Mongol Empire (English: Mongol Empire), also known as Mongol Khanate, is the name given by later scholars to the regime established by the Mongolians in the 13th century. The empire in the narrow sense refers to the Mongol Empire (1206-1259 or 1260) which existed as a unity. In a broad sense, the Mongol Empire also included the split Yuan Dynasty and the four great khanates . The time range was roughly from 1206 to the demise of the Yuan Dynasty and the four great khanates.
Genghis Khan's Empire
History
Mongolian Origin:
The Mongols are the collective name of the tribal people formed in Mobei, and are not a single ethnic group. The Mongolian Plateau was mainly inhabited by Huns during the ancient Chinese Pre-Qin , Han Dynasty and Northern and Southern Dynasties periods. The Huns often went south to riot in the Central Plains. In order to protect the normal development of the Central Plains, the Western Han Dynasty sent troops during the period of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty. Wei Qing and Huo Qubing led their troops to penetrate more than a thousand miles into Mobei. Huo Qubing defeated the Xiongnu in Langjuxu Mountain in contemporary Mongolia, and Wei Qing swept the Xiongnu royal court. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, under the attack of Dou Gu, Geng Bing, Dou Xian and others, the northern Xiongnu moved westward, and the southern Xiongnu became vassal of the Han Dynasty. After the decline of the Xiongnu, the Xianbei people quickly entered the Mongolian Plateau. In the early Tang Dynasty of ancient China, the area around present-day Mongolia and the surrounding areas of Lake Baikal and the upper reaches of the Yenisey River were once classified as the territory of the Tang Dynasty. In the late Tang Dynasty, Mongolian ancestors gradually merged with Turks , and played a decisive role in the final formation of the Mongolian nation.
The Founding of Mongolia
From the 10th to the 12th century, Mongolian tribes gradually migrated to the Mongolian Plateau and gradually merged into the Liao Dynasty territory established by the Khitans . The Jin Dynasty established by Jurchens after the 12th century once made Mongolia surrender. In the process of dealing with the Liao and Jin regime, accepted the influence of advanced material culture . The use of iron tools gradually became popular, productivity developed rapidly, and private system began to appear.
By the second half of the 12th century, , after brutal competition, the Mongolian tribes gradually formed two major tribes: borzhijin and zhazhiza. They stared at each other and tried to devour each other. At the same time, five major tribes coexisted on the entire plateau from east to west: Mongolia, Tatar, Klei, Naiman, and Merqi in the north.
1 In 206, The leader of the Qiyan tribe, Borjijin Temujin, unified all Mongolian tribes and held the Kuliltai conference at the source of the Onan River (today's Orkhon River), which is the Great Khan of Mongolia. The name "Genghis Khan" (Činggis Qaγan, one translation is "Qingjisi" , which means "the Khan who owns all the oceans", one name means "terrible" and "robust", and the country's name is "Great Mongolia" (Also guest Mongol Ulus).
Subsequently, Genghis Khan promulgated the "Dazhasa " as the written code of the Great Mongolia. The Mongol Empire implemented a thousand-household system with a unified military and political organization. Households, hundreds of households, thousands of households, ten thousand households, ten thousand households form a banner, ten banners form a road, ten roads form a state, and ten states form a country.
The Mongol Empire
Expansion and Split
After the establishment of the Great Mongolian State, it continued. Expanding outward. In 1218, Genghis Khan sent general Jebe to lead an army to conquer the Naiman tribe who usurped the throne of Western Liao , and captured and killed him in Salihuan (today's Taxkorgan, Xinjiang). Destroyed.
