On March 2, 1963, China and Pakistan signed a document in Beijing with the full name "Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of Pakistan on the Borders of China's Xinjiang and the Regions where Pakistan actually controls its defense."
The signing of the two countries' border agreement marks China's official revocation of land sovereignty of Karakoram Corridor 5310 square kilometers, with an area equivalent to five Hong Kong and one Shanghai as big as that.
After the founding of New China, many lost lands in history have been reclaimed one after another, but in terms of the largest piece of land, it must be the Karakoram Corridor.
Although the Karakoram Corridor is an unmanned land with extremely harsh climate conditions and is not suitable for human survival and living, it is a strategically important place.
In fact, the Karakoram Corridor is not only very important to Pakistan, but also an important military strategic location for China, which is related to the life and death of each other.
So, what is the importance of the Karakoram Corridor? Why is Pakistan willing to return such an important piece of land to China? In addition, how did China help Pakistan after obtaining the land?
Hello everyone! Today, let’s review the causes and consequences of returning to the motherland of Karakoram Corridor, and understand how Pakistan and China became the relationship between “ Pakistan-”?
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When it comes to the relationship between China and Pakistan, we must mention the relationship between Pakistan and India.
In 1947, after India broke away from British colonial rule, India and Pakistan were founded almost at the same time. However, the British laid a time bomb for India and Pakistan during the partition of India and Pakistan. This time bomb is the familiar Jammu-Kashmir region.
Because the UK failed to clarify the ownership of the Jammu-Kashmir region when India and Pakistan divided , and the ethnic and religious contradictions in this place were complicated, India and Pakistan often fought here, claiming that they had sovereignty over Jammu-Kashmir.
, especially India's ambitions are even more inflated, claiming that it not only owns Jammu-Kashmir sovereignty, but also has sovereignty over Chinese territory Aksai Chin and Karakoram Corridor.
For this reason, shortly after India and Pakistan were established independently, the first Indian-Pakistan War broke out for Jammu-Kashmir. In this way, the Karakoram Corridor located in the hinterland of Jammu-Kashmir became a frontier position for fierce firefights between India and Pakistan almost overnight.
Soon after, India relied on its relatively strong military advantage to win the first Indian-Pakistan War in .
The aggressive posture shown by India in the battle for territorial sovereignty in Jammu-Kashmir has made it difficult for Pakistan to deal with it.
So, in order to fight against Indian aggression, Pakistan chose to ask the United States for help. Although the United States promised to help Pakistan deal with India, it has never taken any practical actions. It is always loud and thunder, causing Pakistan to suffer considerable losses in the subsequent India-Pakistan standoff.
Although Pakistan recognized the People's Republic of China as early as January 1950, it officially established diplomatic relations with China on May 21, 1951. However, the relationship with China was quite cold at that time and there was almost no contact.
The reason is very simple. First of all, China was close to India at that time and was a major member of the non-aligned movement initiated by India.
Secondly, China is a socialist country in , and Pakistan is a Muslim country. religious beliefs are different.
In addition, Pakistan is actively approaching the United States diplomatically and is a typical pro-American country. China and the United States started fighting directly on the Korean battlefield.
Therefore, Pakistan and China are born with "unmatched eight characters" and it is difficult to become a friendly country. The turn of the matter happened in 1962.
As Indian Prime Minister Nehru actively promotes the "forward policy", he continues to erode and invade Chinese territory, and blatantly wants to occupy 120,000 square kilometers of territory in southern Tibet.
So, on October 18 of that year, the Chinese leader issued a self-defense counterattack against India. The Chinese People's Liberation Army took only one month to wipe out more than 9,000 Indian Ace Brigade 7 with the momentum of destroying Gula, captured Brigadier General Dalvi alive, and pointed directly at the Indian capital New Delhi .
For a moment, the powerful and powerful people in New Delhi began to pack their bags and flee New Delhi, and the scene was extremely panicked. The then-US ambassador to India wrote in a letter to the U.S. Foreign Ministry, "This is the most panicked escape scene I have ever seen."
Nehru was panicked and even prepared to launch a "war for the capital".
In this self-defense counterattack war that China was forced to launch, China not only won the war, fought for more than 60 years of peace, but also gained Pakistan's friendship and established a "Pakistan Railway" brotherly relationship with Pakistan that has been unbreakable so far.
