First, let’s briefly review Yuan Chonghuan . I am willing to call Yuan Chonghuan a "icon" character. If you talk about the history of the late Ming Dynasty with a person who has no idea about the history of the late Ming Dynasty, the most likely people he blurted out are the following four: Chongzhen Emperor Zhu Youjian , Qing Taizong Huang Taiji , Ningyuan The guardian Yuan Chonghuan, Qing regent Dorgon . Most of the literary and artistic works involving the late Ming Dynasty must be mentioned by Yuan Chonghuan. Therefore, Yuan Chonghuan has become an iconic figure in the late Ming Dynasty, or in other words, he has become the " Yue Fei " in the late Ming Dynasty.
Manchurian Eight Banners Army
Of course, do you think he can really compare with Yue Fei? That is certainly unlikely. Take a look at Mr. Yuan Chonghuan's resume. This person was actually a Jinshi in the 47th year of Wanli. In the 47th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty, that is, in 1619 AD, the famous Battle of Sarhu broke out in this year. Yuan Chonghuan was executed in 1630, which means that even if he was taken into sternly, he had entered the officialdom for less than 12 years. In the early years of Tianqi, he was still the magistrate of Shaowu and magistrate. In just a few years, he became the governor of Ji Liao with heavy power. He was still the magistrate of Ma Shiying and of the same year. He was not the governor of Fengyang until the end of Chongzhen. Even if he only looks at Lao Yuan's resume, he can only make a big mistake. Even if he only does a ruthless job, he will be unlikely to stand back to his hometown. As a result, Huang Taiji directly fought to the capital.
ming army.
But no matter what kind of person Yuan Chonghuan is. Ningyuan and Ningjin's two victories must be recognized. Someone once said that Ningjin Battle . The Ming army commanded by Yuan Chonghuan only killed one enemy head. This source was written when we wrote about Ningjin's victory before. It came from the encounter in the Qilishan recorded in "The Book of Letters of the Two Dynasties". Mangui family members captured " Nei Ding Baixiong immediately captured and killed a Tartar thief leader, a horse, a bow and a sword, and the Qilishan area was dangerously driven, and there was a high or low ambush in it, so it was not convenient to chase it. Then he ordered the troops to be withdrawn.
Post-Jin Army.
In fact, speaking with the head is actually a very boring thing in the Ming Dynasty. Not to mention that Later Jin has a fine tradition of dragging its own body, it means that the standards for checking the heads of the North Korea are very strict, so some strange phenomena can often be seen in Ming Record . It was obviously a great victory, but the number of heads won was only double digits. The Ningjin Battle itself is a defensive battle, and this situation is normal.
ming army.
Besides, the Later Jin side itself admitted that the officers and soldiers " have many dead ". It is rare to make Qing (Later Jin) historical materials admit that they have suffered major casualties. Even after entering the pass, those former Ming troops shave their hair and fought against their former colleagues. The local governor appointed by the Qing court wrote a report on the battle situation of the Southern Ming troops. The Qing army often wiped out hundreds of thousands of Southern Ming troops at a very small cost. As a result, in the second year of Shunzhi, a letter from Sun Zhixie made the group of people reveal the stuff. " Chu Zhong He Tengjiao gathered a tiger, Huang Chaoxuan, etc., very cruel and arrogant. Tong Governor was defeated for a while and ten thousand people were lost. Is it unknown if he had reported the emperor's uncle? " Ming Dynasty Huguang Governor He Tengjiao incorporated Li Zicheng Remaining the remaining troops fought Tong Yanghe, and wiped out more than 10,000 Qing troops in one breath. A unit that often fought 1 to 50 or even 1 to 100 exchange ratios would actually be wiped out more than 10,000 people in one breath. The previous battle reports of the Later Jin Manchu Qing were like heavenly soldiers and generals, which can be seen from this.
ming army.
However, for the Ningjin War, although the historical materials of the Later Jin Dynasty did not clearly give specific losses, we can also see from other historical materials. For example, in the "Records of Seen and Experiences in the Mountains", there was a record that ", the Ministry of Justice reported to the prisoners of Jinzhou, and Yali put 59 people including Ha, Fu Tu, Hu Yi Han, Boluo, Ge Chuojiu in the city. The heads were rumored to be executed by lingchi in the capital. According to the "Records of the Two Dynasties", in the seventh year of the Tianqi period, just under Ningyuan City, the Later Jin army was smashed a large tent by artillery fire, and 24 people in Gushan and more than 30 people in Niulu. The prisoners of the Later Jin army confessed that Huang Taiji's "first son" 号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号1号Four people in Gushan and more than 30 Niulu were killed. If this number is true, the troops that were severely damaged in the Later Jin Dynasty would probably be between more than 12,000 and 30,000. The Ming side’s report here is probably a bit exaggerated.
ming army.