In 1219, Temujin personally led an army of 200,000 to the west, attacking the Central Asian power Khwarizm in four directions, and basically occupied most of the territory of Khwarazm in 1223. Mongol Empire (English: Mongol Empire), also known as Mongol Khanate, is the name given by later scholars to the regime established by the Mongolians in the 13th century. The empire in the narrow sense refers to the Mongol Empire (1206-1259 or 1260) which existed as a unity. In a broad sense, the Mongol Empire also included the split Yuan Dynasty and the four great khanates . The time range was roughly from 1206 to the demise of the Yuan Dynasty and the four great khanates. Genghis Khan's Empire
History
Mongolian Origin:
The Mongols are the collective name of the tribal people formed in Mobei, and are not a single ethnic group. The Mongolian Plateau was mainly inhabited by Huns during the ancient Chinese Pre-Qin , Han Dynasty and Northern and Southern Dynasties periods. The Huns often went south to riot in the Central Plains. In order to protect the normal development of the Central Plains, the Western Han Dynasty sent troops during the period of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty. Wei Qing and Huo Qubing led their troops to penetrate more than a thousand miles into Mobei. Huo Qubing defeated the Xiongnu in Langjuxu Mountain in contemporary Mongolia, and Wei Qing swept the Xiongnu royal court. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, under the attack of Dou Gu, Geng Bing, Dou Xian and others, the northern Xiongnu moved westward, and the southern Xiongnu became vassal of the Han Dynasty. After the decline of the Xiongnu, the Xianbei people quickly entered the Mongolian Plateau. In the early Tang Dynasty of ancient China, the area around present-day Mongolia and the surrounding areas of Lake Baikal and the upper reaches of the Yenisey River were once classified as the territory of the Tang Dynasty. In the late Tang Dynasty, Mongolian ancestors gradually merged with Turks , and played a decisive role in the final formation of the Mongolian nation.
The Founding of Mongolia
From the 10th to the 12th century, Mongolian tribes gradually migrated to the Mongolian Plateau and gradually merged into the Liao Dynasty territory established by the Khitans . The Jin Dynasty established by Jurchens after the 12th century once made Mongolia surrender. In the process of dealing with the Liao and Jin regime, accepted the influence of advanced material culture . The use of iron tools gradually became popular, productivity developed rapidly, and private system began to appear.
By the second half of the 12th century, , after brutal competition, the Mongolian tribes gradually formed two major tribes: borzhijin and zhazhiza. They stared at each other and tried to devour each other. At the same time, five major tribes coexisted on the entire plateau from east to west: Mongolia, Tatar, Klei, Naiman, and Merqi in the north.
1 In 206, The leader of the Qiyan tribe, Borjijin Temujin, unified all Mongolian tribes and held the Kuliltai conference at the source of the Onan River (today's Orkhon River), which is the Great Khan of Mongolia. The name "Genghis Khan" (Činggis Qaγan, one translation is "Qingjisi" , which means "the Khan who owns all the oceans", one name means "terrible" and "robust", and the country's name is "Great Mongolia" (Also guest Mongol Ulus).
Subsequently, Genghis Khan promulgated the "Dazhasa " as the written code of the Great Mongolia. The Mongol Empire implemented a thousand-household system with a unified military and political organization. Households, hundreds of households, thousands of households, ten thousand households, ten thousand households form a banner, ten banners form a road, ten roads form a state, and ten states form a country.
The Mongol Empire
Expansion and Split
After the establishment of the Great Mongolian State, it continued. Expanding outward. In 1218, Genghis Khan sent general Jebe to lead an army to conquer the Naiman tribe who usurped the throne of Western Liao , and captured and killed him in Salihuan (today's Taxkorgan, Xinjiang). Destroyed.
In 1219, Temujin personally led an army of 200,000 to the west, attacking the Central Asian power Khwarizm in four directions, and basically occupied most of the territory of Khwarazm in 1223.
In 1225, Genghis Khan ordered his eldest son Jochi to guard the place, set up Daruhuachi in each city, and then returned to Mobei.
At the same time as he was conquering Khorezm in the west, Genghis Khan sent Jebe and Subotai in 1220 with 30,000 Mongolian troops to pursue Sultan Alauddin Mahamo of Khorezm. Mahamo fled all the way to a small island in the Caspian Sea and died of illness here. After the death of Mahamo, the Mongolian armies led by Jebe and Subotai continued to fight in Western Persia, Caucasus and other places, and swept the north and south of the Caucasus from 1221 to 1222.
