Our country's geographical situation is complex and there are many dangerous passes. They often have important military significance. This is because ancient transportation and communication methods were backward and there were few routes to choose from. Therefore, the ancients would build fortifications at pass locations. By guarding these passes, they could block the enemy's advance. There are many famous passes in history. Today we have selected five of them, all in the north, and each is accompanied by an ancient poem for appreciation.
1. The long wind blows at the Jade Gate, and the bright moon shines on the mind.
" Guanshan Moon " Li Bai of the Tang Dynasty
The bright moon rises out of the Tianshan Mountains, among the vast sea of clouds.
The wind blows tens of thousands of miles across Yumen Pass.
Han descended to Baideng Road, and Hu glanced at Qinghai Bay.
Origin: Conquered the battlefield, but no one returned.
The garrisonmen looked at the border towns, thinking of returning home with many sad faces.
The tall building is like this night, and I have no time to sigh.
ruins
A bright moon rises over the Tianshan Mountains and passes through the vast sea of clouds. The strong wind drifted for tens of thousands of miles and finally reached Yumen Pass. On the Baideng Road in the Han Dynasty, barbarians peeked into the Qinghai Lake area. Since ancient times, no one has returned to his hometown alive in the place where he has fought. The garrison soldiers looked at the border town, with miserable faces because they missed their hometown. On such a night, their wives climbed up the tall building alone and probably never stopped sighing.
Guanshanyue: It is the name of ancient Yuefu; Tianshan: here refers to the Qilian Mountains, not the current meaning of Xinjiang Tianshan; Baideng Road: the Baideng Mountain Road (today's Datong, Shanxi to Tongliao, Inner Mongolia), The emperor of the Han Dynasty once led an army to fight with the Xiongnu During the battle, he was besieged on Baishan Mountain for seven days before he was freed. The poem refers to the Qinghai Road (the southern route of the Silk Road, which was also the main route for Tibet to attack the Hexi Corridor during the Tang Dynasty); Hu: refers to the Hexi Corridor. The Tubo regime on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau ; Qinghai Bay: the Qinghai Lake area.
The spring breeze does not reach Yumen Pass. This is because the northwest is mostly a desolate place, and it seems that it cannot be affected by the spring breeze. But the bright moon is the same all over the world. Such a moonlit night will naturally arouse the homesickness of the border officers and soldiers. The bright moon hangs high in the tall Qilian Mountains, and the wind blowing from the soldiers' hometowns, after traveling for tens of thousands of miles, finally arrived at this side of the city, as if it was bringing greetings from their families. Their hearts are the same as those of the other. They must also be looking up at the bright moon and missing Zhengren, right?
Yumen Pass: In today's Gansu Province, the specific location of Yumen Pass in Han, Tang and Song Dynasties was different in history. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Zhang Qian emptied out the Western Region. The imperial court established four counties in Hexi, and built the Great Wall from Jiuquan to Yumen, and then set up Yumen Pass, northwest of today's Dunhuang City. In the Tang Dynasty, Yumen Pass moved more than 200 kilometers eastward to Guazhou County in today's Jiuquan City. The reason why it moved eastward was that a new road was opened directly from Guazhou to Hami, without having to go around Dunhuang. From the end of the Tang Dynasty to the beginning of the Song Dynasty, Yumen Pass moved 200 kilometers eastward again, which is now Shiguan Gorge in Jiayuguan City. Song Renzong Jingyou's third year (1036), the Xixia regime occupied the entire Hexi Corridor. Yumen Pass, which had existed for 1140 years, disappeared from history books and only appeared in the poems of literati. No matter which Yumen Pass is located, it is an important node guarding the Hexi Corridor and a choke point connecting the Silk Road. Beginning in the Southern Song Dynasty , the Maritime Silk Road flourished. Sea transportation replaced land transportation with its unparalleled advantages and became an important freight method for international trade. The decline and even abandonment of Yumen Pass was also inevitable in historical development.
2. The old friend came out of Hangu and cried when singing
"Hangu Pass Song, sending Liu Pingshi to Guanxi" Tang· Cen Shen
If you don't see Hangu Pass , the city has collapsed and the walls have been destroyed to this day.
