China is so big, I want to go and have a look. Take you to a place you have been or haven't been to.
Enter Zhili Governor's Office , read half of the Qing history and interpret
Hebei Province. From the eighth year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty (1730), Zhili Governor's Office was stationed here to 's demise (1911), it can be regarded as a microcosm of the history of the Qing Dynasty. There is a saying that "a governor's office is a portrayal of half of the Qing history."
After the Qing Dynasty won the Central Plains, inherited the Ming system and continued to implement the provincial system across the country. The important place at the foot of the emperor was more important than other provinces. It was named Zhili Province directly under the central government. It was the predecessor of today's Hebei Province, but its jurisdiction was far greater than that of today's Hebei Province, especially in the late Qing Dynasty.
Governor originated from a temporary dispatch of officials in the Ming Dynasty . The Qing Dynasty gradually improved, and the Governor became customized in the second year of Yongzheng (1724). The Governor is the highest military and political leader in charge of one or several provinces. As a real senior official, his official rank is the second rank. Zhili The official title of Governor General is "Governor General Zhili and other places to provide military affairs, grain management, river management and governor affairs." Among the eight governors of the Qing Dynasty, Zhili was the most important, and he ranked first among the officials in the border areas.
If there is an official, there will be a yamen. The Zhili Governor's Office is the place where the Zhili Governor's Office works and lives. It was built in the seventh year of Yongzheng (1729). It is the only provincial-level Qing Dynasty office complex in my country.
Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the government offices have been customized from the palace to the county offices. They all face north and south, with the front hall and back bedroom, divided into three routes, middle, east and west, left and right, symmetrical and harmonious, and closed space. They are a typical working and living building group under the feudal hierarchy system of .
Zhili Governor's Office is a first-level feudal official office building complex, about 220 meters deep in the north and south, and 130 meters long in the east and west. It is separated by two north and south roads, and divides the office into three roads: East, Central and West. The West Road is no longer there, and the East Road is incomplete. The main building of the middle road is the most well preserved, with the main buildings including the main gate, ceremonial gate, lobby, second hall, official residence, upper room, etc. It is now the Museum of the Governor General of Zhili.
Outside the gate of the Governor's Office, there was a group of semi-enclosed courtyards, composed of flagpoles, stone lions, screen walls, east-west gates, east-west team rooms, drum pavilions, and Le Pavilions. Gu Pavilion, Le Pavilion, and Zhaobi are not present today.
The big flagpole outside the gates on both sides was originally made of wooden. In the early years of the Republic of China, Cao Kun and his subordinates ordered him to remove the wooden flagpole and change it to concrete. The height also increased from the original ten meters to 33.6 meters, highlighting the momentum and being the highest in the country's flagpole height. The current flagpole is for reconstruction.
Zhili Governor's Office uses a simple hard mountain roof, with a width of three rooms. The plaque above the door is " Zhili Governor's Office ". The Governor of Zhili was appointed as the Minister of War in the Central Committee and the Right Censor of the Censorate of the Censorate. He was a first-rank official, so the Governor's Office also wrote the title of the Minister of the Ministry, which is a respectful title for the Governor. For example, Li Hongzhang, two governors of Zhili, served for nearly 30 years and had many titles. At the peak of his power, his titles were the Imperial Court Minister of War, the Right Censor of the Censorate of the People's Republic of China, the Governor of Zhili Military Affairs, the Governor of Zhili Military Affairs, the Governor of Zhili, the Governor of the River, the Director of the Chief of the Rei Salt Administration, the Imperial Commissioner of Beiyang, the Minister of Commerce, and the Grand Secretary of Wenhua Palace; the Imperial Commissioner of the Prince's Grand Tutor, the President of Wuying Palace, the First Class, the First Class Su Yi Bo, the Three-Eyed Peacock Feather, the Square Dragon Repair Coat, the Forbidden City, the Forbidden City, the Purple Reincarnation, etc.
Step into the door and look around and it is the ritual gate. A plaque "Wei Fu Jin" is hung on the Yimen Gate, and a couplet written by Li Hongzhang when he was the first governor of the Yimen Gate is hung on the Ming pillars on both sides. Only officials of the same rank as the governor are allowed to enter the lobby through the ritual gate, while officials of lower levels can only go to the side door next to the ritual gate.
