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1828-1829, Tsarist Russia and the Ottoman Empire broke out. As a result, Tsarist Russia defeated the Ottoman in less than two years and captured the Danube basin and the large area of the Caucasus Mountains . How Tsarist Russia defeated the Ottoman, the captain told you in detail.
1, pre-war situation
0000s, nationalism spread throughout Europe with the Napoleonic War . In order to get rid of the Ottoman rule, all ethnic groups in the Ottoman Empire launched many resistances. In order to weaken the Ottoman, European powers naturally expressed their support for these resistances.
1821, the Greeks launched the Greek War of Independence in order to break away from Ottoman control. The already weak Ottoman was unable to suppress the resistance and had to seek help from his Egyptian province. In order to expand its power, the governor of the Ottoman Egypt Province, Muhammad Alipasha, sent troops to assist the Ottoman court in suppressing the Greeks' resistance.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Kingdom of France , Tsarist Russia in order to gain benefits from Greece in the future, and suppressed the expansion of Muhammad Alipasha and divided the Ottoman territory, they each sent their naval fleets to support the Greeks. In 1827, the British, French and Russian joint fleet defeated the Ottoman and Egyptian joint fleet in the Gulf of Navalino in the Greek province of Ottoman, making the war situation even more unfavorable to the Ottoman.
2. The Russian army attacked
Ottoman Sultan Mahmoud II was very dissatisfied with Tsarist Russia's unauthorized interference in its internal affairs, so he ordered the blockade of Turkish Strait and strictly prohibited Tsarist Russian ships from navigating. The Tsarist Russian monarch Nicholas I declared war on Ottoman in April 1828 and provoked the Ninth Russian-Turkish War.
Then Nicholas I and the Russian commander-in-chief Ivan Feodorovic Paskevich-Yelivanski led 100,000 Russian troops across the Danube and quickly occupied the Grand Duchy of Wallachia and the Principality of Moldavia. Then the Russian Army launched a siege on the three fortresses, Shumen, Varna and Silistera, and the Navy's Black Sea Fleet, also supported the army's siege from the sea.
Although the Russian army's combat effectiveness is above the Austrian army, the total strength of the Russian army is less than that of the Austrian army, so the Austrian army, which has the advantage in force, chooses to defend the fortress to the fortress without leaving the city to fight with the Russian army. The Russian army knew that the number of people was less than that of the Austrian army and did not dare to force the attack into the city, so they encircled the three fortresses for a long time. At the same time, the Austrian army launched guerrilla war against the invading Russian troops to cut off the Russian army's logistics supplies. In the end, the Russian army fought hard for several months and only captured Varna, and then chose to withdraw because of the exhaustion of the teacher's veterans.
In May, another Russian army commanded by Peter Kristianovich Wittgenstein launched an offensive against the Ottoman in Caucasus . Since he only had 25,000 Russian troops in his hands, he only supported the Balkan battlefield and restrained the Ottoman troops. However, due to the weak combat effectiveness of the Austrian army, the Russian army still achieved certain results and captured many fortresses along the way. In the end, they retreated due to epidemics and insufficient food and grass.
3, the war ended
1829, because Nicholas I was not satisfied with the cautious Wittgenstein's achievements last year, so appointed the bold and courageous Hans Karl von Friedrich Anton Dibic as the commander-in-chief of the Russian army, responsible for fighting against Austria. Nicholas I then returned to St. Petersburg and ordered DiBich to command the army with full authority.
Dibich decided to lead the Russian army across the Danube, cross the Balkans, and take Constellation Danteburg directly to complete the strategic plan that was not completed last year. In order to avoid the problem of insufficient logistics supply last year, DiBich ordered the naval general Alexei Greg to occupy any port with convenient transportation along the Black Sea to ensure the supply of food and grass to the army.
Then the Russian army occupied Sozopol, a port along the Black Sea coast, and left 3,000 soldiers to garrison. The Austrian army then launched a counterattack, trying to recover Sozopol, but failed. In May, DiBich commanded the Russian army to launch a siege on Silistera and ordered the navy to block the Bosphorus to shock the Ottoman.
Then Ottoman Prime Minister Rashid Mohammed Pasha led the Austrian army to fight against the Russian army, but ended up being defeated in the Battle of Kulevicha. More than half a month later, the Austrian defenders of Silistra had no choice but to surrender because they had no ammunition and food. The Russian army was able to relieve their worries and launch a new offensive against the Ottoman. The Russian army then crossed the Balkans and fought to Adria Fort.
Adria Fort is less than 220 kilometers away from Constantinople, and it is also the old capital of the Ottoman Empire. Its strategic position is very important. There are no mountains and rivers between the two places. After the Russian army occupied Adria Fort, they could quickly go directly to the city of Constantinople. In August, after the Russian army occupied Adria Fort, it burned down the local Sultan Palace to demonstrate to the Ottomans. Then DiBich continued to advance, pushing until he was less than 70 kilometers away from Constantinople before stopping.
At the same time, Austria and Russia also fought fiercely in the Caucasus region. First, the Austrian army launched a counterattack and was repelled by the Russian army. Then Ivan Paskevich came to Caucasus to command the Russian army to launch a new offensive, defeating the Austrian army and invading the Armenian region. Then the Russian army took advantage of the victory and captured Erzurum.
Erzurum is a military center in the northeast of the Ottomans and is also the most important logistics supply base for the Austrian army in the Caucasus region. Without this place, the Ottomans could no longer extend their power to the Caucasus region. The Russian army can use Erzurum as a stronghold to eat the core of Ottoman Asia Minor Peninsula .
Mahmoud II Seeing that Adria Fort and Erzurum were both lost, they could only ask for peace from Tsarist Russia. The two sides then signed the "Adriaburg Peace Treaty", ending the Ninth Russian-Turkish War. The treaty stipulates that the Ottoman ceded the eastern coast of the Black Sea, the Danube Delta and the southwestern Caucasus to Tsarist Russia; the compensation was 1.5 million Dutch guilds, and recognized the autonomy of Greece and Serbia.