Tree roots and grass vines cover the ancient road, and the empty valley remains unchanged for thousands of years.
The old mountain is lonely and deserted, and there is no need to close the holy pilgrimage.
Wherever Gongsun White Horse goes, Old Man Green Ox will not return.
The ground is covered with green moss and white bones, and the moon is as long as in ancient times.
Wild flowers are unaware of pedestrians, but mountain birds never know officials.
An old friend took the messenger's carriage, but I know that Guo Dan was not as good as him.
Please remember me from time to time as a foreigner in Kansai, and write more letters when you travel to Kansai.
Hangu Pass
Don't you see, the crumbling walls of Hangu Pass in the Da Qin still remain. The roots of trees underground and the grass vines on the ground cover the ancient Qin and Han Dynasty roads, and the empty valley has not changed much for thousands of years. In the old days, the valley seemed quiet and lonely with no one passing by. In the prosperous times, the imperial court had no external troubles, so there was no need to guard Hangu Pass. Where is Mr. Wang and Sun going on the white horse? The old man riding the green bull will never come back. Green moss and white bones fill the empty space. Only the bright moon in the sky is similar to that of ancient times. The wild flowers on the roadside ignore passers-by. How could the birds in the mountains know the customs guards back then? My friend, I have just stepped onto the mission vehicle. I know that Guo Dan was not as good as you back then. Please remember me a lot when you arrive in Kansai and send me letters often.
White Horse Gongsun: Gongsun Long, the person who put forward the sophistry of "a white horse is not a horse"; Green Niu Old Man: Laozi Li Er. This is a farewell poem. The two broke up at Hangu Pass, so the author took Hangu Pass as the title. Hangu Pass in the Tang Dynasty has long lost its appearance, with only ruins and broken walls. Because no one was walking, big trees and small grass occupied the original road, and the numerous bones of the soldiers who died in the battle could only rot with the grass and trees. I am afraid that in the entire Hangu Pass, only the bright moon in the sky is still the same as it was in the Qin and Han Dynasties.
Hangu Pass: In today's Lingbao City, Sanmenxia City, Henan Province, it is named because it is as deep and dangerous as Han, in a gorge. It is located between Chang'an and Luoyang html, and is the throat connecting
Guanzhong and the Central Plains. Lingbao 's Hangu Pass is Qinguan. Hanguan Pass in Han Dynasty is located in Xin'an County, Luoyang City, 150 kilometers to the east. There is also Hanguan Pass in Wei Kingdom, which is close to Qinguan. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Hangu Pass was the first pass and was the key to whether the Qin State could go eastward. After capturing Hangu Pass, the Qin State could "seize the stronghold of Weihan, embrace the land of Yongzhou, and the monarch and his ministers could secure it. Peep into room ". At that time, Lao Tzu rode a green ox out of Hangu, and at the request of the customs officials, he left behind 5,000 words of the De Dao Jing, which had a significant impact on Chinese traditional culture . Afterwards, I disappeared without a trace, leaving endless reverie for future generations.
3. Mountains and rivers on Tongguan Road, the rise and fall of the people are suffering
" Hillside Sheep·Tong Cares about Ancient " Yuan · Zhang Yanghao
Peaks and mountains are like gatherings, and waves are like raging. The mountains and rivers are like Tongguan Road inside and outside. Looking at the Western Capital, I hesitated.
It is sad that wherever the Qin and Han dynasties traveled, thousands of palaces and palaces were turned into dirt. When it prospers, the people suffer; when it dies, the people suffer.
Tongguan
The peaks are coming together, and the waves in the Yellow River are roaring like anger. The inside and outside of Tongguan Road connect Huashan Mountain and the Yellow River. Looking at Chang'an City in the distance, my mind is ups and downs and my steps are wandering.
What makes me sad is that the thousands of palaces on both sides of the ancient Qin and Han Dynasty roads that I walked on have now turned into dust. When a dynasty rises, it is the common people who suffer; when a dynasty declines, it is the common people who suffer.