India has always regarded itself as a major South Asian country, and even treated China as its "little brother" for a time, believing that China's national strength is poor and unable to compete with India head-on.
However, the arrogant India was eventually vulnerable to the heroic counterattack of the Chinese People's Liberation Army.
India's failure has ruined India's prestige in front of Asia, Africa, Latin America and even the whole world. However, what I feel most incredible is not India itself, but Pakistan, which has a blood hatred with India.
Although Pakistan had just begun to gain the upper hand in the war for Jammu-Kashmir, after the Indian regular army joined the war, Pakistan seemed to be unable to do so and completely defeated India.
In Pakistan's mind, the Indian army is extremely combative and an unbeatable army. However, what they did not expect was that in the fight with the Chinese army, the Indian army was defeated so simply and had almost no strength to fight back.
The combat effectiveness of the Chinese army suddenly gave Pakistan a godly respect for China.
The performance of the United States at that time made Pakistan extremely disappointed, and then the crowd was angry. Originally, the United States and Pakistan were allies, but after the Sino-Indian War broke out, the United States forced Pakistan and India to stand together in order to win over India and support the irreconcilable India.
The ugly face of the United States betrayed its allies made Pakistan extremely unhappy.
Since then, Pakistan feels that it will be betrayed sooner or later if it is tied to the United States. Instead of being betrayed by the United States, it is better to find a new friend to fight its old enemy India.
In addition, in Pakistan's long-term diplomatic practice, it feels that the United States is very unreliable, and only China is the only country that has the ability to truly help itself.
So, Pakistan began to adjust its country's foreign policy and worked hard to establish a diplomatic relationship with China with its brothers.
Just after China achieved the first phase of its self-defense counterattack against India, Pakistan sent representatives to start negotiating border issues with China. In order to express its sincerity, Pakistan did not hesitate to return the Karakoram Corridor that it actually controlled to China.
From then on, China has truly completed the actual control of the Karakoram Corridor, and the Karakoram Corridor is like a wanderer, returning to the embrace of the motherland.
Karakoram Corridor is a valley between Kunlun Mountains and Karakoram Mountains. It is surrounded by mountains. The second highest peak in the world, Qiaogoli Peak stands here.
In addition, there are 15 mountains above 7500 meters in this place.
Since the Karakoram Corridor is an important channel connecting China to Central Asia, Persian Gulf and Arabia, it has played a very important role since ancient times and is a must-pass place for the ancient Silk Road .
As early as the Western Han Dynasty in China, the Karakoram Corridor belonged to the Pishan Kingdom, one of the thirty-six countries in the Western Regions. Because the Pishan Kingdom has a fragile national strength and occupies the strategic transportation route at the southernmost end of the Silk Road, it naturally became the target of other countries.
In order to survive, the Pishan Kingdom found the Celestial Kingdom and expressed his intention to belong to Liu Che. After that, the Han Dynasty army stationed in the Pishan Kingdom for many years, and kings of Pishan Kingdom paid tribute to the Han Dynasty.
Han Xuan Emperor Han 4In the second year of the Shenjue, that is, in 60 BC, the Western Han Dynasty set up the Western Regions Protectorate in Wulei City, which is today's Luntai County, and officially included the entire Western Regions , including the Pishan Kingdom, into the rule of the Western Han Dynasty, and stationed troops here to implement the Han government orders.
In the past 1,800 years of historical changes, no matter how the Central Plains dynasty changes, the Karakoram Corridor has always been in the territory of China.
However, by the late Qing Dynasty, British colonists began to look at China.
1865, in order to colonize Xinjiang, Tibet and other places in China, British colonists sent a survey team to set out from India under the guise of scientific research and exploration, and climbed over the Karakoram Corridor into the hinterland of Xinjiang, China. From this, they discovered that the Karakoram Corridor was a strategic throat.
British survey team official Johnson hurriedly drew a map, and all the vast areas north of the Aksai Chin, the Mo Valley and the vast areas north of the Karakoram Mountains were included in British India. This was the controversial "Johnson Line" later.
But previous Chinese governments did not recognize this illegal "Johnson Line".
On January 1, 1949, after the signing of the first ceasefire agreement between India and Pakistan, both India and Pakistan should withdraw their troops according to the resolution of the United Nations.
