In 280 BC, the Qin envoy Sima Cuo sent troops from Longxi to capture the state of Qianzhong of Chu from Shu, and Chu seized Shangyong and Hanbei to seek peace with Qin. In 279 BC, the Qin general Bai Qi defeated the Chu Yan, Deng and Xiling areas. These three places were the barriers of Yingdu. If the three places were lost, Yingdu would be in danger. In 278 BC, Bai Qi defeated Ying and burned the tombs of the former Chu kings. Chu State was forced to move from Ying to Chen. After Chu left Ying, Chu did not immediately perish, but became a turning point in the state of Chu from strong to weak and strong to decline, not to mention that this was not caused by moving the capital. After moving to Chen, Chu quickly stabilized his position and prevented the Qin army from continuing to advance eastward; it also intensified the struggle between Qin and Qin, and once restored Chu to life. In 253 BC, Chu moved his capital to Juyang (actually still in Chenjing); in the 22nd year of King Kaoli of Chu (241 BC), he moved his capital to Shouchun because he participated in the attack on Qin by the princes. It was not until 223 BC that he was destroyed by Qin. During the 56 years from Chen to Chu's final destruction, Chu was in Chen for 38 years. Chen, as the political, economic and military center of the late Chu State, obviously played an extremely important role. To study the history of the late Chu period, we cannot ignore Chen's important position and role.
Error Gold and Silver Dragon Head (Chu Tomb Unearthed from the Ma'an Tomb of Huaiyang, now in the collection Henan Museum )
1. The reason for Chu's migration of capital was to select Chen
(I) Chen has an important strategic location
The reason why Chu moved the capital was due to Qin's military attack. Therefore, to choose a new capital, it must be far away from Qin and can avoid Qin's military edge; but it cannot avoid too far, and it must be able to organize forces to fight against Qin. Based on the analysis of the political and military situation at that time, Chen was the most ideal choice. As Xinling Jun Wuji said, Qin "understormed Chu, walked three thousand miles, and attacked the pass of Mingqi, which was far away and difficult, and Qin did not do it. If it was outside the river, it was more than Daliang, and Cai and Zhaoling were on the upper right, and the Chu soldiers were determined by Chen Jiao, but Qin did not dare" ("Records of the Grand Historian. The Family of Wei"). Qin did not dare because Chen was in the east of Han and Wei, and Han and Wei had a feud with Qin. When Qin wanted to attack Chen, he had to go through Han and Wei, and he was afraid that Han and Wei would seize his retreat. "The day the troops were out, the king was worried that he would not return. If he did not borrow a way to the enemy Han and Wei, he would "follow the water and the right soil, which was all the vast rivers, mountains, forests, valleys, and places that were not eaten", which was extremely inconvenient. In short, from the political and military situation at that time, Chu chose Chen as the new capital, which was the most beneficial.
(II) Chu had a good ruling foundation in Chen
Chu Zhuang King once destroyed Chen as a county and was dissuaded to restore Chen. King Ling of Chu destroyed Chen again, and boasted that "now my city Chen, Cai, and Buzi, all the fu was all thousands of cyclicals." King Ling died, King Ping was established, and restored Chen, but Chen was actually a vassal of Chu. By 479 BC (the tenth year of King Hui of Chu)", "destroyed Chen and county." After Chu destroyed Chen, in order to deal with Wu and Yue, in the eastern part of the eastern part, the Sanjin and Qilu , the northern part of the eastern part strengthened its control and construction of Chen. From the time when King Hui destroyed Chen and moved to Chen in 278 BC, Chu had been in Chen for 200 years. Chen has always been an important military center in Chu in the north and obviously has good military facilities. Judging from Chen's geographical location, the southeast is the rear of Chu, and there are Han and Wei barriers in the northwest; there are important military strongholds of Chu, such as Zhaoling and Shangcai in the southwest. In addition, the Rushui detours form a relatively solid line of defense, which can not only prevent Han and Wei from attacking, but also resist the attacks of Qin soldiers. Therefore, it is more advantageous to choose Chen as the capital of Chu.
Phoenix-shaped jade pendant (unearthed from Chu tomb at Pingliangtai site in Huaiyang)
(III) It is convenient to organize forces to fight against Qin
Chu abandoned most of the southwest areas and always wanted to recover. If the capital is too far away, it is inconvenient to organize forces to fight against Qin. Chen was located in a relatively close position, so Chu chose Chen as its capital.
(IV) Chen is convenient for transportation and rich in resources
Sima Qian "Records of the Grand Historian: Biography of Merchants" says: "Chen is at the intersection of Chu and Xia, and is connected with the goods of fish and salt", and there is also the saying "Chen Xia has thousands of acres of lacquer". Huaihe basin is another granary of the State of Chu. During the reign of King Ling of Chu, Chen land had "all the taxes were thousands of chariots". After the development of the late Spring and Autumn Period to the early and mid-State of the Warring States Period, we have taken a step further, "no hunger" and "no people with freezing and hunger". When choosing Chen as the capital of Chu, there will be sufficient guarantees for military supplies and other aspects.
