John Adams (John Adams, 1735-1826) One of the signatories of the US "Handle Declaration of Independence " and one of the most important founding fathers in the United States. He is as famous as Washington , Jefferson and Franklin .
The first vice president of the United States, succeeded George Washington in 1897 to become the second president of the United States, and was the first US president to be oathed by the Attorney General.
his eldest son John Quincy Adams was elected the sixth president of the United States.
John Adams was born in Massachusetts and graduated from Harvard College . He studied law, taught junior high school, and obtained the bar. In 1765, he published an article in the Boston Gazette to criticize the Stamp Act. Since then, he has actively participated in colonial politics. In 1774, he became the first representative of the mainland parliament. He was defeated by Thomas Jefferson when he ran for president in 1800. On July 4, 1826, Adams and Jefferson died on the same day.
Where the people generally have general knowledge and awareness, autocratic rule and various oppression will weaken and disappear accordingly. Human beings must have noble souls, and there is the same principle in human nature, namely the lofty principle that is based on fraternity and cherished by knowledge; I mean that the greed for power is often the cause of slavery, and at any time as long as there is freedom, this greed is also the cause of freedom. If it is this principle that has been inspiring the princes and nobles in the world to use various deception and violence to get rid of all restrictions on their power, then this principle is also inspiring the people to pursue independence and strive to limit the power of the big shots to the scope of justice and reason.
poor people are indeed far inferior to big people’s success. They have a rare opportunity to form a united unit and exert their strength. Without cultural knowledge, they have difficulty forming and supporting a fixed opposition. But big names already know that this is human nature. So in every era, they tried their best to prevent the people whom they called gangsters from obtaining knowledge about their rights and infringing their rights, and deprive them of their rights to safeguard their rights and correct their actions to infringe on their rights. The rights I mentioned undoubtedly refer to the rights they had before any government in the world were established. They are rights that human laws cannot abolish or restrict. They are rights granted by the great legislators of the universe...
If the people do not have general knowledge, freedom will be difficult to maintain. The people are gifted with the right to knowledge, because the great creator of all power has given them the ability to understand and the desire to know. But, besides this right, they have a right, an undisputed, unallowed, and unabolized divine right to obtain the most feared and enviable knowledge, and I mean the knowledge of the qualities and virtues of their rulers. For the people, rulers are just like lawyers, agents and directors. If their cause, interests, and trust are sinisterly betrayed, or irresponsibly wasteful, the people have the right to cancel the authority they themselves grant and to appoint more capable and better agents, lawyers and directors. The means of retaining knowledge among the lowest class people is more important to the public than to retain the wealth of all the rich people in the country. This is even more important to the rich themselves and their descendants. The only question is whether this is to be paid by the public. If so, then the rich should undoubtedly pay in the same proportion as other public burdens, that is, pay in the proportion of their wealth, and the security of these wealth is protected by public expenses. But there is no means of obtaining news that is more sacred than news reports and more cherished by North American residents.People have taken measures to encourage the development of printing technology so that anyone can easily, cheaply and safely communicate his thoughts with the public...
Let us boldly read, think, say, and write. Arouse the attention of people of all walks of life, inspire them to make their determination to pay attention to the church and secular basis and principles of rule. Let us study natural laws and regulations, explore the spirit of the British Constitution, read ancient history, think about the great historical examples of Greece and Rome , and compare the character of our British ancestors. Our ancestors have defended us the inherent rights of mankind, namely, against tyrants and usurpers at home and abroad, against autocratic kings and cruel priests, and, in short, against the rights of the earth and the gates of hell. Let us read, review, remember the intentions and purposes of our own more direct ancestors when they left their native country and came to this bleak wilderness. Let us examine the nature of the power to drive them out of our hometown and the cruelty of oppression. Let us look back on their amazing indomitable spirit, and on the suffering they suffered - they cannot fill their stomachs, they cannot cover their bodies, and they cannot bear the cold, and they have endured them stoically. Let us look back on their hard labor in the dangers brought by wild beasts and savages, before they have time, or money or material to go to business, to clean up the premises, build houses, plant food, and raise livestock. Let us review the secular and religious principles, hopes and expectations that have always supported them to endure all the hardships and hardships. Let us recall that it is freedom, and it is their own hope for freedom, for us and for our descendants, that conquered all setbacks, dangers and tests. Let us conduct such research in these departments, especially the appropriate protectors and supporters of law, knowledge and religion should conduct such research!
