When we mention the relationship between dreams and mental disorders, we will think of three things:
First, the relationship between etiology and clinical, such as the appearance of dreams or causes a mental illness, or the occurrence of a mental illness after a mental illness;
Second, the changes in the dream life experience in the case of mental illness;
Third, the inner connection between dreams and mental illness, that is, the essential similarities between the two.
The multiple relationship between these two sets of phenomena was a topic favored by early medical authors, and now it has become a research topic again, which can be seen from the literature collected by Spitta, Radstock, Mory, and Tissy.
Recently Sant. De. Sante de Sanctis also paid attention to this subject. For the purpose of our discussion, it is sufficient to simply explore this issue briefly. Regarding the relationship between dreams and psychiatrics in clinical and etiology, I would like to give the following observations as an example.
Klaus once quoted Hohnbaum, believing that the first episode of insanity often originated from terrifying anxious dreams, and that the central idea is related to the dream.
Sante. De. Sanctis presented similar observations on paranoia cases, pointing out that dreams are "the real determinant of mental disorders" in some of these cases.
Sanctis said that mental illness may be suddenly aroused by dreams with hallucinations, or it may develop slowly through a series of dreams (there are still many doubts about this statement).
In one of his cases, an extremely sad dream followed by a mild addiction attack and later developed an anxious and depressive state. Tissy has cited a dream reported by Fere that leads to addictive paralysis.
In these examples, dreams are seen as the cause of mental disorder. But if we think that insanity first appears in dream life, that is, it first makes a breakthrough in dreams, it is reasonable to think so.
In some other dream cases, the symptoms of the disease are also manifested in the dream life, or mental illness is limited to the dream life. Therefore, Thomayer focused on some anxious dreams, believing that such dreams should be regarded as epilepsy.
Radstock once quoted Allison's case of night insanity described by Allison. The patient's behavior is completely normal during the day, while at night, symptoms such as hallucinations and madness will appear. Sanktis and Tissy also reported similar observations (an alcoholic dream that condemns his wife’s infidelity like a paranoid episode.) Tissy reported many latest observations, including behaviors based on pathological properties of delusional assumptions and compulsive impulses, both originated from dreams.
Guislain describes a dream example in which sleep is replaced by intermittent insanity. There is no doubt that with the development of the psychology of dreams, doctors will turn their attention to the psychopathology of dreams one day.
In the example of people who recover from mental illness, it is often obvious that the patient's function is normal during the day, but their dream life is under the influence of mental illness. According to Klaus, Gregory was the first to pay attention to such dream cases. Tissy once quoted a description by Macario that a manic patient once again experiences symptoms of erratic thoughts and uncontrolled impulses in his dreams after a week of full recovery.
There are not many people studying the changes in dream life in chronic mental illness. On the other hand, people have begun to pay attention to the inherent relationship between dreams and mental disorders very early, which is completely consistent across a wide range.
According to Mori, Cabanis was the first to pay attention to their relationship. Later, Lelut, J. Moreau, and especially the philosopher Mann. De. Maine de Biran has noticed this. The comparison of the two can certainly be traced back to an earlier period.
Radstock in a certain chapter quotes many views on the similarity between dreams and insanity.Kant said: "A madman is a dreamer in a state of waking." Klaus said: "Insanity is a dream when the senses are awake." Schopenhauer said that dreams are short-term madness, while madness is a dream for a long time. Hagen describes Lubang as a dream life caused by illness rather than sleep. Wonter claims in his book Physiological Psychology: "In fact, we can experience almost all the phenomena we see in a madhouse in dreams."
is very similar to Mori's approach, and Spita lists the consistency of the basis for the comparison of the two: "(1) Self-awareness is temporarily stopped or at least hindered, resulting in the loss of insight into the nature of the situation, thus unable to produce a sense of surprise and lose moral consciousness ; (2) Various sensory perceptions have changed; it decreases in dreams, but is greatly improved in mental illness; (3) According to the law of association and reproduction, ideas are combined to form a spontaneous sequence and create a relationship between ideas. Lack of proportions (exaggeration and hallucination). These in turn lead to (4) changes in personality (such as reversal), and changes in personality in some cases (perversion). "
hredstock adds several points of similarity in materials between the two: "Most hallucinations and illusions are produced in the fields of vision, hearing and overall sensation. In dreams, smell and taste rarely play a role. The memories of fever patients and dreamers can be traced back to the distant past; sleepers and patients will recall things that have been forgotten by awake and healthy people. "The similarity between dreams and mental illness can only be fully paid attention to if they are enlarged to the details of expressions and movements, especially the characteristics of facial expressions.