The special geographical location, developed economic and cultural foundation, and convenient transportation conditions constitute the important position of Chencheng in the history of the Chu State.
Warring States Period knives (unearthed in Huaiyang, now in the collection of Zhoukou Museum )
2. The capital of Chen Weichu in the late capital of the late capital of
In recent years, the archaeological discoveries in Chen Cheng Huaiyang have confirmed that Chen Weichu’s late capital. The archaeological community in Henan has obtained a large amount of gratifying information in Huaiyang. According to their research results, the Chu Tomb in Huaiyang is later than the Chu Tomb in Jiangling. The age of the Chu Tomb in Jiangling is 278 BC. The Qin tomb after Ying was captured in Jiangling has been discovered in Jiangling. The style of the Qin tomb is very different from that of the Chu tomb. The Chu Tomb in Huaiyang was earlier than the Chu Tomb in Changfeng County, Shou County, Anhui Province, and the Chu Tomb in Changfeng was also marked with the tomb of King You of Chu.
The era of the Chu Tomb in Huaiyang was after the migration from Ying to Chen and before Chen moved to Shouchun. There was no doubt in the times. Some scholars presumed that the Ma'an Tomb of Huaiyang is the tomb of King Qingxiang. The Beizuka is larger in scale, has a higher burial, and is obviously more respectable in status. It is speculated that it is impossible to be the spouse or junior of King Qingxiang , or only the elder of King Qingxiang. King Qingxiang's father, King Huai, died in Qin and was buried in Chu. At that time, Yingdu was in Jiangling and was not moved to Chen until the 21st year of King Qingxiang's relocation. Therefore, the prime minister could not be King Huai, but probably was King Huai's wife and the mother of King Qingxiang. Since King Qingxiang and Mrs. Huai were both buried in Huaiyang, it is undoubtedly true that Chen was in the late Chu capital.
Huaiyang County Ma'anzhong Chu Tomb site
3. Chen Weichu played an important role
Chu Du moved to Chen, temporarily broke away from the frontal contact with Qin people and obtained a relatively stable opportunity for development and recovery. " The Warring States Period Letters of the Cross-Handling Family " records Zhu Ji said to King of Wei : "(Qin) attacked Chu, and walked three thousand miles to attack the pass of Mingqi, and went far away and attacked the pass of Mingqi. It was not difficult to attack. Qin did not do it. If it was outside the river, it was backed by Daliang, right by Cai and Zhao, and the Chu soldiers were determined by Chenjiao, Qin did not dare." "Records of the Grand Historian: Biography of Chunshenjun" records Zhu Ying said to Chunshenjun : "Why did the ancestors be good at Qin for twenty years and did not attack Chu? Qin crossed the pass of Guiyi and attacked Chu, which was inconvenient; it was just for two weeks, and he was backed by Han and Wei and attacked Chu, which was not possible." It can be seen that at that time, the choice of moving east to Chen after the loss of Yingdu was correct. After the Chu capital moved eastward, it was given the opportunity to rest and take advantage of the favorable economic and cultural foundation of Chen, which led to a period of "restoring strength". In comparison, from the 23rd year of King Qingxiang of Chu to the 22nd year of King Kaoli (276 BC to 241 BC), it was the relative revival stage of Chu. During the more than 30 years, the Chu State not only did not suffer major invasions and defeats, but also gathered more than 100,000 soldiers from the east in the 23rd year of King Qingxiang, recovered 15 towns beside the rivers that were captured by Qin, and established counties to resist Qin. See "Records of the Grand Historian: The Family of Chu": "(King Qingxiang of Chu) Twenty In the third year, King Xiang collected troops from the east and obtained more than 100,000. He then took the 15 cities beside our river and captured the fifteen cities in the west to be counties, away from Qin. "In the twenty-seventh year, Chu sent 30,000 people to assist the Three Jins in the attack of Yan. In the fifth to sixth year of King Kaoli, Qin and Zhao launched the "Battle of Changping" and Zhao asked Chu for help. Chu sent Chunshen Jun and Wei Gongzi to attack the Qin army hundreds of thousands of troops, and most of the Qin army was lost. In the second year of King Kaoli (261 BC), Chu attacked Lu in the east and "take Xuzhou ". This strategic key city entered Chu, laying the foundation for further northward destruction of Lu and eastward control of the upper reaches of Si and Yi. In the 16th year of King Kaoli (247 BC), Qin attacked Wei in a large number. Xinling Jun led the troops of Chu, Zhao, Wei, Han and Yan, defeated the Qin army in "Heavenly", and "take advantage of the victory to chase the Qin army to Hangu Pass, suppressing the Qin army, but the Qin soldiers dare not go out"; in the 22nd year of King Kaoli, Xinling Jun was dead, and Chu Chunshen Jun once again organized the troops of Chu, Zhao, Wei, Han and Yan to attack Qin. Chu was the leader, and the soldiers arrived at Hangu Pass. Because "Qin sent troops to attack, all the princes were defeated and the soldiers were gone", it was the last joint operation of the Guandong countries during the Warring States Period. However, because the countries were no longer safe and their soldiers were defeated, they were defeated, so "Chu moved its capital to Shouchun in the east." After that, the Chu State fell and finally fell.