let our pulpit echo the propositions and opinions of religious freedom. Let us hear that due to ignorance, extreme poverty and dependence, in short, the danger of our conscience being enslaved by government and politics. Let us see the outline of the true face of human beings in front of us. Let us hear the dignity of human nature and the lofty status of human beings in God’s creation. Let us hear people say that agreeing to be enslaved is blasphemy of God’s trust, which in God’s eyes makes him angry just as damaging our own honor, interests and happiness. Let us hear people say that the Almighty God has given humanity freedom, peace and goodness from heaven!
let the court announce the "legal, rights, and power leniency strategies" passed down from ancient times. Let the court tell the world about the powerful struggles and countless sacrifices our ancestors have made in defending their freedom. Let people know that their original rights and the conditions in their original contract are equal to the privileges of the emperor, and coexist with the government. Let people know that many of our rights are inherent and essential, long before Congress existed, people agreed to take these rights as golden rules and identify them as pre-necessary rights. Let them explore the foundations of British law and rule from the composition of human nature and the composition of the intellectual and moral world. In this way we will see that truth, freedom, justice and fraternity are its permanent foundations, and if these can be removed, the superstructure will of course be overthrown.
let the harmony of each group add up to form a common happy concert. Let every speech talk about the beauty of freedom and morality, and the ugliness, the meanness and evil of slavery and evil. Let public debates become the basis, nature and purpose of pursuing rule, and the means to preserve good and eradicate evil. Let us engrave the claims about rights and the feeling of freedom in gentle thoughts through dialogue and formal speeches and spread them far and far.
In one sentence, let every gate of knowledge open doors, so that the source of knowledge flows smoothly.
This article is an article published by Adams in the Boston Gazette in 1756.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- There was no intermediate path to go; at that time they were not afraid of the daunting powerful ships and armies that had to be determined to fight, and they were even more worried that the form of national and state governments should be established in this vast country. One of the issues of this great territory would inevitably cause various struggles and differences. However, in any case, the representatives of this country, who were only half of the population at that time, relying on the purity of their starting point and the justice of their cause, relying on the unity and wisdom of the people, under the guidance of the God who has blessed this country from the beginning, not only smashed the forged shackles and the steel whip raised towards them, but also resolutely cut off the bond that once connected them into one and drove into a sea of ups and downs.
The enthusiasm and efforts shown by the people during the revolutionary war gave the government a place and maintained an order that at least allowed society to temporarily maintain. The federation, which the people initially felt very necessary, referred to the Batavia and Haier Vichy Confederate Confederate model when it was established. This is the only model of the federal that has been specifically and clearly preserved to this day in history, and it is definitely the only example that the general public has considered. But the United States is vast and these countries are small in size. It only takes a day for postmen to reach the border from the government's location, and there are countless specific and distinct differences between the two. In view of this, those who helped establish a federal system in the Continental Conference must have foreseen that the federation would not last. As expected, it soon appeared that both individuals and states ignored federal regulations and did not listen to federal advice. Even if this did not violate federal authority, it also brought melancholy consequences: people were generally depressed and lazy, jealousy among states, shipping and commerce declined, production of essential goods was sluggish, land and agricultural products generally fell, personal and public beliefs were deficient, foreign exchanges were also inadequate and discouraged, all of which finally caused dissatisfaction, gangs, extreme gatherings and riots, indicating that a nationwide disaster was coming.
