The academic lords have always been in harmony with the warlords, luring students to live a life of drunkenness and despair. They teach students to study hard, not to join political parties, and not to interfere in politics. They use these methods to soften the general youth of Jiangsu - Yun Daiying
This is the precise evaluation of the academic lords entrenched in the Jiangsu education circle in the early days of the Republic of China in the 1920s.
Mao Zedong also wrote a sharp criticism of the academic bar: he was cruel and ruthless, he used knowledge to make transactions, only knowing how to instill knowledge into students and asking students for wine!
What is a learning valve?
Academic Valve is the group of university scholars who have called for the wind and rain in the academic education circle and used their power to form an exclusive and monopoly force in the school. In short, it is a group that can have monopoly power in the academic circle.
Most people can always think of the word "valve" capitalist chaebols who rely on their money bags to turn around and cover up the sky, or the heroes who are in chaos and dominate the world in troubled times. How can those literati, poets, experts and scholars who are powerless to be linked to the word "valve"?
Especially considering that warlords can rely on their guns and make countless people's heads fall to the ground, and chaebols can control the living standards of ordinary people with their economic lifeline, which makes people fall into poverty overnight, why does this view that academic valuations are more terrifying than warlords, aristocrats, and chaebols?
How did the Chinese academic valve group be formed? What kind of form has it evolved from ancient times to modern times and what impact it has had on China?
(Scholar's Valve Comic)
(I) Academic Valve that stands out from the Aristocratic Valve: a big freak in Chinese history
As we all know, guns, money bags, and book bags are the three main pillars of a regime. In history, they are each corresponding to aristocratic groups, landlords, powerful or wealthy businessmen, and Confucian scholars and literati groups that rely on military merits (in the Middle Ages in the West, they were priests, and in the Islamic areas, they were jurists).
Under specific conditions, these three pillars will evolve into special warlords, chaebols, and academics, forming a relatively independent exclusive interest group under the state regime.
The boundaries between the three major groups are not completely clear. In many cases, they can transform and join forces with each other.
(literati class)
In the ancient Chinese political system, many wealthy businessmen moved closer to officials in order to ensure their wealth was stable, and invested in establishing colleges and sponsoring scholars to allow their descendants to embark on the road of imperial examinations. They changed from wealthy salt merchants to poetry, books, rituals and music families with tradition of studying, and transformed their family from chaebols to academics. How did the
academic valve appear?
Historically, the emergence of the Chinese local scholarship can be found from the Han Dynasty abolishing all schools of thought and respecting Confucianism.
Since Western Han raised Confucianism to an official orthodox position and established a doctorate in the Five Classics to teach Confucian classics, whether one is familiar with Confucianism has become the most important condition except for military merits and donating officials.
Confucianism has become a stepping stone for being an official, which has enabled intellectuals to establish Confucianism as their own place of residence. For the past two thousand years, China's academic sect has basically been mainly Confucian scholars.
The complete formation of the academic valve form is closely related to the well-known aristocratic valves in history.
As the saying goes, wealth cannot last for three generations, but before the establishment of the imperial examination system of Eastern Han Dynasty to Sui and Tang , a strange phenomenon often occurred in which a family controlled its official position for hundreds of years. This kind of family of nobles and nobles in the past generations were those aristocratic families that rose from the Eastern Han Dynasty.
(Eastern Han Landlord Manor Manor)
These people themselves have a considerable industry in their hometown. continued to expand the land of annexation in the context of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and handed over their family children to the masters of Confucianism to study classics, or study classic works of their own family for generations. After they finished their studies, they became officials in the court, and thus continued to accumulate connections and gain deep roots.
For example, the warlord Yuan Shao in the late Eastern Han Dynasty came from the famous Yuan family in Runan. The rise of his family was largely due to the related discussions of the Book of Changes left by the ancestors of the generations of the study of the great scholars Meng Xi , and thus became famous, "Four generations and three masters, disciples and former officials all over the world
".
Because of its tremendous reputation among scholars all over the world, Yuan Shao and his family eventually occupied of prefectures and counties, and was once the most powerful warlord in China.
