hero of Ningxia.
Ma Hongbin, son of Ma Fulu, is the lieutenant general of the Kuomintang, and commander of the new army in Gansu. In 1949, he led his troops to revolt and served as vice governor of Gansu Province.
Ma Hongkui, son of Ma Fuxiang, was once the military officer of Yuan Shikai, a military officer, general of the Kuomintang army, and commander-in-chief of the 17th Army.
Ma Haiyan, a hunter, was a general in Ma Zhan'ao's anti-Qing uprising. Later, he went to Beijing to protect the Qing court and fled west from Empress Dowager Cixi.
Ma Qi, son of Ma Haiyan, was the commander of Ninghai (Xining) in the early Republic of China, and the first generation of King Qinghai. He witfully stopped the British army and Tibetan separatists from invading eastward and the Beiyang government's attempt to cede Tibet.
Ma Bufang, son of Ma Qi, is a general of the Kuomintang army, commander-in-chief of the 40th Army, chief of the Northwest military and political affairs, and the second generation of Qinghai King.
Ma Bufang's son Ma Jiyuan , a "Young General" who was once famous during the War of Liberation, and deputy chief of military and political affairs in Northwest.
Ma Zhongying, whose original name is Ma Buying, was the younger brother of Ma Bufang. He launched the " Hehuang Incident " in the early Republic of China and moved to Gansu and Xinjiang. He was known as "Commander Ga". He was another handsome man in the Ma Haiyan lineup. Later, he died in the Soviet Union. The cause of his death is still a mystery.
Why do so many important figures appear in such a concentrated manner in a small ravine? How did these villagers living in remote ravines far away from the provincial capital climb onto the stage of history and become a heroic vassal state? In summary, all this is related to Ma Zhanao, the leader of the Sanma family.
2.
In the early years of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty, the Taiping Army and Nian Army had just been extinguished, and the tide of Hui Muslim uprising swept the northwest. First, Bai Yanhu, Shaanxi, started an invasion and fled to Gansu after failure. In order to support and echo the Hui rebels in Shaanxi, villagers from Jinjibao, Suzhou, Hezhou and Xining, Lingzhou, Gansu Province rose up one after another, forming four piles of raging fires reflecting the west. Among the four rebel armies of
, Lingzhou Jinji Fort is the strongest, and it is the core of the Hui people's uprising. Hezhou is adjacent to Xining and is familiar with each other. The anti-Qing armed forces are naturally connected together, becoming an important stronghold in southern Gansu, echoing Jinji Fort and supporting each other. The leader of the Jinjibao Rebel Army is Ma Hualong . The leader of the Hezhou rebel army was Ma Zhanao.
Ma Zhanao was from Monigou, Hezhou. His ancestors were from Dali County, Shaanxi Province. He worked in Hezhou in the early Qing Dynasty and settled here.When Ma Zhanao was young, he went to Xi'an Mosque to study and saw some worldly appearances. He worked as an imam at the Dahejia Mosque at the age of 24. Because of his "can speak wisely, dare to act and act" and his resourcefulness and decisiveness, he enjoyed a high prestige in the Hezhou area. He has a low status in the sects. Since his initiation, he has been elected as the leader by various sects in Hezhou, leading the Hezhou Hui Muslim uprising army to fight against the Qing army.
Just as Ma Hualong was buying horses and making machinery in Jinjibao, and preparing to fight against the Qing army for a long time, Ma Zhanao led the Huimin rebel army in Xixiang, Hezhou to attack Hezhou City and approached the provincial capital Lanzhou. Seeing that Gansu's anti-Qing forces were becoming increasingly powerful and almost inflamed, the Qing court dismissed the Shaanxi-Gansu Governor Mu Tushan, who was "ineffective in suppressing the epidemic", and changed the Fujian-Zhejiang Governor-General, Zuo Zongtang, who stood out in the "sweeping" Taiping Army, and mobilized the Hunan Army to "puff" the Taiping Army to go westward to Gansu.