But no matter what, the Later Jin army fought back and forth between Ningyuan Jinzhou, suffering major casualties, dusty face, blue and swollen face. This is beyond doubt. As for what some people said they had grabbed a bunch of things. I can only say that every time the Jin army attacked in the latter , the Jin army had a clear strategic goal, and it could not be just for robbery. Huang Taiji's military operation goal was to interrupt Yuan Chonghuan's business in the Jinzhou area, and he ended up kicking the iron plate. If this could be called victory, then I really don't know what can be called failure.
Later Jin army.
Whether it is Ningyuan or Ningjin, it is an unquestionable victory, not only because of the heavy price paid by the Later Jin army, but also because of the chain reaction of these two battles. After the battle of Ningyuan , Nurhaci once wrote a letter to Mao Wenlong , a letter of encouragement to surrender with righteousness. There is the following content: " Since ancient times, all countries have declined and declined, and the time of the Heavenly Wheel will be destroyed. The war is everywhere, but it will be destroyed. When it is about to be with it, the heaven will silently bless you, and you will always be with you, and your momentum will be prosperous. Like this example, don't you know that Yi Yin is like the fortune of King Jie, and he will eventually become King Tang and become a minister. Jiang Taigong knows that the fortune of King Zhou ends, and he goes to Wu and become a minister. I heard that General Mao asked why I killed someone, if I don't kill him, if I don't kill him, Who would not want to surrender? Liaodong . The people of Guangning were originally the people of the Zhu emperor. Because God gave me, I am pleased with the country, the army, and the money and grain. From north to Lushunkou to Kaiyuan , from Zhenjiang below to Guangning, they all have them. However, they wanted to raise but did not follow, and they actually killed the officials and envoys I appointed, and sent, and defected. How could I not kill and let them go without killing them? What I killed is the reason. The main meaning is roughly divided into two parts. The first part is to tell Mao Wenlong that the emperor of the Ming Dynasty was as shameless as the emperor of the Ming Dynasty was like the Jie of Xia Shang Zhou. Mao Wenlong should not work hard for them, come and join me.
Cloth-surface armor.
mingjun.
The second part is to respond to Mao Wenlong’s accusation of Nurhaci’s massive massacre. The general meaning is: From Lushun to Kaiyuan, from Zhenjiang to Guangning, those who were originally governed by the Ming Dynasty were given to me by God. I supported them, but they rebelled against me and killed all the officials I sent. Therefore, it is reasonable for me, Nurhaci, to send a large army to destroy them, and your Mao Wenlong’s accusations against me are unreasonable. This kind of preaching in plain language is indeed quite effective, but whether Mr. Mao Wenlong listens to it is another matter. From this we can see that after the Battle of Ningyuan, the situation in the Later Jin Dynasty was also quite tense. " actually killed the officials I appointed, the envoys I sent, and spies, defected and left " probably has become the norm.
Also after the Battle of Ningyuan, the Later Jin regime formed an alliance with Kharqin Aoba Taiji, preparing to deal with Kharkha Mongolia "Chahar again. Kharkha united his troops to kill and plunder Kharkha Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2Cha 2C l0 The reason for this war is not only because the Khalkha Mongols repeatedly attacked Korqin, but more importantly, " Last year, I sent troops to Ningyuan, but I did not take them back because of frost. Khalkha thought that our army was killed, and he was dedicated to helping Ming, so he moved his camp to force me. He asked me to send the envoys to Korqin, kill them on the road, and seize the things he brought. Because Khalkha repeatedly complained to me, he launched a army to fight against Khalkha ." The Khalkha Mongols thought that all the elite forces of the Later Jin army were sent to Ningyuan City, so they ran over to take advantage of the situation. Therefore, after the war in Ningyuan ended, the Khalkha Mongols were attacked by the Later Jin regime. Iron fish scale armor in the late Ming Dynasty.
This can only prove that the Later Jin regime did suffer a major failure in the Battle of Ningyuan. After the Battle of Ningjin, the Later Jin regime not only had to face the chain reaction brought by military failure, but also had to face the natural disaster " when the National Middle School was famine, and one of the gold and the grain price was eight taels of silver. There was a man-eating meat among the people. . At that time, although there was a lot of silver in the country, there was nowhere to trade. Therefore, silver was cheap and everything was expensive. A good horse was worth three hundred taels of silver. A strong cattle was worth one hundred taels of silver. A python satin was worth one hundred taels of silver. A slaughter of green cloth was worth nine taels of silver. Thieves rose up, stealing cattle and horses, and killing each other caused great chaos in the country. " It should be said that in Ningyuan, after the two wars of Ningjin, the Later Jin regime was indeed in a very difficult state.