In 1226, Genghis Khan went on a personal expedition and launched a massive attack on Xixia. He moved from Mobei to the south and successively captured Shazhou (today's west of Dunhuang, Gansu) , Suzhou (today's Jiuquan, Gansu) , Ganzhou (today's Zhangye, Gansu) , Xiliang Prefecture (now Wuwei, Gansu), , Lingzhou (now southwest of Lingwu, Ningxia), and other places entered Zhongxing Prefecture. In 1227, the late Xia emperor Li Yan surrendered, and Xixia was destroyed. On the eve of the end of the Xia Dynasty, Genghis Khan died of illness in Qingshui County (now part of Gansu) under Liupan Mountain.
- Expansion during the Ogedei Khan period
After the death of Genghis Khan, his youngest son Tolei inherited his father's main inheritance according to the Mongolian rule of " the youngest son keeps the stove " and was ordered to supervise the country (the throne of Khan was nominally conferred) To the third son of Genghis Khan, Ogedai , but it needed to be confirmed by the Khuliltai Conference, so during this period, Torre was in charge of the country).
At the beginning of
Ogedai took the throne, he sent Choermahan and led 30,000 Mongolian troops to expedition to Persia in 1229. He completely eliminated the remnants of the Khwarizm Empire and plundered Diyarbakir (today's Turkey). East), Mesopotamia, Erbil (today's northern Iraq), Qilat and other places. After that, the Mongols' sphere of influence in West Asia extended to central Asia Minor, directly adjacent to the Eastern Roman Empire.
In 1231, the Mongolian army went to Goryeo , and in 1232 they forced Goryeo to surrender. In 1233, Mongolia destroyed the separatist regime of Liaodong Dongzhen Kingdom .
After Wokuotai succeeded to the throne, he once again invaded the Jin army on a large scale and was defeated by the Jin army in the early stage.
In 1231, the Mongolian army divided its forces into three groups, encircled the Jin capital Bianjing (now Kaifeng, Henan, China), and occupied more than 10 states south of the Yellow River.
At the end of 1232, Jin Aizong Wanyan Shouxu fled to De (now south of Shangqiu, Henan) and Caizhou (now in Runan, Henan).
In 1233, Mongolia and the Southern Song Dynasty surrounded Caizhou. In 1234, they broke the city and destroyed the Jin Dynasty.
In 1235, Wo Kuotai's second son, King Liang Kuoduan , led troops to attack Qinzhou and Gongchang, and surrendered Jin Gongchang's defender Wang Shixian.
In 1236, led his troops to attack the Southern Song Dynasty from Dashan Pass and took Chengdu directly.
In 1239, Kuaduan sent his troops to lead his troops southward to Wusizang, defeated the rebel tribes, and reached the border area of Nibala.
In 1235, Ogedei took Batu , the second son of Genghis Khan's eldest son Jochi, as the commander, and the veteran Subotai as the vanguard, led the eldest sons of each clan to launch the western expedition again. In 1237, the Mongolian army occupied Moscow, and in 1240, it captured Kiev. In 1241, the Mongolian army divided Poland and Hungary into two groups, and completely wiped out the Polish and German armies at the Battle of Rignitz. In the Battle of Seyo River, annihilated 60,000 Hungarian troops, and the vanguard once reached the suburbs of Vienna, which shocked Europe.
At this time, Wo Kuotai died of illness in early 1241.After receiving the news, the expeditionary force stopped fighting and withdrew its troops and returned eastward. Because Batu was dissatisfied with Ogodei's Hadun, who was the queen of Maghen, he supported Ogodei's eldest son, Guiyu, as a khan, so he stayed in Eastern Europe. In 1243, he established Batu on the banks of the Volga River. The Kipchak Khanate (also known as the "Golden Horde" and "Blue Horde") was established in Sarai (now Selitlianoye, 120 kilometers north of Astrakhan, Russia) as the center. The Mongolian history book is called "Juchiyin·Ulusi" )
Overview of the Mongolian Empire
- The expansion from Guiyu Khan to Mengge Khan
In 1246, Guiyou was recognized with the support of Queen Naimazhen , succeeded to the throne of Khan.
In 1247, Sakya Pandita, a representative elected by various sects in Tibet, held talks with Kuoduan (Liangzhou Talks) in Liangzhou (now Wuwei, Gansu). After the talks, the "Sakya Pandita Agreement" was promulgated "Tibet Book " marks the official inclusion of Tibet into China's territory. Later, the Yuan Dynasty government established the General Administration of Control (later changed to the Xuanzheng Yuan) to administer and govern Tibet in the same way as the other provinces in the Central Plains.
