New China's military rank system began in 1955, but in 1965, the 10-year military rank system was announced to be cancelled. Later, as the modernization process of our army continued to accelerate, we gradually realized that the military rank system was an inevitable trend in modern military construction, and the military rank system of our country was restored in 1988. So, why was the military rank system abolished in the first place? How was it cancelled? Today I will come to talk to you about this issue.
The formulation of the military rank system involves all aspects of military management and construction. When the military rank system was implemented in 1955, due to experience and operational problems, it was actually not mature in many aspects, and this became 1965. The internal reasons for the cancellation of the military rank system in 2016. It is mainly reflected in the following aspects:
awarded in 1955
1. Copying Soviet experience, theoretical preparation is insufficient
The preparation stage before the implementation of the 1955 military rank system, because we did not have this before. Therefore, it is basically based on the plan proposed by the Soviet adviser at the time.
At that time, our main energy was basically on the specific operational level, while the theoretical research on the principles and functions of the implementation of the military rank system was relatively scarce, and the Soviet Union was unwilling to provide assistance in this regard. . Therefore, when the military rank system was implemented in 1955, people only paid more attention to how to determine military ranks and how to classify them, but their understanding of the actual role and significance of the military rank system was rather vague.
Due to inadequate understanding, after the implementation of the military rank system, it is actually very unfavorable for the whole army to consciously implement relevant regulations. It also hinders the implementation of the military rank system and leaves hidden dangers. It has also been shown in subsequent practice that only by conducting in-depth theoretical research and understanding why the military rank system plays an important role in the construction of the army can it play a real role.
Awarded in 1955
Second, the imperfection of the establishment of the military rank regulations
The military rank system in 1955 was relatively rushed in preparation, and many problems have arisen in the subsequent implementation process.
On the one hand, there are defects in the promotion of military ranks. In the initial evaluation of the military ranks, due to the rush, there was no specific implementation method for future promotion. This has caused some people to be promoted relatively quickly, but their ranks cannot be promoted accordingly. Since job promotion and military rank promotion are two separate systems, there are many inconsistencies. This also resulted in the ten years when the military rank system was implemented. There was no reference basis for the promotion of military officers.
On the other hand, there is a conflict between the military rank system and other hierarchical systems. At that time, my country’s military hierarchy was relatively complicated. It can be roughly divided into three systems, namely, position, rank, and rank. These three systems are independent of each other and still connected. The Military Commission also considered abolishing the post system, but it did not implement it later. This has resulted in the coexistence of these three systems for a long time. In the face of these complex relationships, they often lose sight of one another.
Secondly, there are some other defects in the military rank system. For example, in the process of ranking military ranks, there are generally lower rankings, and there is not much improvement in treatment. The evaluation of female officers is stricter, and the ranking of technical officers More rigid, more complicated types of military ranks, etc. These shortcomings have caused a lot of criticism to a certain extent, and also reduced the enthusiasm of officers for evaluating military ranks.
3. Related supporting systems are not perfect
The implementation of the military rank system is a systematic project. It involves a large number of supporting systems and reforms in all areas. Some of these systems are ideological, some It's hardware. Whether these supporting systems are in place depends on whether the implementation of the military rank system will succeed.
For example, in peacetime, the army needs a large number of cadres with higher cultural qualities, which requires sending cadres from military schools at all levels to the army. However, at that time, my country's military academies were far from meeting this requirement. The development of many military academies was still very uneven, and the army was still not active in selecting and sending soldiers to school.
On the other hand, there are still phenomena of crowding out and discriminating against intellectuals in the army.Many intellectual cadres have too low ratings when they are awarded titles, which has also affected the enthusiasm of intellectuals to join the army.
Another example is the retirement system for officers. According to the regulations at the time, officers on active duty should retire or change jobs when they reach a certain age. However, these require corresponding supporting systems, such as housing and medical assistance. However, at that time, our country had not established a retirement system, and the military could not implement the retirement system alone. This made a large number of officers who should have retired remain in the military. According to relevant statistics, in our army that year, overage officers accounted for 14.5% of the total number of officers, and there were even more officers who were about to overage.
The existence of these problems shows that the implementation of the military rank system is a huge systematic project, which cannot be accomplished overnight. It requires a long time to prepare for the required conditions. Due to inadequate preparations at the beginning, after the implementation of the military rank system, a large number of problems appeared, so that the military rank system was not well integrated into the army’s organizational system and construction, and the military rank system did not play its due role. Instead, it caused a lot of trouble and criticism.
Fourth, the influence of political and social environment
In addition to the internal reasons described above, the cancellation of the military rank system is also affected by the external political and social environment.
After the implementation of the military rank system in 1955, my country began to further reform social relations of production. At that time, Chairman Mao believed that there were still capitalist social remnants in social distribution, which needed to be eliminated in the reform, and the newly implemented wage system and military rank system were also included in the scope of bourgeois legal power.
At that time, Chairman Mao proposed to restore the tradition of unity between officers and soldiers, and unity between the army and the people, and to "dissolve the bourgeois ideology and style." The victory of the revolution is now paid, and if you have "flowers", you will be divided into generals, schools, and lieutenants. As a result, you are separated from the masses.