Yuan Shao's family is the most typical mixture of aristocratic and academic lords, or it is difficult to distinguish between these two in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, just like two fruits grown on the same tree.
(Film and TV Image)
Since Wei State established ninth-rank Zhongzheng system , the academic gentry finally got their wishes and got the monopoly recognition of their official positions by the state power. Since then, "the top-rank no poor family, and the lower-rank no noble family", the gentry who not only occupied the official position and monopolized academic education have the power in society.
While asking for land and taking up a large number of farmlands, they relied on their noble background and profound family knowledge to make friends with celebrities, and became officials in the court, gathering together to keep warm, and excluding talents from the middle and lower classes of society from the circle.
After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the emergence of the imperial examination system caused a certain degree of attack on the forces of the academic clan, especially in the turmoil of the late Tang Dynasty, "the sky streets were all trampled on the bones of the ministers."
The aristocratic family that has lasted for hundreds of years was uprooted under the butcher knife of Huang Chao , which later restrained the situation where the Chinese bureaucracy was monopolized by the aristocratic families.
(Zhu Zi)
However, this phenomenon of academic affairs has not been eradicated. After the Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang succeeded to the throne, Cheng Zhu Neo-Science was elevated to an unparalleled position. Through the imperial examination, Zhu Zi Neo-Science was used as a standard sample to derogate and exclude all unorthodox heresy.
As Liang Qichao said in :
The so-called Neo-Confucian scholar has become the most noble scholar and is a slave to the public.
Under the thousand-year rule of the scholars of Confucian , the hundreds of schools of thought similar to the Axial Age are gone forever, replaced by the withering of scientific and cultural culture. China is lagging behind the West, and scholars cannot refuse to blame.
(II) Don’t kill people but only kill their hearts. How did the ancient China be destroyed by academic lords
warlords kill people, chaebols seize money, and the academic lords kill their hearts.
The academic lords have exhausted the complete set of ideological theories established for thousands of years. They have caused a long-term confinement effect on the Chinese people's thoughts, destroying the academic freedom and freedom of thought that have been left behind, making scholars superstitious about authority and dare not get out of the academic barriers drawn by their predecessors.
They educate the general public with the Three Bonds and Five Constant Virtues, preserve the laws of nature, destroy human desires, and suppress their personalities with absolute laws of nature. allows the people under the rule of feudal dynasties to suffer from heavy taxes and patriarchal ethics, and willingly endure all this under the preaching of the Perspectives.
" Yuewei Caotang Notes " records such a story:
In the late Ming Dynasty, a certain place in the pass was famine, and there was a tragedy of human flesh being sold.
At that time, a guest came to a restaurant for dinner and saw a naked woman tied to the butcher's desk and was about to die. He felt pity and immediately bought the woman from the butcher for double the price.
Unexpectedly, after the customer's hand touched the woman's body, the woman's face immediately changed, "Although I am grateful for your life-saving grace, I only want to be your slave, never be your concubine, and a woman must not serve her husband!"
(Chara arch)
After saying that, he lay back on the desk. The butcher was furious and killed the woman.
Since After the Song Dynasty , the ideological cage carefully created by the Neo-Confucian scholars has made countless women bound by the chastity archway and harmed by the deformed foot binding system, allowing the people to survive in a state of ignorance of loyalty and filial piety.
In addition, it is worth noting that the money spent by the court and the privileges paid by the scholars became a mountain that overwhelmed the ordinary people, which greatly restricted the living standards of the people of the feudal dynasty.
Typically, in the Ming Dynasty, the gentry class where the scholars were located enjoyed quite superior privileges. From the early Ming Dynasty to the middle and late periods, a large number of increased taxes could be exempted, and the tax burden was transferred to ordinary people who were powerless and powerless, causing the people to suffer.
(Ming Dynasty gentry class)
. If we compare horizontally, we will find that The academic class that the ancient Chinese working people worked hard to support cannot produce decent scientific and cultural achievements, and most of them can only stay in dogmatism or utopianism .
does not have a mature scientific system, which is particularly pale with the Western intellectual class.