But India and Pakistan are incompatible with each other, and are hostile to each other, and refuse to withdraw their troops. Not only did they not withdraw their troops, they continued to carry out military infiltration. Pakistan seized several small hills from Kagill in front of Gureis to Leh .
India controls the area from Manavar in the south and from Kailun to to to Siaqin Glacier in the north, and the front of the troops point directly to the Karakoram Corridor.
Once the Indian army controls the Karakoram Corridor, with Pakistan's military strength, it will not be possible to stop the Indian army's impact. By then, Pakistan will not only not be able to defend the Karakoram Corridor, but it is afraid that the entire country will be occupied by India.
Seeing that the country was about to be destroyed, Pakistan thought that the only way to protect its country was to return the Karakoram Corridor to China. In this way, the Karakoram Corridor would become a buffer zone. With China's military strength, the Indian army would dream of occupying the Karakoram Corridor. Pakistan can rest assured from now on, and there is no need to worry that India will enter Pakistan from the Karakoram Corridor.
It was like this. After the Sino-Indian War in 1962, although China withdrew from southern Tibet after its victory, it harvested the land of the Karakoram Corridor.
For Pakistan, returning territory that should belong to China is considered to establish mutual trust with China, but to a deeper extent, it is still an overall consideration of Pakistan's national interests.
Return a piece of land that is not suitable for human habitation and cannot be defended by itself to China. It can not only reap the friend of China, but also establish a relatively stable balance between India and Pakistan, so as to achieve the goal of letting China curb India's ambitions.
can also receive a lot of economic and military assistance from China, which is really a very cost-effective transaction.
For China, due to the extremely complex terrain between Xinjiang and Tibet, the transportation between the two places is extremely inconvenient, which puts considerable pressure on the extension of China's strategic space. Aksaichin, where the Karakoram Corridor is located, is the only channel connecting Xinjiang and Tibet.
Now, the Karakoram Corridor has returned, which can undoubtedly change the previous situation.
With the Karakoram Corridor, the security situation in the western border will be further guaranteed. The security situation in the entire western region will be more stable, so that China can free up its hands to do bigger things.
National Highway 219, which was later built, passed through the Aksaichin area.
After returning to China, India began to feel restless. During the Sino-Pakistan border negotiations, India was anxious to jump to the wall and protested to China through diplomatic channels nine times, claiming that "the Karakoram Corridor belongs to India and the Sino-Pakistan border negotiations are invalid."
At first, China expressed its position and refuted it. Later, when faced with India's chatter, he simply ignored it.
So, what are the principles for demarcating the boundary between China and Pakistan?
China proposes to delineate the boundary according to the watershed of the Karakoram Mountains, the basins flowing into Chinese rivers are included in China, and the basins flowing into Pakistani rivers are included in Pakistan-controlled Kashmir. The area of the disputed area between the two sides is 7,250 square kilometers, both under the actual control of Pakistan.
But Pakistan agreed to divide 73% of the land in the disputed area and 5,310 square kilometers of land including the Karakoram Corridor into China according to China's principles.
For this reason, China has allocated 1,940 square kilometers of land in the Kanjuti area to Pakistan.
So, why does China have to hand over Kanjuti to Pakistan?
Historically, Kanjuti was also known as Xiaobolu . It has been a vassal state of China since Tang Dynasty . In 1890, Kanjuti was not only affiliated to , Qing , but also to the United Kingdom. A year later, because the weak Qing government was unable to deal with it, Kanjuti naturally became an affiliate of British India.
In 1947, India and Pakistan divided the country and Kanjuti was preparing to return to China. When the then chief Mohamed Jamal Khan saw that the time was ripe, he hurriedly contacted Chiang Kai-shek and to discuss the return. Although Chiang Kai-shek also made corresponding arrangements, the Kuomintang's one-sided failure on the battlefield made him think of retreating to Taiwan, so he put the return of Kanjuti behind his mind.
Just like that, the matter of Kan Juti returning to China was left alone. After
, as a Muslim tribe, Kanjuti chief Mohamed Jamal Khan had to send a telegram to the founding father of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, and took the initiative to join Pakistan as the status of Tuban .
Although Kanjuti has been actually controlled by Pakistan since then, it is commendable that National Government has always painted Kanjuti on the map of China.
So, we can see that before China and Pakistan redefine, Kanjuti was always controlled by the Pakistani side. However, after demarcating the boundary, China obtained 5,310 square kilometers of land. Kanjuti, which accounts for 27% of the disputed territory, continues to be controlled by Pakistan.
