Treaty of Nerchinsk
The Treaty of Nerchinsk was the first border treaty concluded between China and Russia, and its official name is the Sino-Russian Treaty of Nerchinsk. On July 14, Kangxi twenty-eighth year (September 7, 1689), it was signed at Nybchu (now Russia Nibutu) by the plenipotentiary envoy of the Qing government Suoetu and the plenipotentiary envoy of Tsarist Russia Golovin Erqinskik).
Since the middle of the seventeenth century, the Russian colonists have been invading Liucheng, Heilongjiang, China for decades, covering the upper, middle and lower reaches of Heilongjiang. From the ninth year of Kangxi (1670), Kangxi sent people to negotiate with Tsarist Russia many times, hoping to solve the disputes on the northeastern border with them in a peaceful way. However, the Russian government regarded Qing Dynasty 's desire for peace as weak, and was extremely arrogant and rude, and even asked the Qing government to declare itself a vassal to Russia. The Qing government's negotiation, persuasion, warning, and protest were all to no avail. The Russian army not only turned a deaf ear, but also intensified its aggressive activities. The invaders built cities and villages on both sides of the Heilongjiang River, burned, killed, looted, instigated the local leaders to surrender to Russia, and successively occupied the Yaksa and Nerchinsk regions. In order to relieve the troubles of the people on the northeastern border, after pacifying the San Francisco and unifying Taiwan, Kangxi immediately turned his attention to the northeast and began to deploy to expel the Russian aggression forces.
In the 23rd year of Emperor Kangxi (1684), the Tsarist Russian invading army looted again in the middle and lower reaches of Heilongjiang. In view of the fact that it has become an outpost for the Russian invasion of the Heilongjiang River Basin, Emperor Kangxi ordered the Dutonggong Pengchun, the deputy capital Tonglangtan and others in the first month of the 24th year of Kangxi (1685) to command troops to advance by land and water. Jaxa. Russia was completely defeated in the two battles, and the tsarist government was forced to "remove the siege of Yaksa" and sent Golovin as ambassador to hold border peace talks with China. In November, the Qing government, considering the overall situation, announced an unconditional ceasefire.And withdrew to the capital. On the eighth day of the seventh month in the twenty-eighth year of Emperor Kangxi's reign, Chinese envoy Suo Etu and Russian envoy Golovin formally negotiated in Nerchinsk. During the negotiation process, the Russian side proposed a variety of unreasonable plans for aggression, all of which were strictly rejected by the Chinese side. After more than half a month of negotiation and mediation, the two sides reached an agreement on all important issues, and officially signed the Sino-Russian Treaty of Nerchinsk on July 24, 28, Kangxi. The treaty has five texts: Manchu, Mongolian, Chinese, Russian and Latin. The most important one is the Latin text, which is exchanged after signing, and its content is engraved into boundary monuments in five languages.
The Sino-Russian Treaty of Nerchinsk is divided into six clauses, which clearly defines the eastern boundary between China and Russia, and legally affirms that the vast areas of the Heilongjiang and Ussuri rivers are China's territory, and Russia's In fact, he admitted that it was illegal to invade China's Heilongjiang region and handed over part of its occupied territories to China. At the same time, Russia, through a treaty, incorporated the east of Lake Baikal granted by China into its territory in one fell swoop, and the area between the Udi River and the Outer Xing’an Mountains was designated for negotiation region and gain significant commercial benefits.
The Sino-Russian Treaty of Nerchinsk is one of the few equality treaties in modern China. It is the result of equal negotiation and concessions made by the Chinese government. The treaty safeguarded the integrity of China's territory and ensured peace in the eastern part of the Sino-Russian border for about 170 years.
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