Since the rise of medieval cities in Western Europe , Western intellectuals guided by academic freedom have gradually explored a set of scientific research methods leading to modernity in the castles of universities.
They inherited the tradition left over from ancient Greek Ancient Rome, broke through the barriers of thought, and opened up new worlds in the fields of astronomy, navigation, medicine, philosophy, biology, mathematics, physics, etc., and made outstanding contributions to Western Europe's move towards modern times, rather than being a defender who was satisfied with being a corrupt ethics like the scholars in ancient China.
(Western intellectuals doing experiments)
In the West, the attitude of "I love my teacher, especially the truth" has made generations of scholars and apprentices dare to surpass the rules and regulations left by the teachers.
In contrast, in order to maintain the exclusiveness and authority of this small circle, an academic school often accustomed to being self-consistent and instinctively rejecting those theories that do not conform to the mainstream of the circle. The apprentice can only work in a circle drawn by the teacher, so it is difficult to achieve decent innovative achievements.
Usually, I stand by my hands and talk about my heart and mind, and repay the king if I die in the event of trouble.
(Qian Qianyi, who despised the water was too cold in the late Ming Dynasty)
Only conservative and incomplete scholars can either simply and roughly repay the kindness of the king and fulfill their reputation in times of chaos in the world, or they do not even have this courage, and only dare to "be poor and keep the body alone" to hide their names and passively escape from the world.
After modern times, the traditional Confucian scholars and officials who were closely linked to the imperial examination were forced to transform into modern intellectuals. Although many of them transformed into professors and scholars in universities, they were still full of various academic styles.
(III) The Republic of China academic lords: oppose the revolution and collude with Beiyang warlords
As mentioned at the beginning, during the rule of the Beiyang warlords, Chinese scholars colluded with warlords to stifle the students' spontaneous patriotic enthusiasm, prevent students from participating in the patriotic movement, joining revolutionary political parties, and essentially became the defenders of the semi-colonial system.
(Hu Shi)
At that time, people evaluated academic lords such as Hu Shi, Huang Yanpei , Guo Bingwen , etc. as follows:
" Relying on the famine of Chinese academics, they will steal the fur of Western learning, use the dross of various scholars to express their morality as a high reputation, look down on everything, and secretly surrender to the political and warlords. "
Simply put, the academic lords themselves are not very high, but they use the window period of the weak national education ability to engage in the second-hand dealers who transport Western academic thoughts to gain fame.
has a hypocritical image, but in fact it is taking the route of compromising with warlords and great powers, without any literati character or responsibility.
For example, in the May 30th Movement and the 318 tragedy protests swept across many parts of the country, the Jiangsu Provincial Education Association at the Southeast Students' Base Camp not only did not support it, but instead acted as a pawn for the warlord authorities to suppress students, and decisively expelled young students who took the lead in participating in the student movement, trying to extinguish the fire of revolution among students.
(May 30th Movement)
The reactionary actions of the scholars made the students who sympathized with and supported the Communist Party furious. They organized a mighty expel the scholars with the slogan "Down with the scholars".
After the National Revolutionary Army swept through the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, swept Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other places, the skin was gone, and where would the Mao be attached? The academic lords were entrenched in these places, and the academic lords were in panic all day long. Many people were afraid of being liquidated by students and fled. Unfortunately, the liquidation of the academic lords was not thorough. During the reign of Chiang Kai-shek, most academic lords were able to continue to parasitize due to the united front against the old warlord regime.
Conclusion
To this day, the academic phenomenon is still a very prominent problem in Chinese universities.
Many colleges and universities are called "bosses" and graduate supervisors and professors are used to building their own nepotism circles. They only look at their background but not their talents, and cannot penetrate needles or water. They have completely achieved all the academic achievements of young people's hard research, making the academic circle chaotic.
One day earlier to eradicate the academic bars in colleges and universities, and make the Chinese academic community clear and clear.