This Yuan song has been selected into the middle school Chinese textbook. On the Tongguan Ancient Road, the peaks of Huashan Mountain converge and the Yellow River roars beside it. It can be said that the Tongguan Road is as real as iron. But the author did not feel heroic, but fell into deep contemplation. What he thought of was how prosperous the city of Chang'an was when the Qin and Han empires were prosperous, but now it is just returning to dust. Whether Qin is a good man or not, their prosperity is based on the bones of the people, and their demise is also "the bones are exposed in the wild, and there is no rooster crow for thousands of miles." The background of writing this Yuan song is that the author went to provide disaster relief and was inspired by it when passing through Tongguan. Because of his exhaustion and overwork, the author eventually died in the disaster relief post.
Tongguan: In today's Tongguan County, Weinan City, Shaanxi Province, it is named because the flow of the Yellow River "Tongji (impacts) Guanshan". Tongguan was established in the first year of Jian'an (196) of Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty. The reason was that in order to prevent the rebellion of the Kansai warlords, Boss Cao abandoned Hangu Pass because Hangu Pass was closer to Boss Cao's territory. In the 16th year of Jian'an (212), Boss Cao fought a battle with Ma Chao and Han Sui here. Tongguan appeared in history books for the first time. From then on, there were constant wars here. The specific location of Tongguan has also been changing in history, but the overall distance is not far.
Our country's geographical situation is complex and there are many dangerous passes. They often have important military significance. This is because ancient transportation and communication methods were backward and there were few routes to choose from. Therefore, the ancients would build fortifications at pass locations. By guarding these passes, they could block the enemy's advance. There are many famous passes in history. Today we have selected five of them, all in the north, and each is accompanied by an ancient poem for appreciation.
1. The long wind blows at the Jade Gate, and the bright moon shines on the mind.
" Guanshan Moon " Li Bai of the Tang Dynasty
The bright moon rises out of the Tianshan Mountains, among the vast sea of clouds.
The wind blows tens of thousands of miles across Yumen Pass.
Han descended to Baideng Road, and Hu glanced at Qinghai Bay.
Origin: Conquered the battlefield, but no one returned.
The garrisonmen looked at the border towns, thinking of returning home with many sad faces.
The tall building is like this night, and I have no time to sigh.
ruins
A bright moon rises over the Tianshan Mountains and passes through the vast sea of clouds. The strong wind drifted for tens of thousands of miles and finally reached Yumen Pass. On the Baideng Road in the Han Dynasty, barbarians peeked into the Qinghai Lake area. Since ancient times, no one has returned to his hometown alive in the place where he has fought. The garrison soldiers looked at the border town, with miserable faces because they missed their hometown. On such a night, their wives climbed up the tall building alone and probably never stopped sighing.
Guanshanyue: It is the name of ancient Yuefu; Tianshan: here refers to the Qilian Mountains, not the current meaning of Xinjiang Tianshan; Baideng Road: the Baideng Mountain Road (today's Datong, Shanxi to Tongliao, Inner Mongolia), The emperor of the Han Dynasty once led an army to fight with the Xiongnu During the battle, he was besieged on Baishan Mountain for seven days before he was freed. The poem refers to the Qinghai Road (the southern route of the Silk Road, which was also the main route for Tibet to attack the Hexi Corridor during the Tang Dynasty); Hu: refers to the Hexi Corridor. The Tubo regime on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau ; Qinghai Bay: the Qinghai Lake area.
The spring breeze does not reach Yumen Pass. This is because the northwest is mostly a desolate place, and it seems that it cannot be affected by the spring breeze. But the bright moon is the same all over the world. Such a moonlit night will naturally arouse the homesickness of the border officers and soldiers. The bright moon hangs high in the tall Qilian Mountains, and the wind blowing from the soldiers' hometowns, after traveling for tens of thousands of miles, finally arrived at this side of the city, as if it was bringing greetings from their families. Their hearts are the same as those of the other. They must also be looking up at the bright moon and missing Zhengren, right?