In 280 BC, the Qin envoy Sima Cuo sent troops from Longxi to capture the state of Qianzhong of Chu from Shu, and Chu seized Shangyong and Hanbei to seek peace with Qin. In 279 BC, the Qin general Bai Qi defeated the Chu Yan, Deng and Xiling areas. These three places were the barriers of Yingdu. If the three places were lost, Yingdu would be in danger. In 278 BC, Bai Qi defeated Ying and burned the tombs of the former Chu kings. Chu State was forced to move from Ying to Chen. After Chu left Ying, Chu did not immediately perish, but became a turning point in the state of Chu from strong to weak and strong to decline, not to mention that this was not caused by moving the capital. After moving to Chen, Chu quickly stabilized his position and prevented the Qin army from continuing to advance eastward; it also intensified the struggle between Qin and Qin, and once restored Chu to life. In 253 BC, Chu moved his capital to Juyang (actually still in Chenjing); in the 22nd year of King Kaoli of Chu (241 BC), he moved his capital to Shouchun because he participated in the attack on Qin by the princes. It was not until 223 BC that he was destroyed by Qin. During the 56 years from Chen to Chu's final destruction, Chu was in Chen for 38 years. Chen, as the political, economic and military center of the late Chu State, obviously played an extremely important role. To study the history of the late Chu period, we cannot ignore Chen's important position and role.
Error Gold and Silver Dragon Head (Chu Tomb Unearthed from the Ma'an Tomb of Huaiyang, now in the collection Henan Museum )
1. The reason for Chu's migration of capital was to select Chen
(I) Chen has an important strategic location
The reason why Chu moved the capital was due to Qin's military attack. Therefore, to choose a new capital, it must be far away from Qin and can avoid Qin's military edge; but it cannot avoid too far, and it must be able to organize forces to fight against Qin. Based on the analysis of the political and military situation at that time, Chen was the most ideal choice. As Xinling Jun Wuji said, Qin "understormed Chu, walked three thousand miles, and attacked the pass of Mingqi, which was far away and difficult, and Qin did not do it. If it was outside the river, it was more than Daliang, and Cai and Zhaoling were on the upper right, and the Chu soldiers were determined by Chen Jiao, but Qin did not dare" ("Records of the Grand Historian. The Family of Wei"). Qin did not dare because Chen was in the east of Han and Wei, and Han and Wei had a feud with Qin. When Qin wanted to attack Chen, he had to go through Han and Wei, and he was afraid that Han and Wei would seize his retreat. "The day the troops were out, the king was worried that he would not return. If he did not borrow a way to the enemy Han and Wei, he would "follow the water and the right soil, which was all the vast rivers, mountains, forests, valleys, and places that were not eaten", which was extremely inconvenient. In short, from the political and military situation at that time, Chu chose Chen as the new capital, which was the most beneficial.
(II) Chu had a good ruling foundation in Chen
Chu Zhuang King once destroyed Chen as a county and was dissuaded to restore Chen. King Ling of Chu destroyed Chen again, and boasted that "now my city Chen, Cai, and Buzi, all the fu was all thousands of cyclicals." King Ling died, King Ping was established, and restored Chen, but Chen was actually a vassal of Chu. By 479 BC (the tenth year of King Hui of Chu)", "destroyed Chen and county." After Chu destroyed Chen, in order to deal with Wu and Yue, in the eastern part of the eastern part, the Sanjin and Qilu , the northern part of the eastern part strengthened its control and construction of Chen. From the time when King Hui destroyed Chen and moved to Chen in 278 BC, Chu had been in Chen for 200 years. Chen has always been an important military center in Chu in the north and obviously has good military facilities. Judging from Chen's geographical location, the southeast is the rear of Chu, and there are Han and Wei barriers in the northwest; there are important military strongholds of Chu, such as Zhaoling and Shangcai in the southwest. In addition, the Rushui detours form a relatively solid line of defense, which can not only prevent Han and Wei from attacking, but also resist the attacks of Qin soldiers. Therefore, it is more advantageous to choose Chen as the capital of Chu.
Phoenix-shaped jade pendant (unearthed from Chu tomb at Pingliangtai site in Huaiyang)
(III) It is convenient to organize forces to fight against Qin
Chu abandoned most of the southwest areas and always wanted to recover. If the capital is too far away, it is inconvenient to organize forces to fight against Qin. Chen was located in a relatively close position, so Chu chose Chen as its capital.
