On March 12, 1925, the morning in Beijing was still a little cold. Mr. Sun Yat-sen, who was terminally ill, lying on the hospital bed, closed his eyes forever, leaving a will that had been prepared long ago - "We must arouse the people and unite the nation in the world that treats me equally."
On the other hand, Chiang Kai-shek seized power step by step. On the surface, he regarded himself as Sun Yat-sen's heir and respected Sun Yat-sen as the "father of the Republic of China". is actually busy satisfying his inflated ambitions and disregarding the wills left by Sun Yat-sen.
In 1949, Chiang Kai-shek fled to Taiwan in a panic. In the midst of enemies, he regretted his past and felt real despair.
1. Sun Yat-sen made a will on his deathbed
1925 After learning that Sun Yat-sen's condition continued to deteriorate, the Kuomintang sent Wang Jingwei , Song Ziwen , Kong Xiangxi and others to make a reasonable but unscrupulous request to Mr. Sun Yat-sen who was recuperating on a bed: Make a will.
said it was a request, but Wang Jingwei and others were quite tough and they would not give up until they achieved their goals.
Wang Jingwei said: "Mr.'s illness will be cured soon. I am afraid that it will take too long to handle official duties. Our party is in an important period and cannot stop for a moment. Please give us advice early so that we can abide by it and do so to benefit the party's affairs."
This is very clever and cannot find any faults in terms of emotion and reason, which makes Mr. Sun Yat-sen have no reason to refuse.
At that time, Mr. Sun Yat-sen was very weak and could not write, so he could only write orally. Wang Jingwei wrote it on his behalf. finally left three wills - "State Will", "Family Will", and "Suicide Letter to the Soviet Union".
Among them, the "State Will" is the most valued by the world. It says: "I have been committed to the national revolution for forty years, and its purpose is to seek freedom and equality in China. Accumulating forty years of experience and knowing that in order to achieve this goal, we must arouse the people and unite the people in the world to fight together with equality. The revolution has not yet succeeded. All my comrades must follow the "Strategy for Founding of the Country" and " Outline for Founding of the Country 》, " Three Principles of the People " and " The First National Congress Declaration " continue to work hard to implement it. Recently, it advocates the opening of the National Assembly and the abolition of unequal treaties, and it must be realized in the shortest period. This is what I want!"
In Mr. Sun Yat-sen's view, the key to the victory of the Chinese revolution lies in whether to "encourage the people" and "unify the nation in the world to treat us equally."
This point was accepted by the left and right sides of the Kuomintang at that time. The reason was that the expression of this second point was vague and did not directly point out the specific country, and could be interpreted in multiple ways.
However, according to the "Suicide Letter to the Soviet Union", Mr. Sun Yat-sen's mind "the nation that treats me equally" should refer to the Soviet Union.
"Suicide Letter to the Soviet Union" reads: "I hope that the Kuomintang will work together with you in completing its work to liberate China and other invaded countries through the imperialist system... To achieve this project, I have ordered the Kuomintang to continue to support you for a long time. I firmly believe that your government will continue to provide assistance to our country in the past."
in this suicide note At the end, Mr. Sun Yat-sen outlined a blueprint with hope - "At that time, the Soviet Union was pleased to welcome a strong and independent China with good friends and allies. The two countries joined hands to achieve victory in the war to fight for freedom of oppressed nations in the world."
Looking back on history, "We must arouse the people and unite the nation in the world that treats us equally" did not come out of thin air, but the experience and lessons learned by Mr. Sun Yat-sen based on his real revolutionary experience.
"Arouse the people" - Before proposing the policy of alliance with Russia and the Communist Party, Sun Yat-sen ignored the important role of the workers and peasants and was limited to the elite class. Therefore, the results of the revolution have not been great. He deeply realized this in his later years.
"United the nation in the world to treat me equally" - Sun Yat-sen advocated and learned from the political system of Europe and the United States, but European and American countries supported Beiyang warlord and stood on the opposite side; on the other hand, the Soviet Union provided free guns, ammunition and financial assistance, and sent consultants to provide guidance. Sun Yat-sen was greatly moved, so he was willing to "go hand in hand with the Soviet Union to achieve victory."