"A person who endures both physical and mental tortures gets what is deprived of from his dreams: health and happiness. The same is true for mental illness, and patients will also see pictures of happiness, prominence and wealth. Illusory wealth possession and imagination satisfaction-In fact, their obstruction and destruction constitute the cause of mental disorders. A mother who loses children experiences the pleasure of being a mother in the misunderstanding; a man who loses wealth imagines himself very rich; an abandoned girl who fantasizes about being favored."
(This passage by Radstock can be regarded as a summary of the keen observations of Grisinger. The latter clearly shows that desire satisfaction is an imaginative feature shared by dreams and psychosis. Based on my own research experience, this fact contains the key to solving psychological theoretical problems of dreams and psychosis.)
"" The main characteristics of dreams and insanity are the absurd combination of ideas and the low judgment of judgment. "In both states, we find that the subject itself has an overestimated evaluation of the spiritual achievement, which is meaningless in a waking state. The rapid flow of imagination in dreams is consistent with the flow of ideas in mental illness, both of which lack a sense of time.
In dreams, personality can be divided. For example, the dreamer's knowledge is assigned to two people, and the external self corrects the real self, which is exactly the same as the personality split that we are familiar with. The dreamer can also hear the external self expressing his thoughts. Even long-term delusions have similarities with old-fashioned and recurring pathological dreams. Patients who often recover from delusion say that they feel that they have an uncomfortable dream during their illness. Indeed, sometimes, they tell us that we suspect that we were just having a dream during our illness, just like dreaming while we were sleeping.
In view of the above discussion, it is not surprising that Radstock summed up his own and others' views in this way, believing that " insanity, as an abnormal pathological phenomenon, can be regarded as a strengthening of normal dreaming phenomena that occur periodically ".
Martha. Bernes was also Jewish. If we count from the year of engagement (June 1882), she and Freud have been with him for 57 years and raised 6 children. Martha is 5 years younger than Freud and comes from a Jewish family of high status: her grandfather Isaac. Bernes was once the leader of the Jewish Orthodox Church in Hamburg and the most respected friend of the poet Heine .In September 1886, got married. After Floyd's death, Martha lived with the children for another 12 years.
Klaus tried to seek a closer connection between dreams and insanity than the similarity of external manifestations of the two, and he found that etiology (more precisely the source of stimulation) was the connection between the two. He believes that, as we know, the common basic element of the two is the sensation determined by the body, the sensation produced by the somatic stimulation, and the overall sensation based on all organs.
The similarity between dreams and insanity is indisputable, and even includes the similarity of feature details, which is one of the most powerful pillars of medical theory about dream life. The theory regards dreams as a useless disturbance process and a manifestation of weakened mental activities. At present, we cannot expect to find the final explanation of dreams from the direction of mental illness, because our current understanding of the root causes of mental illness is very frustrating.
However, a change in our attitude toward dreams will affect our perception of the internal mechanisms of mental disorders, and when we strive to explain the mystery of dreams, it can also be said that we are working to seek explanations of mental illness.
or above is excerpted from (O)Sigmond. Freud's "Analysis of the Dream ".
"Analysis of Dreams" is Freud's famous work and is known as the number one psychoanalytical masterpiece of this century. This is a must-read book for exploring the psychoanalysis theory and subconscious theory. Through scientific exploration and explanation of dreams, it breaks the old concepts of people's ignorance, confusion, fear and sorrow about dreams for thousands of years, and at the same time reveals the mysteries of the subconscious that influence people's thoughts and behaviors.
Read this book carefully and you can find the rules and basis for the occurrence and development of dreams. "Analysis of Dreams" has been regarded as an important part of psychoanalytic theory and one of the three major theoretical pillars. Dr. Towns, former president of the National Library Association of America, listed the book as one of sixteen masterpieces that "changed the face of world history."