(IV) Chen is convenient for transportation and rich in resources
Sima Qian "Records of the Grand Historian: Biography of Merchants" says: "Chen is at the intersection of Chu and Xia, and is connected with the goods of fish and salt", and there is also the saying "Chen Xia has thousands of acres of lacquer". Huaihe basin is another granary of the State of Chu. During the reign of King Ling of Chu, Chen land had "all the taxes were thousands of chariots". After the development of the late Spring and Autumn Period to the early and mid-State of the Warring States Period, we have taken a step further, "no hunger" and "no people with freezing and hunger". When choosing Chen as the capital of Chu, there will be sufficient guarantees for military supplies and other aspects.
The special geographical location, developed economic and cultural foundation, and convenient transportation conditions constitute the important position of Chencheng in the history of the Chu State.
Warring States Period knives (unearthed in Huaiyang, now in the collection of Zhoukou Museum )
2. The capital of Chen Weichu in the late capital of the late capital of
In recent years, the archaeological discoveries in Chen Cheng Huaiyang have confirmed that Chen Weichu’s late capital. The archaeological community in Henan has obtained a large amount of gratifying information in Huaiyang. According to their research results, the Chu Tomb in Huaiyang is later than the Chu Tomb in Jiangling. The age of the Chu Tomb in Jiangling is 278 BC. The Qin tomb after Ying was captured in Jiangling has been discovered in Jiangling. The style of the Qin tomb is very different from that of the Chu tomb. The Chu Tomb in Huaiyang was earlier than the Chu Tomb in Changfeng County, Shou County, Anhui Province, and the Chu Tomb in Changfeng was also marked with the tomb of King You of Chu.
The era of the Chu Tomb in Huaiyang was after the migration from Ying to Chen and before Chen moved to Shouchun. There was no doubt in the times. Some scholars presumed that the Ma'an Tomb of Huaiyang is the tomb of King Qingxiang. The Beizuka is larger in scale, has a higher burial, and is obviously more respectable in status. It is speculated that it is impossible to be the spouse or junior of King Qingxiang , or only the elder of King Qingxiang. King Qingxiang's father, King Huai, died in Qin and was buried in Chu. At that time, Yingdu was in Jiangling and was not moved to Chen until the 21st year of King Qingxiang's relocation. Therefore, the prime minister could not be King Huai, but probably was King Huai's wife and the mother of King Qingxiang. Since King Qingxiang and Mrs. Huai were both buried in Huaiyang, it is undoubtedly true that Chen was in the late Chu capital.
Huaiyang County Ma'anzhong Chu Tomb site
3. Chen Weichu played an important role
Chu Du moved to Chen, temporarily broke away from the frontal contact with Qin people and obtained a relatively stable opportunity for development and recovery. " The Warring States Period Letters of the Cross-Handling Family " records Zhu Ji said to King of Wei : "(Qin) attacked Chu, and walked three thousand miles to attack the pass of Mingqi, and went far away and attacked the pass of Mingqi. It was not difficult to attack. Qin did not do it. If it was outside the river, it was backed by Daliang, right by Cai and Zhao, and the Chu soldiers were determined by Chenjiao, Qin did not dare." "Records of the Grand Historian: Biography of Chunshenjun" records Zhu Ying said to Chunshenjun : "Why did the ancestors be good at Qin for twenty years and did not attack Chu? Qin crossed the pass of Guiyi and attacked Chu, which was inconvenient; it was just for two weeks, and he was backed by Han and Wei and attacked Chu, which was not possible." It can be seen that at that time, the choice of moving east to Chen after the loss of Yingdu was correct. After the Chu capital moved eastward, it was given the opportunity to rest and take advantage of the favorable economic and cultural foundation of Chen, which led to a period of "restoring strength". In comparison, from the 23rd year of King Qingxiang of Chu to the 22nd year of King Kaoli (276 BC to 241 BC), it was the relative revival stage of Chu. During the more than 30 years, the Chu State not only did not suffer major invasions and defeats, but also gathered more than 100,000 soldiers from the east in the 23rd year of King Qingxiang, recovered 15 towns beside the rivers that were captured by Qin, and established counties to resist Qin. See "Records of the Grand Historian: The Family of Chu": "(King Qingxiang of Chu) Twenty In the third year, King Xiang collected troops from the east and obtained more than 100,000. He then took the 15 cities beside our river and captured the fifteen cities in the west to be counties, away from Qin. "In the twenty-seventh year, Chu sent 30,000 people to assist the Three Jins in the attack of Yan. In the fifth to sixth year of King Kaoli, Qin and Zhao launched the "Battle of Changping" and Zhao asked Chu for help. Chu sent Chunshen Jun and Wei Gongzi to attack the Qin army hundreds of thousands of troops, and most of the Qin army was lost. In the second year of King Kaoli (261 BC), Chu attacked Lu in the east and "take Xuzhou ". This strategic key city entered Chu, laying the foundation for further northward destruction of Lu and eastward control of the upper reaches of Si and Yi. In the 16th year of King Kaoli (247 BC), Qin attacked Wei in a large number. Xinling Jun led the troops of Chu, Zhao, Wei, Han and Yan, defeated the Qin army in "Heavenly", and "take advantage of the victory to chase the Qin army to Hangu Pass, suppressing the Qin army, but the Qin soldiers dare not go out"; in the 22nd year of King Kaoli, Xinling Jun was dead, and Chu Chunshen Jun once again organized the troops of Chu, Zhao, Wei, Han and Yan to attack Qin. Chu was the leader, and the soldiers arrived at Hangu Pass. Because "Qin sent troops to attack, all the princes were defeated and the soldiers were gone", it was the last joint operation of the Guandong countries during the Warring States Period. However, because the countries were no longer safe and their soldiers were defeated, they were defeated, so "Chu moved its capital to Shouchun in the east." After that, the Chu State fell and finally fell.
