Introduction
Since 1840 Opium War , China has entered an era of gradually and fierce change. How to lead China to change the old face of poverty and weakness and push Chinese history forward has become the most urgent issue before countless patriotic patriots at that time.
In the great historical process of China's sacrifices for national liberation and people's independence, countless romantic figures with important influence have been born.
Among them, in modern and modern Chinese history, Chiang Kai-shek , who was once the president of the Kuomintang, left a strong mark. His political career spanned many important historical periods in China. Finally, he led the Kuomintang reactionaries to retreat to Taiwan, leaving China with a historical problem that has not been solved yet.
In addition, another key figure is undoubtedly Chairman Mao . He is the great creator of New China and the pioneer of the sinicization of Marxism. He used his foresight and wisdom to put forward a series of military and construction ideas that conform to China's national conditions, and led the Chinese people to realize their desire to completely change the face and destiny of the country.
People have always compared Chiang Kai-shek with Chairman Mao. In terms of military literacy, what are the differences between Chiang Kai-shek and Chairman Mao? What is the biggest gap between him and Chairman Mao?
Learn about war from war. The three strategic decisive battles are true
Looking at Chairman Mao’s study experience, he has never really entered any military academy to receive professional education. However, even so, Chairman Mao still grew up to be a great military commander in the future. His military thought has far-reaching influence and is still widely and in-depth research by talents in the military field of countries around the world.
When Chairman Mao mentioned that he embarked on the military path and began to command the war, he once said:
"I am an intellectual. I am a primary school teacher and have never learned military. How do I know how to fight? It is because the Kuomintang engaged in white terror that they defeated the trade unions and peasants' associations, killed a large number of 50,000 Communist Party members and arrested a large number. We picked up the guns and went up the mountain to fight guerrillas."
Since Chairman Mao led the uprising troops to Jinggangshan , he officially started "Learn War in War" . On the one hand, he personally devoted himself to the practice of fighting with the enemy, and on the other hand, he constantly summarized the experiences and lessons of success and failure in the war. In this way, the most important thing is that will raise the solutions and principles of important problems encountered in war to a higher level, and even use it as the principle and direction of future combat.
In Mao Zedong's military thought, seeking truth from facts is the essence. During the battle of , Chairman Mao always strives to be able to fully and in-depth understanding of the actual situation of both the enemy and us, so that the combat deployment and planning can be as consistent with the local conditions as possible. instead of just relying on subjective ideas to command blindly. Too much talk from reality will only lead to failure:
"Everything that matches everything is extremely rare in war or battle... However, as long as the command is generally suitable for the situation, that is, suitable for the situation in the decisive part, it is the basis of victory."
In December 1936, he experienced the difficulties of five anti-"encirclement and suppression" operations, Long March and other life-and-death tests such as Later, Chairman Mao wrote down his thoughts on how to correctly command operations and what should be done in the specific implementation process. He clearly pointed out:
"The correct deployment of the commander comes from the correct determination, the correct determination comes from the correct judgment, the correct judgment comes from thoughtful and necessary reconnaissance, and the thoughts on the linkage of various reconnaissance materials... The careless military strategist does not do this and builds the military plan on a willing basis. This plan is vague and does not conform to reality."
At the same time, Chairman Mao also emphasized that the process of understanding and understanding the situation exists in every link of the operation:
"The process of understanding the situation not only exists before the establishment of the military plan, but also after the establishment of the military plan... The reckless family does not know how to change, or is unwilling to change, but just blindly works, but it will inevitably hit a wall. "
Chairman Mao wrote this and did it. 12 years later, during the decisive battle of the three major strategies, he practiced and directed the war in this way.
1946, Chiang Kai-shek brazenly tore up the Double Ten Agreement and provoked the civil war, , the Chinese People's Liberation Army overcame all difficulties and used various flexible and effective combat strategies. In two years, it eliminated a large number of vital forces of the Kuomintang army. By 1948, the strength of both sides had undergone tremendous changes.