Passing the ritual door is a wooden ring stone yard, also known as Gongshengming Archway. The back is engraved with the sixteen-character official precept written by Huang Tingjian in , "Your salary and your salary are the people's wealth and ointment, the lower people are easy to abuse, but God is difficult to deceive." These sentences were originally written by Emperor Shu . Emperor Meng Chang . Song Taizu . Zhao Kuangyin excerpted four sentences. He asked Huang Tingjian to write them and placed them in various yamen in the Song Dynasty. Later generations also followed the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties.
Lobby, also known as the main hall, is the core building of the Governor's Office and the place where the Governor holds grand ceremonies and government affairs activities. The screen in the middle of the lobby is painted with the tide, the rising sun and the red-crowned crane , symbolizing a first-class civilian official. The plaque hanging "Kegong Shougao" was given to the eighth governor of Zhili by Emperor Yongzheng and Emperor . The latter has been retained. There are 9 rooms on the east and west sides of the lobby, each with six departments of the official, household, military and criminal engineering, and each department has 3 rooms, handling various official documents and documents that are suitable for the six departments.
In ancient China, there was no distinction between local administration and judicial justice. Local administrative officials were also in charge of judicial trials and social security matters. Song Dynasty also stipulated that local administrative officials must personally hear the case until the Ming and Qing dynasties. The Governor generally does not directly hear all kinds of cases. The only trial in the lobby of the Governor General of Zhili was actually the Governor himself.
In the 26th year of the Guangxu period (1900), the Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China. The coalition forces of the four countries of Britain, France, Germany and Italy invaded the south of Baoding , burned, killed, looted, set up a coalition office, and established the so-called Military Law Office to arrest Shi Tingyong (Guarding the Governor of Zhili), the city guard Wei Kuiheng, the commander of the Huai Army, and the commander of the Censorate Shen Jiaben . The chiefs of the four countries sat in the lobby of the Governor's Office with great might, imitating the way Chinese officials tried prisoners, tied Tingyong, Shen Jiaben, Kuiheng, Wang Zhankui and others with ropes, kneeled down in the lobby for trial, and conducted the so-called "international trial." They used the Qing Dynasty's clause to treat "the ten evil" criminals, and took Tingyong and three others to Baoding Phoenix Terrace to behead the public in the name of condoning the Boxer Rebellion. For a government and the entire nation, it is a great shame.
Then enter the second hall through the patio on both sides of the lobby. The second hall is also known as "Tui Sitang", "Si Butang", or "Qin Zhitang". It means to think carefully about the shortcomings when encountering things, and to make up for the shortcomings. It is the place where the governor works daily and receives foreign officials or reviews cases. There is a plaque "Su Jing Feng Qing" hanging in the middle of the second hall. There is a three-piece screen under the plaque. The pattern of the Qilin is carved in the middle of the screen. The Qilin represents the first-class military position in the Qing Dynasty Refuse , and a crane is carved on each side to show the title of civil servant. The east room is the meeting room, and the west room is the announcement room, which is the place where the governor and his staff discuss.
passes through the second hall and goes inward. It is a courtyard courtyard about 6 meters wide. The courtyard courtyard is separated by a flower wall to the north, and there is hanging flower door in the middle, also known as inner door . The two entrances to the courtyard are where the governor and his family are engaged, collectively known as the inner house.
(East Flower Hall)
The row of five tiled houses on the front of the front are three halls, also known as the official residence. The Governor usually works and reviews official documents in this hall. There are two houses on the east side of the main hall, called the inner signing room, which is the place where the governor usually reviews the documents and handles official duties.
(Inner House Door)
pass through the three halls and enter the four halls, which is the life area of the governor's family. There are five main rooms in four halls, and there are two ear rooms on both sides of them. It is a place where the governor shares the joy of family with his family during his spare time.
After the fall of the Qing Dynasty, most buildings on the east and west roads were rebuilt or demolished.
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Zhili Governor is not unreasonable, but as far as the Governor's Office is concerned, its architecture belongs to the branch of palace buildings. The architectural wooden structure does not use luxurious doukou and hip roof, but uses simple small hard mountain roof. The Governor's Office has both hierarchical requirements and the northern traditional Sanheyuan and Siheyuan are friendly to the people.
I have seen a lot of civil courtyards and official offices, and the scale of the government offices is much larger than that of the Governor's Office. Some people even say that the Governor's Office is "slightly better than the land temple in the countryside." In a traditional society where rulers advocate frugality and govern the country with virtue, application is the ultimate goal of architecture.