After Guiyu's death, Batu, the most powerful and high-status grandson, had the ability to inherit the throne as the eldest grandson, but he had no intention of ascending to the throne, so he proposed to convene the Khuliltai Conference to support Tuo Lei's eldest son, Mengge, as the leader. sweat. With Batu's strong support, Meng Ge successfully succeeded to the throne as Khan in 1251.
After Meng Ge came to the throne, he ordered his younger brother Kublai Khan to be the prime minister of the military and state affairs of the Han Dynasty in Monan, and stationed in the south of Hudu. In 1253, Kublai Khan was ordered to join the expedition to Yunnan with General Wu Liang, and destroyed the Dali Kingdom in the following year.
During Kublai Khan's southern expedition, Meng Ge also instructed his younger brother Hulagu to launch the third western expedition. In 1253, the Mongolian Western Expedition Pioneer Army began to attack the country of Muciyi on the south coast of the Caspian Sea. In 1256, Hulagu led the main force to Persia, and successively attacked or surrendered Mulai's castles, and Mulai's kingdom was destroyed. In September 1257, Hulagu launched an attack on the Arab Empire Abbasid dynasty . In 1258, he occupied Baghdad and destroyed the Abbasid dynasty. Islam Sunni spiritual leader and Caliph Mustair Suim was killed. In 1259, the Mongolian army divided into three groups and entered Syria. They successively defeated the cities of Aleppo, Damascus, and reached Gaza.
In 1258, Meng Ge launched a large-scale attack on the Southern Song Dynasty in three ways: he personally led the army into Sichuan, Kublai Khan led the army to attack Ezhou, and general Wu Lianghetai after destroying Dali, detoured to the north of Vietnam in an attempt to Launched an attack from the Huxiang area in the Southern Song Dynasty where defenses were weak.
- Internal strife among the Mongolian khanates and Kublai Khan's unification and external conquests (this part mainly covers the external wars of Kublai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty)
Internal strife among the khanates,
In 1259, Meng Ge was attacking Hezhou in the Southern Song Dynasty (today's China) Hechuan District, Chongqing ) Diaoyu City fell ill and died there soon after. The sudden death of Mongke Khan is considered to be a landmark event that marked the disintegration of the Mongol Empire. The internal struggles within the empire emerged again, and the Mongol Empire's external expansion also came to a halt. (You can read this article without going into too much introduction) 1 In 208, Mongolia, Xixia, Jin, Southern Song and other regimes were in decline
After Yuan Chengzong , the politics of the Yuan Dynasty became increasingly chaotic.
In 1351, , Liu Futong led the White Lotus followers and the river workers who were expropriated in the Yellow River channel to revolt, organized the Red Turban Army to fight against the Yuan army, and started the Red Turban Army uprising.
In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang, the leader of the southern Chinese rebel army, Zhu Yuanzhang expelled Emperor Yuan Shun Tuohuan Tiemu'er and established the Ming Dynasty . The Mongol Empire withdrew to the Mongolian Plateau and ended its rule over China.The Mongol Empire on the Mongolian Plateau also continued to use the name of the Yuan Dynasty to the Han people. It was called the Northern Yuan Dynasty by Han official history. In 1402, it lost the name of the Yuan Dynasty, and after the end, it was derived into Tatar and Wala .
- The split and demise of Chagatai, Yili and Kipchak Khanate
Chagatai Khanate1369 split into Eastern Chagatai Khanate and Western Chagatai Khanate. The Western Chagatai Khanate gradually evolved into Timurid Empire. Eastern Chagatai was divided due to competition among various disciples after the death of Waisi Khan in the middle of the 15th century.
In 1514, Sayyid , a descendant of Chagatai, founded the Yarkand Khanate on the old land of the original Chagatai Khanate.
After the 17th century, , the Khanate fought for power and profit, and was eventually destroyed by the Junggar nobles Galdan.
From the Ilkhanate to Gazan During the reign of Khan, the Khanate was the strongest. He established diplomatic relations with Britain, France and the Holy See; he carried out internal reforms and further developed cultural and scientific undertakings.