Copper Pot (Down from the Chu Tomb in Pingliangtai Site in Huaiyang during the Warring States Period)
Chen is the capital of Chu. Its role and influence are mainly reflected in the following four aspects:
(I) Chu quickly stabilized his position and prevented the Qin army from advancing eastward
According to historical records, before and after Chu moved to Chen, the Qin army was as powerful as annihilation of Chu in one fell swoop. In 280 BC, Qin divided into two groups to attack Chu, and one route of Qin army "attacked Chu from the north, and the Chu army was defeated, and the Shangyong and Han were cut off to Qin from the north" ("Chu Family"). The route attacked Chu in the west, "Sima sent a scattered attack on Longxi, and because Shu attacked Chu and Guizhou, he defeated it" (" Qin Dynasty "). In 279 BC, "Bayan and Deng" (" Biography of Bai Qi and Wang Jian" ). In 278 BC, "Qin general Bai Qi then drove our Ying and burned the former king Yiling. King Xiang of Chu was defeated, so he stopped fighting again. He protected Chencheng in the northeast, and Qin used Ying as the Nanjun " ("Chu Family"). In 277 BC, "Shu guards attacked Chu, and took Wu County and Jiangnan to Qianzhong County " ("Book of Qin"). At that time, as Han Feizi • First Meeting Qin said: "Qin fought with the people of Jing and defeated Jing. Attacked Ying, he took Dongting , Wuhu (also made of Zhu), and Jiangnan. The king and ministers of Jing died and fled in the east (also made of Fu) to Chen. At this time, he also followed Jing to use troops, so Jing could be promoted. Jing would be promoted, and Jing would be promoted, and the people would be promoted, and the land would be profitable. The east would be weak in Qi Yan and the middle would be promoted to the Three Jins. However, in one fell swoop, the name of overlord could be achieved, and the neighboring princes could be promoted..." "Records of the Grand Historian. "Biography of Chunshenjun" also says: "At that time, Qin had already sent Bai Qi to attack Chu, took Wu, , Qianzhong counties, and led Yan and Ying to Jingling in the east. King Qingxiang of Chu moved to Chen County in the east... Qin was careless, for fear of destroying Chu with one force."
At this severe moment, Chu took positive measures. Politically, King Qingxiang adopted the "repairing the sheep and making up for the "lewdness and extravagance" of Zhuang Xin , dispelled the treacherous and slandered the ministers, and adopted the strategy of "raising the twelve princes of the land of Huaibei" (" Warring States Policy "). In order to prevent Qin from attacking Chu, in diplomacy, he sent Huang Xie to Qin to lobby . King Qin : "I heard that the king wanted to attack Chu, but this was like two tigers fighting each other. The two tigers fought each other and the slow dog suffered its disadvantages, which was not good at Chu." He also proposed that "if Chu was defeated, Han, Wei and Qi would reap the benefits of the fisherman, which would be extremely unfavorable to Qin." In this way, he really told King Zhao of Qin and "sent an envoy to bribe Chu and make an appointment with the country." In 272 BC, "Chu envoy Xie and the prince were appointed to Qin" (" Biography of Chunshenjun "). This prevented the Qin army from continuing to advance eastward and won for nearly 40 years, so Qin did not attack Chu. This not only gave Chu a chance to breathe, but also allowed it to recover and develop.
Copper turtle (Warring States Period)
(II) In addition to the above reasons, it is inseparable from Chu's fierce resistance in the Qinzhan District. If you look carefully at the historical materials, you will find that some places are occupied by Qin and recovered by Chu several times. This repetition reflects the fierce struggle between Chu and Qin. The relevant historical materials are excerpted as follows:
"The Family of Chu" records: (276 BC) "Returned west to take the fifteen towns beside our river to be counties, away from Qin." "The Chronicle of Qin" also records: " Chu people rebelled against our Jiangnan."