2. Chiang Kai-shek's erratic disobedience and despise the people
After Mr. Sun Yat-sen's death, Chiang Kai-shek gradually seized the military and political power of the Kuomintang with the sign of Sun Yat-sen's heir.
He was very familiar with Sun Yat-sen's will and said it beautifully - as early as 1923, when Chiang Kai-shek was ordered to lead the "Dr. Sun Yixian delegation" to the Soviet Union for inspection, he noticed the support of the Russian people for the government.
After watching a ceremony in the Soviet Union, he said: "Looking at today's movement is enough to know that the Soviet government has a foundation for the people, and it is enough to break the courage of imperialism."
On October 4, 1925, Chiang Kai-shek summarized the many bad habits of officers discovered in the process of leading troops to fight, and wrote the "Absolute Exposing the Disadvantages of Officers", which opened with: "The purpose of our party's revolution is to save the country and the people. The success or failure of the people also depends on whether it wins the hearts of the people or not is a matter of breaking down the hearts of the people." . During the previous Eastern Expedition, although it seemed that the people were helped by the people to annihilate Chen Ni's remnants, there were still various disadvantages and the people were also dissatisfied with them. They were particularly dissatisfied with them, so that the entire army would be warned by the soldiers. If they still follow the old habits, they would be severely punished. "
The subsequent text used rhetorical questions to strengthen their tone, showing that a faction attaches importance to the people - "Although our party is at the critical moment of life and death, it cannot exist if it is not to truly protect the people and support the people, how can it exist?"
However, he said this, but he did not do it.
1927 On April 12, just as Northern Expedition was playing triumphantly, with the differentiation and win over imperialism and the strong support of domestic anti-communist forces, Chiang Kai-shek launched the April 12 counter-revolutionary coup.
In just three days from the 12th to the 15th, more than 300 workers were killed, more than 500 workers were arrested, and more than 5,000 workers were missing, which was frightening.
In response, Changsha, Wuhan and other places held an anti-imperialist and anti-Chiang Conference, with hundreds of thousands of people participating to denounce Chiang Kai-shek who betrayed the revolution. However, Chiang Kai-shek would not repent at all. He had been planning for a long time to launch this counter-revolutionary coup.
First, he recruited right-wing members of the Kuomintang, such as Wu Tiecheng , Dai Jitao , and then concentrated firepower to attack Soviet adviser Borotin to build public opinion. He secretly convened reactionary politicians such as Wu Zhihui and major generals such as Bai Chongxi to hold a meeting in Shanghai, claiming: "If you don't prudent the party now, don't move the central government to Nanjing and build the capital in Nanjing, the Kuomintang will be usurped by the Communist Party."
He did not take the condemnation of the masses seriously, but was wholeheartedly concerned about his power, and did not hesitate to exclaim, fearing that power would fall.
3. Chiang Kai-shek's technique of fooling the people and earning his own fruits
1928, Chiang Kai-shek declared the end of the "Military and Political" period, and the " Training and Political " period kicked off. The concept of "training" comes from Mr. Sun Yat-sen, but it changed in Chiang Kai-shek's hands.Sun Yat-sen's "training" is to "us civilized legal principles and supervise the people to build local autonomy", while Chiang Kai-shek's "training" is an excuse to suppress democracy and implement dictatorship. By extending the "training" period again and again, deprives the people of democratic rights in the legal system.
In addition to carrying out "training", the Chiang Kai-shek government also established the Baojia system at the grassroots level. Most of the baojia chiefs were elected by local gentry. The exploitation of large-scale industries made the working people suffer.
and Baojia system are coupled with the citizen oath system. During the War of Resistance Against Japan, if the people want to exercise the rights stipulated by law, they must first go to township offices to take oaths and declare their loyalty to the Kuomintang and Chiang Kai-shek.
Through these strict organizational control, Chiang Kai-shek educated the people on "slavery" and worked hard to domesticate the "people" that suited his wishes.
1934, Chiang Kai-shek launched the " New Life Movement ", and everyone is familiar with this movement.