In the tenth year of Tongzhi (1871), after Zuo Zongtang led his troops to Gansu, he defeated the Shaanxi Uprising Army retreating in Longdong, captured Dong Zhiyuan, and then surrounded Jinji Fort with a large army. Under the command of Ma Hualong, the Hui Muslim Uprising Army of Jinjibao resisted tenaciously. After killing the commander-in-chief of the Qing army's northern road, Liu Songshan, and severely injured the Qing army, they finally had no ammunition and food and could not support it. In order to protect his subordinates, Ma Hualong asked the Qing army for appeasement. The Qing army found more than 1,200 guns hidden from the fort as a slander, and executed Ma Hualong "both his father and son to death." More than 80 of his father, brother, son and nephew were killed at the same time, women, children and families were sent to serve as soldiers, and more than 10,000 religious people were forcibly moved to the poor and arid mountainous areas where Guyuan and Huaping were "hard and bitter". Hundreds of Hui forts were all destroyed, and the Jinji Fort camp was turned into rubble in the cruel cleansing of the Qing soldiers. The failure and slaughter of Jinji Fort were extremely heavy news for the Hui Muslim troops in Hezhou, Xining and Suzhou, and the confidence of the rebel leaders was greatly shaken. Winning seems to be quite slim, and failure will inevitably lead to the disaster of Jinji Fort. Ma Zhanao told his wife and children about the tragedy of the Jinji Fort and Ma Hualong, and his mood was like burning. His situation is the same as that of Ma Hualong, and it seems that the same tragedy is not far from them. In the heavy world, he picked up a pen and spread paper and wrote a poem to express his mind:
The blood of the dragon fighting the universe has not disappeared,
Why does that heaven make the genius?
can only bear the evil realm and leave unjust prison,
How can I write a memorial note?
Public opinion has been settled for thousands of years, and
Junmen is still far away.
openly kills the general and massacre the city,
says that his wife and his wife have broken the lonely.
For hundreds of years, the Hui people have been deeply injustice, and rebellion is a force to go to Liangshan. Now Zuo Zongtang is very harsh and ruthless. He will die if he fights and surrender. He also thought of bringing the reasons for the rebellion of the Hui people to the heavenly court. However, the king's family was far away and the mountains were heavy and the waters were blocked. It was too unlikely to obtain a book of amnesty and protect the family and the church members. He also pinned his hopes on his historical scholars' clear public opinion, but the idea of "public opinion is the most public" is really wishful thinking and fantasy. Ma Zhan'ao is desperate. He had no choice but to fight to the death. As for the future, it’s all up to fate. But Ma Zhan'ao was not a scholar who could only sigh and write poems when faced with danger. Since taking charge of military command, this mosque imam in this country has coordinated various departments to unify their affairs, commanded the return troops to dig tunnels and break the city walls, and successfully captured Hezhou City, an important military city in Gansu, showing considerable military capabilities. Now, he is bound by the lives of hundreds of thousands of Hui people in Hezhou. The enemies he faced were not the foolish Mutushan and the Green Camp soldiers who were good at plundering money and escaping life, but Zuo Zongtang, who was resourceful, far-sighted, and rich combat experience, and the Hunan Army who destroyed Jinji Fort and had a sharp army. The situation is in crisis, and he cannot let down his sorrow and sigh, or have other lucky fantasies. He needs to come up with an idea.
This is where the "Battle of Prince Temple" changes the crisis.
3.
After the Battle of Jinji Fort, Zuo Zongtang's attack target was the Hui Muslim uprising army in Hezhou. Zuo Zongtang was in charge of Anding (now Dingxi ), and the Qing army divided into three groups to attack Hezhou. They successively captured the two outbreaks of Didao and Kangjiaya in the east of Hezhou, and forced the crossing of Taohe . In front of Hezhou City, there is only a pass of Taizi Temple (now Guanghe County).Once Prince Temple is lost, Hezhou City will be completely exposed in front of the Qing army. At the critical moment, Ma Zhan'ao seemed particularly calm and calm. He and his general Ma Haiyan (Ma Bufang's grandfather) made careful plans and formulated a bold and risky "Black Tiger Heart-to-Heart" plan.
is night, the wind is sharp, and the wild wolf howls far away. The Hunan Army from the south could not withstand the strange cold of the winter night in Gansu and retreated into the camp. Ma Haiyan, who was a hunter, led more than 300 strong gunmen of the Hui tribe. In addition to weapons, each brought a wooden rafter, a pot of water and a piece of adobe. In the middle of the night, he quietly sneaked into the two right battalions in front of the Qing army in Xinlupo. He used adobe to support wooden rafters and built adobe to water it around the wooden rafters. It was winter and it immediately turned into ice. In this way, three fortresses were soon erected between the two battalions of the Qing army. That night, Ma Zhan'ao sent troops to capture the first base of Shangxia Sizhuang in Bajiaogou Village, forming a corner with Xinluo.