Yumen Pass: In today's Gansu Province, the specific location of Yumen Pass in Han, Tang and Song Dynasties was different in history. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Zhang Qian emptied out the Western Region. The imperial court established four counties in Hexi, and built the Great Wall from Jiuquan to Yumen, and then set up Yumen Pass, northwest of today's Dunhuang City. In the Tang Dynasty, Yumen Pass moved more than 200 kilometers eastward to Guazhou County in today's Jiuquan City. The reason why it moved eastward was that a new road was opened directly from Guazhou to Hami, without having to go around Dunhuang. From the end of the Tang Dynasty to the beginning of the Song Dynasty, Yumen Pass moved 200 kilometers eastward again, which is now Shiguan Gorge in Jiayuguan City. Song Renzong Jingyou's third year (1036), the Xixia regime occupied the entire Hexi Corridor. Yumen Pass, which had existed for 1140 years, disappeared from history books and only appeared in the poems of literati. No matter which Yumen Pass is located, it is an important node guarding the Hexi Corridor and a choke point connecting the Silk Road. Beginning in the Southern Song Dynasty , the Maritime Silk Road flourished. Sea transportation replaced land transportation with its unparalleled advantages and became an important freight method for international trade. The decline and even abandonment of Yumen Pass was also inevitable in historical development.
2. The old friend came out of Hangu and cried when singing
"Hangu Pass Song, sending Liu Pingshi to Guanxi" Tang· Cen Shen
If you don't see Hangu Pass , the city has collapsed and the walls have been destroyed to this day.
Tree roots and grass vines cover the ancient road, and the empty valley remains unchanged for thousands of years.
The old mountain is lonely and deserted, and there is no need to close the holy pilgrimage.
Wherever Gongsun White Horse goes, Old Man Green Ox will not return.
The ground is covered with green moss and white bones, and the moon is as long as in ancient times.
Wild flowers are unaware of pedestrians, but mountain birds never know officials.
An old friend took the messenger's carriage, but I know that Guo Dan was not as good as him.
Please remember me from time to time as a foreigner in Kansai, and write more letters when you travel to Kansai.
Hangu Pass
Don't you see, the crumbling walls of Hangu Pass in the Da Qin still remain. The roots of trees underground and the grass vines on the ground cover the ancient Qin and Han Dynasty roads, and the empty valley has not changed much for thousands of years. In the old days, the valley seemed quiet and lonely with no one passing by. In the prosperous times, the imperial court had no external troubles, so there was no need to guard Hangu Pass. Where is Mr. Wang and Sun going on the white horse? The old man riding the green bull will never come back. Green moss and white bones fill the empty space. Only the bright moon in the sky is similar to that of ancient times. The wild flowers on the roadside ignore passers-by. How could the birds in the mountains know the customs guards back then? My friend, I have just stepped onto the mission vehicle. I know that Guo Dan was not as good as you back then. Please remember me a lot when you arrive in Kansai and send me letters often.
White Horse Gongsun: Gongsun Long, the person who put forward the sophistry of "a white horse is not a horse"; Green Niu Old Man: Laozi Li Er. This is a farewell poem. The two broke up at Hangu Pass, so the author took Hangu Pass as the title. Hangu Pass in the Tang Dynasty has long lost its appearance, with only ruins and broken walls. Because no one was walking, big trees and small grass occupied the original road, and the numerous bones of the soldiers who died in the battle could only rot with the grass and trees. I am afraid that in the entire Hangu Pass, only the bright moon in the sky is still the same as it was in the Qin and Han Dynasties.
Hangu Pass: In today's Lingbao City, Sanmenxia City, Henan Province, it is named because it is as deep and dangerous as Han, in a gorge. It is located between Chang'an and Luoyang html, and is the throat connecting
Guanzhong and the Central Plains. Lingbao 's Hangu Pass is Qinguan. Hanguan Pass in Han Dynasty is located in Xin'an County, Luoyang City, 150 kilometers to the east. There is also Hanguan Pass in Wei Kingdom, which is close to Qinguan. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Hangu Pass was the first pass and was the key to whether the Qin State could go eastward. After capturing Hangu Pass, the Qin State could "seize the stronghold of Weihan, embrace the land of Yongzhou, and the monarch and his ministers could secure it. Peep into room ". At that time, Lao Tzu rode a green ox out of Hangu, and at the request of the customs officials, he left behind 5,000 words of the De Dao Jing, which had a significant impact on Chinese traditional culture . Afterwards, I disappeared without a trace, leaving endless reverie for future generations.