At this time of crisis, the American people's usual qualities of conscience, calmness, determination and integrity have not disappeared. People offer suggestions and strive to establish a more complete alliance to uphold justice, ensure domestic peace, provide common defense, enhance public happiness, and strive for the blessing of freedom. After exploration, discussion and thoughtfulness, people finally formulated this satisfactory government charter. During this turning point, I performed my official duties abroad, so the first time I saw the Constitution was also abroad. I read this constitution with joy, neither being angry by the quarrels surrounding the wording of the constitution, nor being excited for public debate, nor being excited by partisan hatred. I believe that the Constitution is made by aspiring people with kind desires, and is more in line with the wisdom, characteristics, environment and various relationships of the United States and the American people than any other experiment proposed or recommended. In terms of general principles and outlines, this constitution is consistent with the political system I once obeyed. Some states, especially the states where I was born, have contributed to the establishment of this constitution. Not only my fellow citizens and their descendants must obey, but also my descendants must obey, so I also have the right to express my acceptance, and in all public or private occasions, I express my unambiguous support for this constitution. I had no objection to the Constitution at that time, and the same has happened since then.I don't think the existence of the executive and the Senate cannot last longer. I have never thought of proposing to amend the Constitution unless the people, based on their own experience, think it is necessary or appropriate to the timing, so that through their own representatives in Congress and state legislatures, take action to amend the Constitution according to the provisions of the Constitution itself, and formulate relevant amendments.
After ten years of painful separation from my motherland, I returned to its arms and was fortunate to be elected Vice President in a new atmosphere. Therefore, I have always regarded supporting the Constitution as my most solemn duty. The Constitution has been well implemented and fulfilled the optimistic wishes of its supporters. I always pay attention to the Constitution, satisfied with its implementation, delighted at the effectiveness it has shown in the peace, order and prosperity and happiness of the country, and thus developed a habitual attachment and reverence for it.
Indeed, in addition to this, are there any other forms of government in the world worthy of our respect and love?
In ancient times, some people believed that with the most extraordinary wisdom, it was extremely pleasant to humans to form many cities and countries. This view may not be reliable; but one thing is certain: for the kind and generous hearts of mankind, the scenes often held by the governments of our two houses of Congress are not only extremely pleasant, but also very noble, solemn and grand, which is incomparable to any country. Moreover, in our government, the administrative power, like the power of all departments of the legislature, is exercised by citizens regularly elected by their compatriots. They either make laws or enforce laws, all for the general interests of the people.
official uniforms and diamonds can add anything substantial to this in addition to purely decorating the storefront? Could that authority of a system obtained by accidental inheritance or established in ancient times be more amiable and respectable than that of such authority that emerges from the hearts and judgments of honest and visionary people? The only representative of the latter authority is the people. Every legal institution, no matter what form it appears, is a reflection of the strength and dignity of the people, and is only for the interests of the people. A government like ours, no matter how long it exists, is a distinct sign of the spread of knowledge and virtues throughout mankind. Are there still goals and ideas that are more delightful than this? If national pride is justified, it can only be done if it originates from faith in the innocence, knowledge and kindness of the people, not if it originates from interpretation or wealth, luxury or glory.
However, once the purity of our free, fair, honest and independent elections is defiled by some one-sided and irrelevant matters, our freedom will be in danger; if we turn a blind eye to this and indulge in these wonderful ideas, we will become self-deception. If an election is determined by just one vote, and a political party may use conspiracy and corruption to get this vote, so the government may be a choice made by a certain political party for its own selfishness, rather than the people of the whole country for the benefit of the whole country. If a foreign government can obtain this separate vote through means such as flattery or threat, deception or violence, conspiracy or bribery, and terror, the selected government is not the choice of the American people, but the choice of other countries. That could lead to foreigners ruling us, not our people ruling ourselves. Therefore, frank people will admit that in this case, there is no way to boast about the advantage of choice over destiny and opportunity.
This is our kind, cute and interesting government system , and some of the cons it may encounter.For eight years, the American people, under the leadership of a citizen, have demonstrated this system to the wise and kind people of all nations, arousing their appreciation and desire. In the course of a series of great actions, this citizen demonstrated a moral character of prudence, justice, restraint and firmness, guiding a nation inspired by the same virtues and the same patriotic enthusiasm and the spirit of love for freedom to move towards independence and peace, and embark on the road toward increased wealth and unprecedented prosperity. He won the gratitude of his compatriots and won high praise from countries around the world. Moreover, his famous generals have been passed down to future generations and have been remembered for generations! He voluntarily chose to retire. I wish him a long life, to gain happiness from his sweet memories of his career and the gratitude of mankind for him, to enjoy the increasing fruits of happiness he has brought to all mankind and himself, and to look forward to the glorious prospects of the country's bright future destiny year by year. His name will remain a line of defense, and his longevity will remain a fortress to fight against all open or hidden enemies that endanger American peace. His example of voluntary retirement has been unanimously praised by the Senate and House of Representatives, the legislatures of various states, and the people of the whole country, and will be followed by his successors.