Days later, the Qing army found that three fortresses of the rebel army suddenly appeared in their military camp. They were shocked and angry and shouted. Dozens of battalions of Qing troops surrounded three fortresses and launched a fierce attack. The gunman hiding in the fortress was already ready. Under Ma Haiyan's calm command, the three hundred gunmen shot half and half of the bullets, replaced one after another, and shot continuously. The Qing army suffered numerous casualties and injuries in front of the camp and could not get close to it. Seeing this, Fu Xianzong, the commander of the Qing army and the general of the registered admiral Liangzhou Town, was furious and held the banner and led the army to charge. Ma Haiyan is a master of hunting. She saw it clearly. When she hit a shot, Fu Xianzong was killed immediately. The commander was killed in battle, and the Qing army was in chaos. Then the rebels lie in front rushed out together, killing and injuring many Qing soldiers. At this time, Ma Zhan'ao, who was ambushing in Bajiaogou, led the rebel army to take advantage of the situation. For a moment, the sound of rushing and killing in the roads of the valleys and rivers was full of shouts of fierce rushing and killing. The Qing army was attacked from both sides and suffered heavy casualties, and abandoned the camp and fled. After the Fu army was defeated, the next day, Admiral Xu Wenxiu led his troops to fight, and was killed by the rebel army in Dangchuanbao. Within two days, the Qing army lost two commanders in a row, and the people were frightened and at a loss. Ma Zhan'ao led his army to counterattack and killed more than 140 Qing generals and assistants. The Qing army was almost out of force and had to retreat on its entire line.
At the Battle of Prince Temple, Ma Zhanao used the "black tiger to get his heart" tactic to win, and the Qing army suffered a great defeat and lost. This is Zuo Zongtang's worst failure since entering Gansu. Xiaoyong's good at fighting in the Hezhou uprising army and Ma Zhanao's boldness, carefulness and careful arrangement made Zuo Zongtang realize that he had encountered a strong enemy and could not find a way to defeat the enemy for the time being. He was under heavy pressure and was anxious day and night. The rebels were greatly encouraged and their morale was high. They demanded to take advantage of the victory and attack Zuo Zongtang's Standal Camp. In their opinion, the so-called Hunan Army that was terrifying the world was nothing more than that.
At this time, Ma Zhan'ao was particularly clear-headed. Looking down on the general trend and weighing the strength, he thought about it alone again and again, and suddenly proposed to the high-spirited leaders, taking advantage of this opportunity to seek comfort from the Qing court. Ma Zhan'ao's proposal shocked and confused everyone. Ma Zhan'ao said something to everyone with a cold expression: Now Bai Yanhu in Shaanxi has failed, and Ma Hualong in Ningxia has failed. Shaanxi has been "cleaned", and Gansu has been mostly "pacified", and we are only two places left. The war spread everywhere, and in the past, not only the Han people's hatreds deepen, but the Hui people also have no place to set up a cone. Now, if we follow everyone's opinions, even if we win in one battle, we will have all the 12 rivers and mountains for me. Who can seal the Hangu Pass with a ball of mud so that the generals of Guandong will no longer come? Except for Zuo Zongtang, there will be countless Zuo Zongtang behind him. How can a small land in Hezhou fight against the world? In the future, those who farm will have to farm, and those who do business will have to do business. I will bear the past affairs alone. Kill me one can save ten of us. Kill ten of us will save one hundred of us. When we fail, we will surrender. When we fail, we will suffer more people. The ancients said, "A gentleman acts according to the opportunity." Today's affairs are not alive. These words showed Ma Zhan'ao's vision and mind. He was also ready to exchange his head and blood for everyone to survive. It can be seen that before surrender, Ma Zhan'ao was a martyr who had the spirit of martyrdom.