In 1316, all the finishers died, and the Khanate gradually declined.
In 1335, after the death of Abu Said, kings fought for power and civil war continued. The Ilkhanate quickly disintegrated and the country split into the Kartid dynasty of East Persia and Afghanistan.
Later, these local regimes were defeated one by one by the Timurid Empire in the 1380s, and were all conquered in 1388. The Ilkhanate was destroyed.
Territory Map of the Yuan Dynasty
While the Ming Dynasty overthrew the Yuan Dynasty, the continuous struggles within the Kipchak Khanate weakened the power of the Khanate day by day, and the main branch of the Batu Clan was replaced by the newly emerged White Horde .
At the end of the 14th century, the Khanate showed a situation of comprehensive decline. Khwarizm, Crimea, and Bulgaria gradually split from the Khanate, and at the same time were invaded by Timur, the Central Asian country. Then the Grand Duchy of Moscow began to rise, and the Mongols gradually spread in Central and Eastern Europe and Northwest Asia. Lost control.
After the 15th century, the Kipchak Khanate split into Kazan Khanate , Crimean Khanate , Nogai Khanate , Siberian Khanate , Astrakhan Khanate , Great Horde and other regimes.
In 1502, Kipchakthe last great KhanSekkh Ali was defeated by the Crimean Khanate, and the Kipchak Khanate was destroyed.
In the 1650s, , Russian Tsar Ivan IV successively occupied Kazan, Astrakhan, Siberia and other khanates, and the territory of the Golden Horde was basically merged into the territory of Tsarist Russia.
After receiving the news, the expeditionary force stopped fighting and withdrew its troops and returned eastward. Because Batu was dissatisfied with Ogodei's Hadun, who was the queen of Maghen, he supported Ogodei's eldest son, Guiyu, as a khan, so he stayed in Eastern Europe. In 1243, he established Batu on the banks of the Volga River. The Kipchak Khanate (also known as the "Golden Horde" and "Blue Horde") was established in Sarai (now Selitlianoye, 120 kilometers north of Astrakhan, Russia) as the center. The Mongolian history book is called "Juchiyin·Ulusi" )
Overview of the Mongolian Empire
- The expansion from Guiyu Khan to Mengge Khan
In 1246, Guiyou was recognized with the support of Queen Naimazhen , succeeded to the throne of Khan.
In 1247, Sakya Pandita, a representative elected by various sects in Tibet, held talks with Kuoduan (Liangzhou Talks) in Liangzhou (now Wuwei, Gansu). After the talks, the "Sakya Pandita Agreement" was promulgated "Tibet Book " marks the official inclusion of Tibet into China's territory. Later, the Yuan Dynasty government established the General Administration of Control (later changed to the Xuanzheng Yuan) to administer and govern Tibet in the same way as the other provinces in the Central Plains.
After Guiyu's death, Batu, the most powerful and high-status grandson, had the ability to inherit the throne as the eldest grandson, but he had no intention of ascending to the throne, so he proposed to convene the Khuliltai Conference to support Tuo Lei's eldest son, Mengge, as the leader. sweat. With Batu's strong support, Meng Ge successfully succeeded to the throne as Khan in 1251.
After Meng Ge came to the throne, he ordered his younger brother Kublai Khan to be the prime minister of the military and state affairs of the Han Dynasty in Monan, and stationed in the south of Hudu. In 1253, Kublai Khan was ordered to join the expedition to Yunnan with General Wu Liang, and destroyed the Dali Kingdom in the following year.
During Kublai Khan's southern expedition, Meng Ge also instructed his younger brother Hulagu to launch the third western expedition. In 1253, the Mongolian Western Expedition Pioneer Army began to attack the country of Muciyi on the south coast of the Caspian Sea. In 1256, Hulagu led the main force to Persia, and successively attacked or surrendered Mulai's castles, and Mulai's kingdom was destroyed. In September 1257, Hulagu launched an attack on the Arab Empire Abbasid dynasty . In 1258, he occupied Baghdad and destroyed the Abbasid dynasty. Islam Sunni spiritual leader and Caliph Mustair Suim was killed. In 1259, the Mongolian army divided into three groups and entered Syria. They successively defeated the cities of Aleppo, Damascus, and reached Gaza.