"The Strategies of the Warring States•Qin Strategy" records: (278 BC, after Qin defeated Ying) "The people of Jing collect the country, gathered the people, established the people, set up the ancestral temple, and ordered the world to be commanded, and the west is in a dilemma."
Since 278 BC, some places in Yan ( Yicheng ), Ying (Jiangling), and Anlu (Yunmeng) areas may have been recovered by Chu for a time. In addition, there were Chu's tombs and King Qingxiang of this period found in Huaiyang, which means that Chu did not move back to Ying (Jiangling).
(III) accelerated the development of southern and eastern areas of Chu
After Chu was defeated in 278 BC, it lost a large area of land and some important resources, such as grain, aquatic products, and leather in Jianghan area; minerals, salt, cinnabar, wood, raw lacquer in western Hubei and western Hunan. Judging from the literature and archaeological data, the north of the river, namely the present Luohe, Xinyang to Wuhan and its east and south of the river, the Dongting Lake District, , including Changde , Yiyang and the Xiangjiang River Basin and its east are still Chu.Archaeological data also confirmed that the population in the Qin-occupied areas decreased sharply, while the population in the eastern and southern regions such as Huaiyang, Ezhou, Changsha and even Hengyang in southern Hunan, , Zixing and other places increased rapidly. On the one hand, the military struggle against Qin urgently needed various materials; on the other hand, the large number of people moved east and south, and the eastern and southern regions were urgently developed to meet these needs and promoted the economic development of these regions.
1. In agriculture. There are two most prominent points. One is the general promotion and use of iron farm tools , which has enabled some barren lands to be developed. According to statistics on the unearth of iron tools in Chu State: (1) The unearthed iron tools have a wide area, ranging from southern Hunan to southern Hunan and from Jiangsu to the east, that is, the entire area under Chu, including remote areas. Iron tools have been widely used: (2) The categories are complete, mainly production tools, including hoes, plows, rakes, sickles, drills, axes, mirrors, chisels, cones, hammers, fish hooks, etc., as well as weapons, swords, spears, spears, daggers, and arrowheads; (3) Most of the iron tools were in the middle and late Warring States Period, and the types of tools were also mostly used at this time; (4) Iron front is mainly used in agricultural production, including cutting, reclamation, farming and harvesting, and mining.
Yingyuan Rubbing
Another prominent point is the construction of large-scale water conservancy projects. The most famous one is Shaobi . "Shui Jing·Fei Shui Notes": "The Broken God Shui is east, and goes east of Baishao Pavilion, and accumulates into a lake, which is called Shaobi. The pond is about 120 miles away... There are five gates, which breathe in the river." After repairs on behalf of others, it is still in play. " Ancient Chinese Science and Technology Achievements " introduces: "This is a pond that looks like a lake. There are 36 gates and 72 culverts around the pond dike. It connects the water flowing from the mountainous areas of Lu'an , forming a reservoir of more than 120 miles around, which can irrigate thousands of hectares of fertile fields. Now it has become an integral part of the Qingshihang Water Conservancy Comprehensive Utilization Project." Obviously, it was after Chu moved eastward that it was necessary to expand the area of farmland that was guaranteed to be harvested by drought and flood to ensure the food needs of the migrant personnel and the army, and to achieve "military benefits". Only by repairing such a project at the same time can human and material resources be guaranteed.
2. In terms of mining. Copper was the most important strategic material at that time, and it was mainly used in three aspects: one was to make weapons. Although iron weapons appeared in the middle of the Warring States Period, until the end of the Warring States Period, the most important thing was bronze weapon . With the increase in wars with Qin and other countries, bronze weapons need to be constantly updated and supplemented. The second is to make ritual . For example, there are more than 2,800 bronze ware unearthed from the tomb of King You of Chu, including more than 100 heavy ware and the large tripod weighs more than 400 kilograms. The third is to make money, and use copper to mint the currency, mainly ant nose coins .
In the late Chu State, the sharp increase in gold coins must also accelerate the mining of gold mines. According to statistics, there are more than 50 counties (cities) in seven provinces, including Anhui, Henan, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Shandong, Zhejiang and Hubei, and gold coins from the late Chu period were unearthed at more than 80 locations in the country. The above places are all economic hubs in the late Chu State.
3. In terms of handicrafts. As the Chu political and military forces moved east and south, various craftsmen also followed. The handicrafts of the Chu State developed, including architecture, lacquering, silk weaving, smelting, jade carving, etc. For example, the large hollow brick palace building discovered in Shouchun is no less than what you see in Jinan City, Jiangling. The 400-kilogram copper tripod seen in the tomb of King You of Chu was the best seen in the same period. The jade artifacts unearthed from the Chu tombs in Huaiyang and Changfeng even exceeded those in Jiangling and other places.