The new defeat of Prince Temple was caused by Zuo Zongtang's generals and the military was severely damaged.Suddenly, he received a letter from Hezhou asking for a pacification case. He was overjoyed and hurriedly met Ma Wushiqi, the son of Ma Zhan'ao who came to be hostages and descendants of the leaders. He personally gave Ma Wushiqi the name "Ma Anliang". Afterwards, he met with twelve people including Ma Zhanao, Ma Yongrui, Ma Haiyan, etc. who were in charge of Anding Camp and apologized for guilt. During the battle between the two sides, Zuo Zongtang had already experienced the methods of this man with deep eyes and accurate eyes. Now seeing that he is calm and speaks well, which is beyond the ordinary bandits, he immediately allowed him to die and was awarded the sixth-rank military merit. Ma Zhan'ao asked for comfort, and he was right in Zuo's mind. Since the reign of Gansu, Zuo Zongtang has seen with his own eyes that the officials in this remote province are in ruins and the military camps are corrupt. "The army in Gansu cannot defend the people, but instead disturb the people; the officials in Gansu cannot govern the people, but will rebel against the people and cause chaos." He quickly called for a new government and appoint new people to change the northwest border politics. He believed that Gansu must "us the Gansu people to control Gansu." He "always tried his best to seek out wherever he went" and wanted to find a suitable agent among the Ganges. At this moment, Ma Zhanao's army won the victory and surrendered, and he immediately allowed to take it in, and said to his aides privately: "Ma Zhanao is the most outstanding person in the world, and his son is also extraordinary. In the future, he will be in the Ma family's father and son."
Zuo Zongtang incorporated the anti-Qing uprising army in Hezhou into the three teams of Maqi. In a blink of an eye, Ma Zhan'ao became the central flag supervisor of the Qing army's cavalry, stepped on the war horse again, and picked up the butcher's knife to massacre his compatriots and brothers who were born and died together. In this way, Ma Zhan'ao and others went from leaders of the Hui Muslim uprising to accomplices of the Qing government's suppression of the Hui Muslim uprising, and became a tool for the Qing government to "use Hui to control Hui".
4. After the fall of Jinji Fort and the surrender of Hezhou to the Qing Dynasty, Xining became the only retreat place for all rebel troops. After the failure of Jinji Fort in Shaanxi, the Baiyanhu tribe defected to Xining and guarded the rebels leader in Xining Ma Guiyuan and Ma Benyuan brothers. In July of the 11th year of Tongzhi (1872), Ma Zhan'ao led the third team of Maqi to participate in the battle against Xining. In December, Xining City was broken. After the Qing army entered the city, they killed the villagers. The Ma Guiyuan brothers retreated step by step and were desperate, so they had to send people to the Qing army's general who went to recover Xunhua to ask for help. Ma Zhan'ao, who was wearing the military uniform of the Qing army, not only did not rescue the former uprising brothers, but instead used the tricks and lured the Ma Guiyuan brothers. In order to cover up the many secrets that the rebels in Hezhou and Xining connected each other, Ma Zhan'ao actually used coal smoke to smog the two of them and then dismissed them to Lanzhou. The Ma brothers were taken to Lanzhou and were killed. Xunhua, which is separated by only one water from Xixiang, Hezhou, was the hometown of the anti-Qing leader of the Sala tribe in the 46th year of Qianlong (1781). The local people are a group of bloody men. During the anti-Qing struggle in the early years of Tongzhi, the Xunhua Salars gave strong support to Ma Zhan'ao's Hezhou rebel army. But Ma Zhan'ao was eager to make contributions at this time and could no longer care about it. He led the cavalry to suppress the anti-Qing armed forces of the Salad people in Xunhua, killing dozens of leaders of various workers and thousands of people. Yellow River The beautiful Xunhua in the arms is flowing with the blood of the Salar people. Ma Zhan'ao's behavior aroused great resentment among the villagers of Hezhou. Min Dianchen, the leader of Nanxiang who rebelled with Ma Zhanao, once again led the angry villagers to raise trouble, captured Hezhou, burned down Ma Zhanao's old house in Hezhou, and searched for Ma Zhanao everywhere to kill Ma Zhanao. Ma Zhanao, who had just finished the treatment of Xunhua people, heard the news and returned to Hezhou from Jishiguan Canyon, attacked the city, captured the ministers of the Fujian Palace, and killed them in the city. In the battle of Hezhou, more than 2,000 villagers led by the Fujian Palace Minister were all killed in battle, and none of them surrendered.