On March 2, 1963, China and Pakistan signed a document in Beijing full name "Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of Pakistan on the borders of China's Xinjiang and various regions where Pakistan actually controls its defense."
However, Article 6 of the agreement reads: After the dispute between Pakistan and India on Kashmir is resolved, the relevant sovereign authorities should renegotiate with the Government of the People's Republic of China on the border issue to sign a formal border treaty, and the sovereign authority will continue to maintain the status quo if it is Pakistan.
From this we can also see that this protocol has certain temporary properties.
Despite this, judging from the subsequent developments, it is precisely because Pakistan sincerely and sincerely extends an olive branch to China that China has achieved selfless relationship with Pakistan like brothers, which not only makes Pakistan turn bad luck in the face of war, but also catches the express train of China's economic development. What you get is much more than a piece of land.
In August 1965, the Second India-Pakistan War broke out. At first, the Pakistani army had a fierce offensive and soon reached a distance not far from Kashmir's capital Srinagar .
However, the Indian army suddenly changed its tactics and encircled the Pakistani army from both wings. Faced with the Indian army's counterattack, the Pakistani army had no solution and began to retreat on a large scale.
Soon after, the Indian army forward chased to Pakistan's second largest city Lahore .
Just as the Pakistani army was desperate, the then-president of Pakistan Ayub Khan sent a call for help to China. How can China stand by and watch? So an action to rescue Pakistan was launched in China.
Prime Minister Zhou persuaded Afghanistan to remain neutral, and began to dispatch troops.
On September 17, 1965, Premier Zhou personally published a declaration to India in the " People's Daily ": On the day the article arrives, the Indian army invasion fortifications on the Sino-Tin border will be removed within three days, and all Indian army invasion activities will be stopped immediately and all Indian army invasion activities will be guaranteed to no longer harassment.
On September 18, China assembled its troops to advance towards the border of India's dependent state Sikkim . We plan to implement a drama of "surrounding Wei and saving Zhao".
Then, China sent two "last spy"-style notes to India. The note reads: "Every place it has occupied is its own; it wants to occupy but has not yet occupied it is also its own. This is the result of the Indian government launching a large-scale armed attack on China in 1962, and now it launches a large-scale armed attack on Pakistan... As long as the Indian government is still conducting an unscrupulous aggression against Pakistan one day, China will not stop supporting Pakistan's just fight against aggression..."
When India saw China taking action, it was immediately frightened and hurriedly asked the United States for help, but the United States rejected India's unreasonable request and suggested that India and Pakistan achieve a ceasefire under the efforts of the United Nations.
While India hurriedly removed all its troops from the Pakistani frontline, it began to actively participate in the ceasefire negotiations.
On September 20, India and Pakistan signed a ceasefire agreement. India not only declared a ceasefire obediently, but also retreated to its position before the war began.
After this, India no longer dares to launch a large-scale military operation in Kashmir.
China not only provides active aid to Pakistan from political, diplomatic, moral and military, but also provides war material assistance to Pakistan during the Second India-Pakistan War.
In order to open up the economic channel between China and Pakistan, the two countries began to work together to build the Karakoram Highway .
Karakoram Highway, also known as China-Pakistan Friendship Highway , starts from Kashgar, Xinjiang, China in the north and reaches Takot, a city in northern Pakistan in the south. It has a total length of 1,224 kilometers. Among them, it is 415 kilometers in China and 809 kilometers in Pakistan.
This highway is known as the world's highest altitude international highway. It is also China's only land route to Pakistan and the South Asian subcontinent and the Middle East so far. It has important strategic and military significance.
According to statistics, in order to build this China-Pakistan economic channel, a total of about 700 people on both sides sacrificed their lives for it.
In 1986, this road was completed and opened to traffic.
To this day, the railways, pipelines, etc. of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor will be connected through Kashmir Kanjuti, connecting Pakistan's Gwadar Port and Kashgar, China. In the near future, the oil and gas resources of Middle East can continuously enter China's inland through here. A land energy channel connects China and Pakistan more closely.
As time goes by, the friendship between China and Pakistan originated from the Karakoram Corridor will be further enhanced and consolidated. In the increasingly close exchanges between the two countries, the friendship between China and Pakistan will undoubtedly benefit the people of both countries.
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