Copper Fish Dart (unearthed in Huaiyang, now in Zhoukou Museum)
Chuduchen period, there was a period of relatively stable and recovery. The economic and cultural foundations of the Ru and Ying areas in Huaibei, centered on Chen, are not lower than those in the Nanyang Basin and Jianghan area. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the successive construction of Sibi and Shaobi along the Huai water conservancy project period greatly promoted the economic development of the Huainan area, making it an important agricultural base in the Chu State. The successive discovery of copper ore and the improvement of mining technology provide the resources needed to manufacture weapons, ritual instruments and coins. The continuous stream of material materials and means of production enabled Chu to quickly stabilize his position in Chencheng, the other capital after losing Yingdu, and thus promoted the development of politics, economy, culture and other aspects.Based on the importance of strategic military and defense, the State of Chu carried out a large-scale expansion of the original ancient Chen State and Chu Chen County old cities. At the same time, it also built a Guocheng outside the Xiang State old city in the southeast of Chen City to serve as a different capital. In addition, Zhanghuatai was built in the southwest of Chen City today Shangshui County. As a palace, this was due to the need of strategic defense, and it also reflected that the State of Chu still had quite strong economic strength at that time.
(IV) delayed the demise of Chu and other Eastern Zhou countries
When Chu gained a foothold in Chen and had a certain economic recovery and development, he did three major things: one was to save Zhao; the second was to destroy Lu; and the third was to lead the princes to attack Qin. Although the first two items were successful, the third item failed. This led to the inevitable outcome of Qin unifying the six kingdoms. The success of the first two items shows at least two points:
1. The strength of Chu State has been restored to a certain extent and can compete with Qin. During the process of Qin's final destruction of Chu, Qin Shihuang first believed Li Xin's opinion and only brought 200,000 troops there. He was defeated by Chu and had to change to Wang Jian . Wang Jian proposed that "600,000 people must be allowed", and Qin Shihuang "empty the Qin soldiers and specially commissioned them to Wang Jian. It can be seen that Qin had devoted his whole country to conquering the Chu State.
Chu coins with a witch style
The copper shell coin "ant nose money" of Chu State during the Warring States Period,
commonly known as "ghost face money", is a currency commonly used in the Chu State. There are many existences.
2. Qin is not a completely invincible force. In 259 BC, Qin sent troops to attack Zhao, and the troops they used were "multiple people than the people in Zhao", hoping to destroy Zhao in one fell swoop. Although the power of Zhao State was extremely weakened, the whole country was united and the whole country resisted Qin. Qin besieged Zhao State Handan for more than a year, and changed its generals several times, but suffered heavy losses, but could not be taken down. King Zhao of Qin repeatedly invited the famous general Bai Qi to go. Bai Qi knew that he could not defeat Zhao and was unwilling to be a "general of humiliating the army". As a result, the rescue army of Chu and Wei arrived and attacked Zhao inside and outside. "The Qin army was mostly lost and died", so he had to be defeated and the siege of Handan was self-removed. In 247 BC, (Wei) Xinlingjun led the army of the five countries and defeated Qin outside the river.
To sum up, after the Chu State was in power, it played a certain positive role, taking advantage of the conflicts between Qin and Eastern Zhou countries, winning a period of peace and making the domestic economy develop. Chu's power had a certain inhibitory effect on Qin, at least delaying the time when Qin destroyed the six kingdoms.
1. In agriculture. There are two most prominent points. One is the general promotion and use of iron farm tools , which has enabled some barren lands to be developed. According to statistics on the unearth of iron tools in Chu State: (1) The unearthed iron tools have a wide area, ranging from southern Hunan to southern Hunan and from Jiangsu to the east, that is, the entire area under Chu, including remote areas. Iron tools have been widely used: (2) The categories are complete, mainly production tools, including hoes, plows, rakes, sickles, drills, axes, mirrors, chisels, cones, hammers, fish hooks, etc., as well as weapons, swords, spears, spears, daggers, and arrowheads; (3) Most of the iron tools were in the middle and late Warring States Period, and the types of tools were also mostly used at this time; (4) Iron front is mainly used in agricultural production, including cutting, reclamation, farming and harvesting, and mining.
Yingyuan Rubbing
Another prominent point is the construction of large-scale water conservancy projects. The most famous one is Shaobi . "Shui Jing·Fei Shui Notes": "The Broken God Shui is east, and goes east of Baishao Pavilion, and accumulates into a lake, which is called Shaobi. The pond is about 120 miles away... There are five gates, which breathe in the river." After repairs on behalf of others, it is still in play. " Ancient Chinese Science and Technology Achievements " introduces: "This is a pond that looks like a lake. There are 36 gates and 72 culverts around the pond dike. It connects the water flowing from the mountainous areas of Lu'an , forming a reservoir of more than 120 miles around, which can irrigate thousands of hectares of fertile fields. Now it has become an integral part of the Qingshihang Water Conservancy Comprehensive Utilization Project." Obviously, it was after Chu moved eastward that it was necessary to expand the area of farmland that was guaranteed to be harvested by drought and flood to ensure the food needs of the migrant personnel and the army, and to achieve "military benefits". Only by repairing such a project at the same time can human and material resources be guaranteed.