Chiang Kai-shek once admitted in "The Meaning and Purpose of the New Life Movement" that its purpose is to "make the lives of all citizens to be neat and concise. What is the content of these neat and concise four words? is what ordinary people call militarization now. "
In fact, this movement uses the people's psychology of pursuing a better life, implements feudal ethics and moral preaching in trivial daily life, and implements mental control, which goes against Mr. Sun Yat-sen's will to "awaken the people".
Bing Xin once told a phenomenon he saw in Suiyuan at that time: "There are markets in the small towns over there, but after the new life movement was implemented, many villagers did not dare to come out because they were afraid of forcing buttons. They were used to opening their chests or not using buttons."
Jiang While doing a lot of tricks to fool the people, Jieshi felt that the people were ignorant and could not be associated with them, and ignored the people's power in the revolution. and Chairman Mao believed that "the people who decide the victory or defeat of the war are the people.
The victory or defeat of the war is determined by factors such as the political, economic, military, natural geography and subjective guidance capabilities of the hostile sides. In the final analysis, this decisive role must be reflected through the people." A gap of 100,000 miles.
Facts have proved that Chiang Kai-shek's view is very wrong. In Huaihai Battle , one of the three major battles of the Liberation War, one of the important reasons why the 600,000 Chinese People's Liberation Army was able to defeat 800,000 Kuomintang troops was the strong support of the people.
As Chen Yi said, "The victory of the Huaihai Battle was launched by the people with small cars." The four liberated areas of Central Plains, East China, Central China, Hebei, Shandong and Henan were dispatched in a total of 5.43 million migrant workers, and a vigorous support movement was launched.
While pushing a cart to the front line, the people sang a song emotionally: "The last handful of rice is used as military rations, the last foot of cloth is used as military uniforms, the last old quilt is covered on a stretcher, and the last flesh and blood is sent to the battlefield with tears."
The power of the people has created the victory of the CCP in the Huaihai Battle, and has also caused the Chiang Kai-shek group to become increasingly depleted and fall into a desperate situation.
4. On the other hand, Chiang Kai-shek's foreign policy of Russia, pro-Japanese and pro-US policies, Chiang Kai-shek did not abide by Mr. Sun Yat-sen's will of "union with the nation in the world to treat us equally" in terms of foreign policy.
At the beginning, after Mr. Sun Yat-sen suffered repeated setbacks in international diplomacy, he turned his attention to the Soviet Union. However, some people in the Kuomintang always questioned the policy of alliance with Russia, were dissatisfied with the Soviet Union's suppression of Mongolia, and were suspicious of the Soviet Union's intention to lend a helping hand.
Shortly after Chiang Kai-shek visited the Soviet Union in 1923, he denounced the Soviet Union as a red imperialist in a letter to Liao Zhongkai, believing that it was ill of mercy towards China.
In January 1927, Chiang Kai-shek convened reactionaries such as Dai Jitao and Huang Fu to conspire and plan in a hotel in Lushan, and determined the foreign policy of "abandoning Russia and joining Japan". After
, Chiang Kai-shek immediately took action, accusing Soviet adviser Borotin of insulting him in public, making himself feel "seriously humiliated" and demanding that Bao be removed from his position as consultant.
1927 On December 1, 1927, Jiang Song officially got married in Shanghai.
1931, facing the evil deeds of the Japanese invasion, Chiang Kai-shek pursued non-resistanceism, naively fantasized about being able to be justified with Japanese imperialism, and fantasized about the United States and Britain being able to stop Japan's aggression.
However, Chiang Kai-shek was disappointed. Both Britain and the United States believed that Japan occupied the Northeast to attack the Soviet Union, so they adopted a wait-and-see and tolerant attitude. After
, the United States noticed that Japan did not stop invading China, so it held an cabinet meeting to discuss countermeasures.
At the meeting, the then Secretary of State Stimson claimed that Japan had regarded various international treaties as a pile of waste paper, but if the United States imposes economic sanctions on Japan, it may cause trouble. therefore decided to only impose "moral sanctions" and put diplomatic pressure on Japan.
On January 7, 1932, Stimson gave a note to the Chinese and Japanese governments, proposing "non-recognitionism" and made additional explanations. In the supplementary note, the United States stated that it had no intention to interfere with Japan's rights to the legal treaty in Manchuria, nor did it have no intention to interfere with any way to resolve the incident, but this method must not undermine the rights and interests of the United States in China.