3. Mountains and rivers on Tongguan Road, the rise and fall of the people are suffering
" Hillside Sheep·Tong Cares about Ancient " Yuan · Zhang Yanghao
Peaks and mountains are like gatherings, and waves are like raging. The mountains and rivers are like Tongguan Road inside and outside. Looking at the Western Capital, I hesitated.
It is sad that wherever the Qin and Han dynasties traveled, thousands of palaces and palaces were turned into dirt. When it prospers, the people suffer; when it dies, the people suffer.
Tongguan
The peaks are coming together, and the waves in the Yellow River are roaring like anger. The inside and outside of Tongguan Road connect Huashan Mountain and the Yellow River. Looking at Chang'an City in the distance, my mind is ups and downs and my steps are wandering.
What makes me sad is that the thousands of palaces on both sides of the ancient Qin and Han Dynasty roads that I walked on have now turned into dust. When a dynasty rises, it is the common people who suffer; when a dynasty declines, it is the common people who suffer.
This Yuan song has been selected into the middle school Chinese textbook. On the Tongguan Ancient Road, the peaks of Huashan Mountain converge and the Yellow River roars beside it. It can be said that the Tongguan Road is as real as iron. But the author did not feel heroic, but fell into deep contemplation. What he thought of was how prosperous the city of Chang'an was when the Qin and Han empires were prosperous, but now it is just returning to dust. Whether Qin is a good man or not, their prosperity is based on the bones of the people, and their demise is also "the bones are exposed in the wild, and there is no rooster crow for thousands of miles." The background of writing this Yuan song is that the author went to provide disaster relief and was inspired by it when passing through Tongguan. Because of his exhaustion and overwork, the author eventually died in the disaster relief post.
Tongguan: In today's Tongguan County, Weinan City, Shaanxi Province, it is named because the flow of the Yellow River "Tongji (impacts) Guanshan". Tongguan was established in the first year of Jian'an (196) of Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty. The reason was that in order to prevent the rebellion of the Kansai warlords, Boss Cao abandoned Hangu Pass because Hangu Pass was closer to Boss Cao's territory. In the 16th year of Jian'an (212), Boss Cao fought a battle with Ma Chao and Han Sui here. Tongguan appeared in history books for the first time. From then on, there were constant wars here. The specific location of Tongguan has also been changing in history, but the overall distance is not far.When the Sanmenxia Reservoir was built in the 1960s, the reservoir water level was overestimated, and Tongguan County was mistakenly listed as a flooded area. Tongguan was demolished. Nowadays, when it comes to Tongguan, more people think of Roujiamo . In fact, I also like to eat it.
4. The smoke of war spreads across Chang'an, and the warriors guard Xiongguan
" Songs on the fortress send Yuanmei " Ming · Li Panlong
The white feathers are as frosty as the fortress comes out of the cold, Hu Feng keeps picking up Chang'an.
There is a western mountain moon at the top of the city. How many recruits are there to see?
Shanhaiguan
Night scene
You are holding an emergency document with a white bird feather on it, and you are on a business trip outside the Great Wall in this freezing cold weather. This is all because the barbarians invaded the border gates of the Ming Dynasty, and the alarm bells continued all the way to the capital. A bright moon hung high above the city, and countless soldiers at Shanhaiguan could not sleep and watched from their horses.
Saishangqu: the name of the ancient Yuefu; Yuanmei: the character of Wang Shizhen, Li Panlong's close friend, the leader of the literary world at that time, and the official to the Minister of Punishment. He wrote prolifically throughout his life, and once wrote the preface to "Compendium of Materia Medica"; Bai Yu: refers to the feather book, also known as Yu Xi, a document used to recruit troops, with feathers inserted to express urgency; Hu: refers to Jianzhou Jurchen ; Chang'an: here Refers to Beijing.
Wang Shizhen was originally a civilian official. In the Ming Dynasty it was very common for civilian officials to participate in military command, so this time the court assigned him to the Shanhaiguan military camp, and Li Panlong saw him off. At this time, in the 3rd year of Wanli , Jianzhou Jurchens rose up under the leadership of Nurhachi and continued to invade the borders of the Ming Dynasty. Shanhaiguan was guarding the throat from Liaodong to North China Plain , and the imperial court stationed elite troops to guard it. Under the bright moon, Li and Wang parted ways, but the soldiers at the border did not dismount their horses or take off their armor, and were always on alert. Looking at the bright moon in the distance, what are they thinking? Maybe it’s relatives in my hometown, maybe it’s fame and fortune, maybe it’s waiting for orders from the court.