2. In terms of mining. Copper was the most important strategic material at that time, and it was mainly used in three aspects: one was to make weapons. Although iron weapons appeared in the middle of the Warring States Period, until the end of the Warring States Period, the most important thing was bronze weapon . With the increase in wars with Qin and other countries, bronze weapons need to be constantly updated and supplemented. The second is to make ritual . For example, there are more than 2,800 bronze ware unearthed from the tomb of King You of Chu, including more than 100 heavy ware and the large tripod weighs more than 400 kilograms. The third is to make money, and use copper to mint the currency, mainly ant nose coins .
In the late Chu State, the sharp increase in gold coins must also accelerate the mining of gold mines. According to statistics, there are more than 50 counties (cities) in seven provinces, including Anhui, Henan, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Shandong, Zhejiang and Hubei, and gold coins from the late Chu period were unearthed at more than 80 locations in the country. The above places are all economic hubs in the late Chu State.
3. In terms of handicrafts. As the Chu political and military forces moved east and south, various craftsmen also followed. The handicrafts of the Chu State developed, including architecture, lacquering, silk weaving, smelting, jade carving, etc. For example, the large hollow brick palace building discovered in Shouchun is no less than what you see in Jinan City, Jiangling. The 400-kilogram copper tripod seen in the tomb of King You of Chu was the best seen in the same period. The jade artifacts unearthed from the Chu tombs in Huaiyang and Changfeng even exceeded those in Jiangling and other places.
Copper Fish Dart (unearthed in Huaiyang, now in Zhoukou Museum)
Chuduchen period, there was a period of relatively stable and recovery. The economic and cultural foundations of the Ru and Ying areas in Huaibei, centered on Chen, are not lower than those in the Nanyang Basin and Jianghan area. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the successive construction of Sibi and Shaobi along the Huai water conservancy project period greatly promoted the economic development of the Huainan area, making it an important agricultural base in the Chu State. The successive discovery of copper ore and the improvement of mining technology provide the resources needed to manufacture weapons, ritual instruments and coins. The continuous stream of material materials and means of production enabled Chu to quickly stabilize his position in Chencheng, the other capital after losing Yingdu, and thus promoted the development of politics, economy, culture and other aspects.Based on the importance of strategic military and defense, the State of Chu carried out a large-scale expansion of the original ancient Chen State and Chu Chen County old cities. At the same time, it also built a Guocheng outside the Xiang State old city in the southeast of Chen City to serve as a different capital. In addition, Zhanghuatai was built in the southwest of Chen City today Shangshui County. As a palace, this was due to the need of strategic defense, and it also reflected that the State of Chu still had quite strong economic strength at that time.
(IV) delayed the demise of Chu and other Eastern Zhou countries
When Chu gained a foothold in Chen and had a certain economic recovery and development, he did three major things: one was to save Zhao; the second was to destroy Lu; and the third was to lead the princes to attack Qin. Although the first two items were successful, the third item failed. This led to the inevitable outcome of Qin unifying the six kingdoms. The success of the first two items shows at least two points:
1. The strength of Chu State has been restored to a certain extent and can compete with Qin. During the process of Qin's final destruction of Chu, Qin Shihuang first believed Li Xin's opinion and only brought 200,000 troops there. He was defeated by Chu and had to change to Wang Jian . Wang Jian proposed that "600,000 people must be allowed", and Qin Shihuang "empty the Qin soldiers and specially commissioned them to Wang Jian. It can be seen that Qin had devoted his whole country to conquering the Chu State.
Chu coins with a witch style
The copper shell coin "ant nose money" of Chu State during the Warring States Period,
commonly known as "ghost face money", is a currency commonly used in the Chu State. There are many existences.
2. Qin is not a completely invincible force. In 259 BC, Qin sent troops to attack Zhao, and the troops they used were "multiple people than the people in Zhao", hoping to destroy Zhao in one fell swoop. Although the power of Zhao State was extremely weakened, the whole country was united and the whole country resisted Qin. Qin besieged Zhao State Handan for more than a year, and changed its generals several times, but suffered heavy losses, but could not be taken down. King Zhao of Qin repeatedly invited the famous general Bai Qi to go. Bai Qi knew that he could not defeat Zhao and was unwilling to be a "general of humiliating the army". As a result, the rescue army of Chu and Wei arrived and attacked Zhao inside and outside. "The Qin army was mostly lost and died", so he had to be defeated and the siege of Handan was self-removed. In 247 BC, (Wei) Xinlingjun led the army of the five countries and defeated Qin outside the river.
To sum up, after the Chu State was in power, it played a certain positive role, taking advantage of the conflicts between Qin and Eastern Zhou countries, winning a period of peace and making the domestic economy develop. Chu's power had a certain inhibitory effect on Qin, at least delaying the time when Qin destroyed the six kingdoms.