As soon as Chairman Mao's remarks against the military rank system came out, he immediately caused a motion to abolish the military rank system in the army.
Chairman Mao at the Beidaihe Conference
By the 1960s, the understanding of the Soviet Union had become revisionism, and Chairman Mao was also very concerned about the progress of anti-revisionism in the army. Because the military rank system was almost completely copied from the Soviet Union at the beginning, this also increased the denial of the military rank system. In a speech in 1963, Chairman Mao once again proposed:
We used to have no titles such as marshals, generals, schools, and lieutenants. Officers are the same as soldiers. But later there were many titles, and the clothes were better than soldiers. I think this is not good, but it is as good as a soldier. Don't rely on the titles of marshals and generals to eat.
In August 1964, Mao Zedong summoned He Long and Luo Ruiqing to Beidaihe to report on the salary reduction of senior military cadres. During the discussion, He Long suggested:
"Is it right to cancel the company ranks?"
_blockquote p0"Cancel! Get rid of that card! I wanted to get rid of it a long time ago"
After Luo Ruiqing returned to Beijing, he asked Lin Biao for permission and started to cancel the military rank system. program. After that, the Central Military Commission began to study and implement measures to abolish the military rank system. In November, the General Office of the Central Military Commission solicited opinions from the entire army for abolishing the military rank system, saying:
"Our military rank system is copied from the Soviet Union and other countries. In the past, there was no such system, and it was the same to win battles. Practice has proved. This system does not conform to our military’s fine traditions. It is a bourgeois legal right with superficial hierarchies, which encourages personal fame and fortune thinking and hierarchical concepts. It is not conducive to the revolutionary construction of our army, and it is not conducive to the comrades and the superior The unity between the military and civilians. At the same time, many cumbersome affairs of party committees and political organs at all levels have been added._P1p
Afterwards, the whole army solicited opinions and agreed with the Central Military Commission’s views on the military rank system and agreed to the abolition of the military rank system. They all mentioned personal experience and war-tested "success experience"-there is no military rank system. Our army defeated the Kuomintang, Japanese and American troops with military ranks, and was able to conduct joint operations with the Korean People's Army in the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea. The experience of the war has repeatedly proved that the rank system does not have much effect.
After the army unanimously agreed, in May 1965, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress passed a resolution to abolish the military rank system.
5. Rethinking
Actually, it now appears that the military rank system was completely rejected and regarded as bureaucracy. Being separated from the masses seems to have seriously aggravated the concept of military rank. Although the military rank system was born in the army of the bourgeoisie, it is only a management method of the army, which can be used by the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.
At the same time, current experience also shows that the military rank system does not necessarily destroy the tradition of uniformity between officers and soldiers, and uniformity between military and civilians. During the existence of the military rank system, the old ideological habits in the past often hindered the implementation and improvement of the military rank system; After the implementation of the military rank system, how to continue to maintain the uniformity of officers and soldiers, and to prevent bureaucracy and official standard phenomena is not enough attention. These problems have damaged the role of the military rank system and affected the correct understanding of the military rank system.
It should be pointed out that in 1964 In view of the failure to implement the "Regulations on the Service of Officers" and the increasingly serious problem of the accumulation of military cadres, the Military Commission and Headquarters proposed to strengthen the implementation of the "Regulations on the Service of Officers" and improve the rank system, and proposed:
1964 The entire army’s cadre work is centered on the implementation of the "Regulations on the Service of Officers," and actively do a good job in the selection and training of successors and the selection of grassroots cadres. In the future, the promotion of officers’ ranks will be implemented in accordance with the "Regulations on the Service of Officers." Since 1964, we will strive for It takes about three years to make the work of cadres basically meet the requirements of the "Regulations on the Service of Officers."
This is the attitude of the Military Commission and the headquarters to the military rank system while studying the reform of the officer salary system.This shows that although there are various problems with the military rank system due to internal reasons, the original idea of the army is to improve the military rank system to make it work. After Chairman Mao proposed abolishing the military rank system, the fate of the military rank system quickly reversed.
It can be seen that the abolition of the military rank system is a decision made under a special social environment and special historical conditions. In this process, external causes played a major role.
The interaction between internal and external reasons is also manifested in:
On the one hand, the defects of the military rank system itself and the problems in its implementation provide a basis for the negative viewpoints of the military rank system from outside, so that the military, It is relatively easy for outside the military to reach a consensus on the issue of abolishing the military rank system; on the other hand, external factors such as the political concept of the socialist revolution and the social environment are not conducive to the implementation of the military rank system, which hinders the gradual improvement and strengthening of the military rank system, and gradually wears off This has reflected the army’s expectations and enthusiasm for the rank system.
In short, due to the incompleteness of the military rank system, there are many problems in its implementation, and it does not show an indispensable role that is beneficial to army building. In addition, the guiding ideology and other factors have caused a negative understanding of the military rank system. The combined effect of internal and external factors , The military rank system was finally cancelled.
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