Shanhaiguan: Also known as Yuguan, it is located northeast of Qinhuangdao City, Hebei Province. It is named after the (Yan) Mountain and the (Bohai) Sea. Founded in the 14th year of Hongwu Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty, Guancheng has a circumference of 4 kilometers and is connected to the Great Wall. It is one of the most important passes on the Great Wall. Shanhaiguan City is 14 meters high and 7 meters thick, making it extremely strong. There is a plaque on the east gate that reads "The First Pass in the World". Legend has it that it was inscribed by Xiao Xian, a native of Shanhaiguan and a Jinshi. It is simple, vigorous and powerful, consistent with the overall style of Guancheng. This is the main thoroughfare connecting the Northeastern Plain to the North China Plain. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the internal and external customs have been based here as the reference system.
5. The Ministry passed through Jiayu and wrote poems about his aspirations
One of "Four Poems on Leaving Jiayuguan" Qing Dynasty · Lin Zexu
Strictly pass the hundred-foot boundary to the west of the sky, and recruit people from thousands of miles away.
The flying pavilion is far away from the Qin trees, and the winding walls are leaning against the long clouds.
The Tianshan Mountains stand tall and craggy, and the vast sea is mesmerizing.
Who knows that Wei Han has been in danger for thousands of years? Looking back, I can only see a pill of mud.
Jiayuguan
The starting point of the Great Wall
The solemn Xiongguan is a hundred feet high and is the border to the northwest. The people who traveled thousands of miles away stopped here. The attic is far away from the big trees of Qin, and the winding city wall slants down the dark clouds of Long. The precipitous rocks of the Qilian Mountains seem to stand shoulder to shoulder with people, and the vast sea of sand makes people fall into confusion when looking at them. Who said that Weihan is a dangerous pass through the ages? Looking back, I just feel like it was just a mess.
Yanguan: a dangerous pass; Jietianxi: the boundary of the west; Qin: Shaanxi Province; Long: Gansu Province; Tianshan: Qilian Mountain; Wei (chan two sounds): high and dangerous mountains; Hanhai: here refers to the sea of sand; Maru Ni: refers to balls made of clay. It comes from "Handu Han Shu " "Wan Ni Seal", which means that only a small number of troops can block the Hangu Pass.
After the Opium War broke out, Lin Zexu was framed and considered by the court to be the criminal who provoked the war, so he was sent to Xinjiang. This poem was written on the way to Xinjiang. The first sentence is the location of Jiayuguan Pass in the Ming Dynasty. If you walk here, you will truly enter the northwest and be far away from the court. The chin couplet and the neck couplet have a broad view. It guards the Qin and Long provinces, connects the Qilian Mountains and the desert, and is in a dangerous position. We compared Weilian with Hangu Pass. Hangu Pass is so narrow that one man can’t pass it but ten thousand men can’t open it. But it is much more difficult to guard here.
Jiayuguan: In the middle of the narrowest valley to the west of Jiayuguan City in Gansu Province today, it was built in the fifth year of Hongwu (1372), Taizu of the Ming Dynasty. It is the starting point of the Ming Great Wall. After the establishment of Jiayuguan Pass, it replaced Yumen Pass and became the choke point connecting the Central Plains and the Western Regions. It is known as the most powerful pass in the world. Nowadays, most of the existing buildings are relics of the Ming Dynasty and have long lost their military significance. They are instead used as tourist attractions or movie shooting spots.
Jiayuguan: In the middle of the narrowest valley to the west of Jiayuguan City in Gansu Province today, it was built in the fifth year of Hongwu (1372), Taizu of the Ming Dynasty. It is the starting point of the Ming Great Wall. After the establishment of Jiayuguan Pass, it replaced Yumen Pass and became the choke point connecting the Central Plains and the Western Regions. It is known as the most powerful pass in the world. Nowadays, most of the existing buildings are relics of the Ming Dynasty and have long lost their military significance. They are instead used as tourist attractions or movie shooting spots.