5.
For history, Ma Zhan'ao's rise finally had another meaning: from him, these three Hui people's families in Xixiang, Hezhou gradually became a climate in the political circles of people, gradually mastering the powers of Gansu, Ning and Qing, and became the warlords and vassal states that remained undefeated in the late Qing Dynasty, Beiyang government, and the Republic of China period. They held their own troops, separatist areas, and formed their own factions. Ma Zhan'ao himself did not become a high-ranking official. After Gansu pacified, Zuo Zongtang carried the coffin to the west. Go and recover Xinjiang. Ma Zhanao stayed in Hezhou and died of illness soon after. Until his death, he was just led by the Hezhou horse team's central flag supervisor. But he paved the way to the officialdom for his generals Ma Haiyan, Ma Qi, his son Ma Anliang, and another Hezhou Hui Muslim armed forces, Ma Fuxiang and Ma Hongkui. After his death, Ma Anliang commanded his old subordinates.During the Guangxu period, Ma Anliang was highly appreciated by the Qing court for suppressing the Hehuan Uprising and again massacred the Hui Han people who revolted. He was awarded the title of flower feather deputy general, and was awarded the title of yellow jacket, becoming the most powerful warlord in the northwest. When Empress Dowager Cixi fled west, Ma Anliang, as a general whom Empress Dowager Cixi relied heavily on, led his army to Xi'an to protect the troops. After the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution, various places announced their separation from the Qing court. As one of the few iron-core officials left by the Qing court, Ma Anliang led the Ganges army to attack the Shaanxi Revolutionary Army, in an attempt to preserve the northwest region and help the Qing court wait for an opportunity to make a comeback. Before he could attack Xi'an, the Qing court announced his abdication. The soldier who lost his master was keenly aware that in this chaotic era, strength determines everything. After returning to Gansu, he recruited troops and his military strength increased greatly. At the beginning of the Republic of China, the wave of innovation affected the northwest. Ma Anliang possessed troops and abused his power, and he disobeyed the new policy and sent people to assassinate the democratic figure who questioned his autocracy and the Speaker of Gansu Parliament Li Jingqing . With the "elite Western Army" in his hands, Ma Anliang was in power and was known as the "Northwest Emperor". Later, Ma Qi, Ma Bufang and his son who ruled Qinghai, and Ma Fuxiang and Ma Hongkui, who ruled Ningxia, were also generals under Ma Anliang Mo.
But Ma Zhan'ao's team was the first to lose. After Ma Anliang died of illness, his son Ma Tingyi commanded some of his old subordinates and served as the commander of Liangzhou. Ma Qi and Ma Fuxiang were divided into unified troops and occupied Qinghai and Ningxia respectively. Compared to Nazu and Naifa's cunning and versatile style, Ma Tingyi is a little tender after all. In the early years of the Republic of China, Feng Yuxiang led the National Army into Gansu. In the complex political competition between local warlords and the National Army for control of Gansu Province, Ma Tingyi and his younger brother Ma Tingxian and Ma Qi's general Ma Zhongying rashly launched an armed rebellion and opened fire on the National Army. After the incident failed, Ma Tingyi was executed by Ma Yuxiang, Ma Tingxian died alone, and the elite Western army collapsed. The Ma Zhan'ao and Ma Anliang families have since withdrawn from the political stage. However, the scheming Ma Qi, as the real mastermind of the "Hehuang Incident", always hides behind the scenes, hides without venting, and observes the changes in the situation. Seeing that the National Army had the upper hand, he sent his son Ma Bufang to lead his troops to chase Ma Zhongying and expel him from Gansu. As soon as the power of Ma Anliang and Ma Tingyi fell, Ma Qi and Ma Fuxiang took the opportunity to collect the remaining troops and expand their strength, becoming the leader of Qinghai and Ningxia provinces respectively. From then on, they formed a pattern of " Qingma " and "Ningma" respectively based on one side.