On the following questions, I might be better off staying silent or speaking cautiously. But people always have some hope, so I hope to express my views boldly on this occasion without provoking the world.I believe that after long and serious thinking, unremitting and selfless pursuit of truth, and choices based on principles, people should develop love for the free republican system; the people can make changes to the Constitution according to their own judgment and wishes, in the manner stipulated by the Constitution itself, but before that, they should have an attachment to the Constitution and consciously and voluntarily support it; the Constitution of each state should be respected, and the State governments should also be treated carefully and carefully; the rights, interests, honors and happiness of the states within the Federation should be treated fairly and selflessly, and should not be favored or given because they are in different positions in the east, west, south, and north of our country, nor because the people of each state have different political opinions and different personal hobbies on issues of irrelevant grand purpose, or Different treatment; people with noble character, no matter what party or faction, should be loved by people; we must love science and art, be willing to sponsor all reasonable efforts to support schools, colleges, universities, research institutes and all institutions that promote knowledge, virtues and religion to people of all classes. The reason for this is not only that these institutions have a good impact on the happiness of people of different ages and classes and the happiness of all forms of society, but also that this is the only means to safeguard our constitution, which can protect it from natural enemies such as sophistry, party spirit, conspiracy, corruption and depravity, and external influences, which are the disaster stars of elected governments; we must love equal laws in our internal affairs, advocate fairness and humanitarianism; we must promote the development of agriculture, commerce and manufacturing, so as to meet people's needs in life, provide convenience and guarantee Our national defense; we must treat the indigenous tribes of the Americas fairly and humanely, so that they will be more friendly to us, and our citizens will be more friendly to us, thereby improving their situation; we must unswervingly maintain peace and strictness with all countries in the world, and for all warring parties in Europe, our government has always pursued a neutral and impartial policy, which has been solemnly approved by both houses of Congress and is unanimously supported by the states and the public opinion, and we shall not change it unless otherwise specified by Congress; I have lived mainly in France for seven years, and therefore have developed a personal respect for the French people, and I sincerely hope to maintain friendship with France, which has always been of great benefit to the honor and interests of the people of both countries; the American people's strong sense of honor and honesty and integrity, and their inner feelings about their power and power should certainly be maintained, but at the same time, they should be maintained for each A legitimate cause is committed to serious deliberation to eliminate all kinds of deliberate complaints and excuses; no matter which country the country is harmed by our citizens in business activities, we should first seek compensation through friendly negotiations, and only when the negotiations are ineffective will the situation be stated to the legislative department, and it will decide what new measures to take based on the honor and interests of the government and the parties; as long as I can do it, I will make up my mind to strive for fairness to any country at any time and maintain a peaceful, friendly and benevolent relationship with all countries in the world; I should have unshakable confidence in the honor, spirit and strength of the American people, and I have always placed everything on it, And I have never been disappointed; I want to deeply understand the lofty destiny of the motherland and the noble concept of what obligations I should fulfill. This understanding is based on the knowledge of the moral norms and intellectual improvements of the people that I had been deeply rooted in my early years, and will not be overshadowed by the richness of experience and the increase of age, but will continue to be sublimated. Finally, with a humble and pious mood, I feel that it is necessary to add that a nation that claims to believe in God and calls itself a Christian should have a respect for religion, and when recommending the best public office, we must unswervingly consider whether it respects Christianity. This respect for religion will enable me to satisfy your wishes to the greatest extent. If all the above conditions can be met, I should work hard so that the far-sighted decision made by both houses of Congress will not be ineffective.There has been a great example before me, and the American people who vowed to support the American Constitution still have the same thoughts and spirit, the same beliefs and honors, the same responsibility and interests. Therefore, I have no doubt that the Constitution will always remain full of vitality, and I am mentally prepared to assume the most sacred obligations without hesitation and do my best to support the Constitution.
God is the supreme master, the patron saint of order, the source of justice and the protector of the beautiful free world in all times. May he continue to bless our people and their government, and bless this government in accordance with its divine will to be smooth and last forever!
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