It can be seen that the United States does not maintain China's sovereignty, but what they are thinking about is whether their privileges in China will be leveraged by Japan. Japan and the United States, which Chiang Kai-shek's eyes, "treat me with an equal spirit", showed their hideous fangs at this moment.
5. Chiang Kai-shek's defeats
In April 1946, the Soviet Union saw the American Marines entering mainland China and knew that the United States had ill-intentions and wanted to monopolize China. Therefore, it gave the seized guns and ammunition to the CCP and fully supported the Communist army.
Chiang Kai-shek still hoped that the United States could help him eradicate the Communist Party. Unexpectedly, Marshall pointed out during talks on April 22: If does not compromise with the Communist army, the United States will stop supporting. The comparison between and Chiang Kai-shek's failure in foreign policy is more obvious.
But Chiang Kai-shek did not repent. On May 6 of the same year, Stalin invited Chiang Kai-shek to visit Russia. Chiang Kai-shek believed that "this is the biggest conspiracy to alienate China and the United States relations" and flatly refused.
But he was already resentful of Marshall and wrote in his diary on May 31: "If Marshall's recent attitude towards me is really hopeless."
However, at this time, Chiang Kai-shek thought this was just "Marshall's personal likes and dislikes for a while" and did not affect the diplomatic relations between China and the United States.
What Chiang Kai-shek didn't know was that the US government was becoming increasingly dissatisfied with him. During the Liberation War, the United States gave the Kuomintang government a large amount of financial and military aid for its own interests.
, but they found that most of the financial aid was actually included in the private pockets of senior Kuomintang government officials, and most of the military aid actually benefited the People's Liberation Army, because the Kuomintang army "dismissed its weapons in a few days, and the US aid was equal to aiding the Communist Party."
Moreover, the Kuomintang government is corrupt and unpopular, and the United States is anxious in its eyes, but it is beyond the reach. Truman , then president of the United States, said: "Chairman Chiang's attitude and actions are similar to an old warlord. He, like a warlord, has not been loved by the people."
Since the second half of 1947, the issue of whether to adhere to the policy of aiding Chiang-Kiang anti-communist was repeatedly discussed within the US government. At the same time, the US aid received by the Chiang Kai-shek administration has become increasingly limited.
On the other hand, the Soviet Union spared no effort to aid the CCP. In May 1948, Stalin said to the head of the Soviet expert group who went to the China Liberated Area: " Of course, we must provide all possible assistance to the New China. If socialism wins in China and our two countries move along the same path, then can think that socialism's victory in the whole world is guaranteed. "
Under the influence of multiple factors such as attitude towards the people and foreign policy choices, the People's Liberation Army is unstoppable, and the Chiang Kai-shek government collapses step by step.
1949 On April 23, 1949, the Chinese People's Liberation Army occupied Nanjing. In December of the same year, Chiang Kai-shek was defeated and fled to Taiwan. During this period, Chiang Kai-shek did not fail to resist. He was eager for US aid, but he was disappointed.
At that time, the wife of Soong Mei-ling who went to the United States for help was his wife Soong Mei-ling . Truman ignored Soong Mei-ling for ten days before seeing her. He only expressed sympathy in the face of Soong Mei-ling's statement and did not plan to take any action.
In fact, Truman was already extremely disappointed with the Chiang government. When answering a reporter's question, he said sarcastically: "She came to the United States to get some alms.I don't want to let her live in White House like Roosevelt . I don't think she likes living in the White House very much, but I don't care about what she likes or doesn't like. "
Chiang Kai-shek was deeply entangled and felt his true regret.
He felt that the Kuomintang government had "not started to do anything about society and people's welfare", and found that "the United States has no beginning and no promises; Britain is insidious and cunning, and is profit-oriented", and regretted that it was not able to "disregard the United States, negotiate with the Soviet Union with an independent spirit to resolve the problem."
But it was too late. At that time, Mr. Sun Yat-sen had already pointed out the clear path for Chiang Kai-shek, but Chiang Kai-shek either turned a blind eye to the two wills left by Sun Yat-sen or misinterpreted according to his own wishes. The current devastating defeat was also a result of his own fault.
