Turkish National Revolutionary War - The far-reaching reasons for the Kemal Revolution can certainly be traced back to the late 19th century, but the direct reason for it was World War I .
The ruling young Turks signed a secret alliance treaty with Germany on August 2, 1914, and followed the German-Austrian group to participate in World War I. During the war, Türkiye's 3 million troops were almost wiped out. Türkiye's crushing defeat led to a serious national crisis. On October 30, 1918, the Allies 2 forced Türkiye to sign the "Modelos Agreement" to divide Turkey. In May 1919, the Greek invading army invaded Izmer after the military occupation of Britain, France and other countries. On August 10, 1920, the Allies proposed a slave-style treaty to destroy the Turkish state - "HTM1Sefol Treaty ".
Serious economic crises are coming one after another. Agriculture, industry, transportation, finance and foreign trade are all in a state of bankruptcy. The Turkish nation is in danger. Opposing the division of imperialism and armed interference has become the most urgent task of the Turkish nation and a prerequisite for the development of Turkish society. The Turkish bourgeois revolution , which takes the national revolutionary war as the main form, happened under this situation.
In July 11919, a representative committee headed by Kemal was established, and the Anatolia and Romélia Protective Association was established in September, and a broad political program for upholding national independence and territorial integrity was adopted.
The National Convention passed on January 28, 1920 declared that Turkey enjoys the same independence and freedom as all sovereign states; Turkey's territorial integrity; repayment of national debts cannot conflict with the principle of independence; local citizens will vote on the Arab residential areas, Western Thrace and the three eastern provinces of Anatoria (Karls, Elda Khan, and Erwinter) to implement national self-determination; and the extraterritorial legal rights of are abolished.
11920 On April 23, 2020, Kemal convened the Turkish National Assembly in Ankara and formed a National Assembly government centered on the representative committee and responsible to the parliament, which marked the end of the political organization period.
1 The Turkish National Army was established in early 921. In the Battle of Ineneu on January 10, the army defeated the Greek army with fewer and changed the situation. During the Battle of Sacaria from August 23 to September 13, 1921, the Turkish National Army defeated the Greek army, prompting France to recognize the Great National Assembly government and Italy to stop interfering with Turkey. On August 30, 1922, in the decisive battle between Doru and Penal, the commander-in-chief of the Greek army, Tricuspis, was captured. On September 18, the Turkish National Army cleared out the Greek invading troops in Anatolia. On October 11, 1922, the Allies signed an armistice agreement with Türkiye.
11 On July 24, 2023, the seven countries of Britain, France, Italy, Japan, Greece, Rome and South signed the " Treaty of Lausanne " with Türkiye. The treaty determined the borders of Turkey, and the East Thrace and Izmir areas were returned to Turkey, and the Armenian and Kurdistan minority areas were still owned by Turkey; foreign consular jurisdiction and financial supervision rights in Turkey were abolished. On the same day, the nine countries of Britain, France, Italy, Japan, Greece, Rome, South, Bao and Turkey signed the Strait Convention, which stipulated the principle of freedom of navigation at sea and in the air in peacetime and during wartime; the Straits area was demilitarized, and the "Straits Commission" composed of the signatory countries was supervised.
The Treaty of Lausanne won Türkiye national sovereignty and national independence, and was a major victory in the Turkish people's anti-imperialist struggle. But demilitarization and international supervision in the Straits region still undermines Türkiye's sovereignty.
On October 29, 2023, the Great National Assembly declared Türkiye the Republic, and Kemal was elected president. The establishment of the Turkish Republic marks the victory of the Turkish bourgeois revolution.
The victory of the Kemal Revolution ended the Ottoman Empire for more than 2,600 years and theocracy, and established a democratic republic that had never been seen in Türkiye's history.After the Youth Turkish Revolution from 1908 to 1909, the constitutional monarchy was established. After the Kemal Revolution, he turned the constitutional monarchy into a republic system, and deposed the general leader of the feudal society, Sudan and the feudal monarchy system he represented. This was a huge progress in history.
The victory of the Kemal Revolution helped Türkiye get rid of the national crisis and created prerequisites for the development of national economic, cultural and social progress. Establishing a nation-state system is the trend of the development of the Asian and African national democratic movement in the 20th century. The establishment of the Turkish Republic set a precedent for this trend.