In 1258, Meng Ge launched a large-scale attack on the Southern Song Dynasty in three ways: he personally led the army into Sichuan, Kublai Khan led the army to attack Ezhou, and general Wu Lianghetai after destroying Dali, detoured to the north of Vietnam in an attempt to Launched an attack from the Huxiang area in the Southern Song Dynasty where defenses were weak.
- Internal strife among the Mongolian khanates and Kublai Khan's unification and external conquests (this part mainly covers the external wars of Kublai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty)
Internal strife among the khanates,
In 1259, Meng Ge was attacking Hezhou in the Southern Song Dynasty (today's China) Hechuan District, Chongqing ) Diaoyu City fell ill and died there soon after. The sudden death of Mongke Khan is considered to be a landmark event that marked the disintegration of the Mongol Empire. The internal struggles within the empire emerged again, and the Mongol Empire's external expansion also came to a halt. (You can read this article without going into too much introduction) 1 In 208, Mongolia, Xixia, Jin, Southern Song and other regimes were in decline
After Yuan Chengzong , the politics of the Yuan Dynasty became increasingly chaotic.
In 1351, , Liu Futong led the White Lotus followers and the river workers who were expropriated in the Yellow River channel to revolt, organized the Red Turban Army to fight against the Yuan army, and started the Red Turban Army uprising.
In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang, the leader of the southern Chinese rebel army, Zhu Yuanzhang expelled Emperor Yuan Shun Tuohuan Tiemu'er and established the Ming Dynasty . The Mongol Empire withdrew to the Mongolian Plateau and ended its rule over China.The Mongol Empire on the Mongolian Plateau also continued to use the name of the Yuan Dynasty to the Han people. It was called the Northern Yuan Dynasty by Han official history. In 1402, it lost the name of the Yuan Dynasty, and after the end, it was derived into Tatar and Wala .
- The split and demise of Chagatai, Yili and Kipchak Khanate
Chagatai Khanate1369 split into Eastern Chagatai Khanate and Western Chagatai Khanate. The Western Chagatai Khanate gradually evolved into Timurid Empire. Eastern Chagatai was divided due to competition among various disciples after the death of Waisi Khan in the middle of the 15th century.
In 1514, Sayyid , a descendant of Chagatai, founded the Yarkand Khanate on the old land of the original Chagatai Khanate.
After the 17th century, , the Khanate fought for power and profit, and was eventually destroyed by the Junggar nobles Galdan.
From the Ilkhanate to Gazan During the reign of Khan, the Khanate was the strongest. He established diplomatic relations with Britain, France and the Holy See; he carried out internal reforms and further developed cultural and scientific undertakings.
In 1316, all the finishers died, and the Khanate gradually declined.
In 1335, after the death of Abu Said, kings fought for power and civil war continued. The Ilkhanate quickly disintegrated and the country split into the Kartid dynasty of East Persia and Afghanistan.
Later, these local regimes were defeated one by one by the Timurid Empire in the 1380s, and were all conquered in 1388. The Ilkhanate was destroyed.
Territory Map of the Yuan Dynasty
While the Ming Dynasty overthrew the Yuan Dynasty, the continuous struggles within the Kipchak Khanate weakened the power of the Khanate day by day, and the main branch of the Batu Clan was replaced by the newly emerged White Horde .
At the end of the 14th century, the Khanate showed a situation of comprehensive decline. Khwarizm, Crimea, and Bulgaria gradually split from the Khanate, and at the same time were invaded by Timur, the Central Asian country. Then the Grand Duchy of Moscow began to rise, and the Mongols gradually spread in Central and Eastern Europe and Northwest Asia. Lost control.
After the 15th century, the Kipchak Khanate split into Kazan Khanate , Crimean Khanate , Nogai Khanate , Siberian Khanate , Astrakhan Khanate , Great Horde and other regimes.
In 1502, Kipchakthe last great KhanSekkh Ali was defeated by the Crimean Khanate, and the Kipchak Khanate was destroyed.
In the 1650s, , Russian Tsar Ivan IV successively occupied Kazan, Astrakhan, Siberia and other khanates, and the territory of the Golden Horde was basically merged into the territory of Tsarist Russia.
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