Early War In the period, the Kuomintang had 4.3 million troops, while the People's Army in the Liberated Area had only 1.27 million troops. The total strength of the two sides was 3.4:1. At the same time, the Kuomintang army also had naval and air forces support and was equipped with advanced American weapons. In contrast, the People's Army in the Liberated Area was mostly equipped with captured Japanese and puppet troops rifles, as well as a small number of artillery .
In terms of economy, the Kuomintang controlled almost all major cities and the whole country's transportation routes, and the industrial, human and material resources were abundant. The Liberated Area relied on almost all the traditional agricultural economy and had very few industries.
Therefore, from 1946 to 1947 During the years, after comparing the strength of both sides, Chairman Mao made an active defense policy, smashing the Kuomintang's comprehensive offensive and key offensive successively, and determining that annihilation of the enemy's live force was the main goal of the People's Army's operations.
After a year of combat, the situation had undergone earth-shaking changes. By July 1947, the number of Kuomintang troops had dropped from the initial 4.3 million to 3.73 million, while the total strength of the People's Liberation Army increased to 1.95 million. At the same time, weapons and equipment had also been greatly improved.
Under this background, Chairman Mao of the Party Central Committee made a quick decision based on the actual situation and decided to initiate A nationwide counterattack, The People's Liberation Army's operations also changed from a strategic defense stage to a strategic counterattack. This change in is a correct judgment made to adapt to changes in actual conditions.
As Liu and Deng's army advanced into the Dabie Mountains , it inserted into the enemy's strategic depth area in one fell swoop, and the People's Liberation Army also officially kicked off the strategic counterattack. Chairman Mao once made a high evaluation of the People's Liberation Army's transition to the strategic offensive stage, believing that it has great historical significance:
"This is a historical turning point. This was the turning point in Chiang Kai-shek's twenty-year counter-revolutionary rule from development to elimination. This is the turning point in the development of imperialism in China's rule from development to elimination over the past hundred years. This is a great thing. "
" Once this incident occurs, it will inevitably lead to national victory. ”
After that, the People's Liberation Army has completely grasped the initiative in the battlefield through three strategic decisive battles, causing Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang army led by him to collapse.
Under the command of Chairman Mao and the Central Military Commission, the three important battles of seem to be scattered and isolated, and each is irrelevant, but looking at the overall situation, they are linked and reflect each other. From this point, it can be seen that before the three major battles of , Chairman Mao already had a comprehensive deployment plan in his mind. This is something that can be done in ancient and modern times, both in China and abroad. I am afraid that there are very few. In the battle commanded by Chairman Mao, if you have a careful observation, you can find that has never isolated the military alone. He has always considered it with various factors such as economy, culture, and politics, and made strategic decisions and judgments on this basis.
and Chiang Kai-shek is completely the opposite. Although he has entered Baoding Military Academy and Japanese non-commissioned officers' school , in his life, he is best at political power , and his military command ability is not very good.
In this regard, Premier Zhou once expressed his views on Chiang Kai-shek as a soldier very bluntly and directly:
"As a tactician, he is a clumsy layman, but as a strategist, it may be better."
"His political awareness is stronger than military awareness, which is why he can win other warlords."
Know people and make good use of it, boldly let the front-line generals command the battle
For a long time, many experts and military fans have analyzed the reasons for the victory and defeat of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party many times, and continued to study it without tired of it. Among them, the most interesting point is that the biggest difference between Chairman Mao and Chiang Kai-shek is that he does not have a plane to fly to the front line to interfere with the command of the generals. Although the sentence
is a joke, it is certain that this is also the biggest gap between Chiang Kai-shek and Chairman Mao. Chairman Mao knew people well and used them without doubt. He boldly let the soldiers on the front line command the battle, never monopolize the power, and forced them to obey their orders. In the three major battles of
, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China has concentrated on Xibaipo . It is here that Chairman Mao, in the smallest headquarters in the world, sent one telegram after another to the front line, commanding the largest war of people's liberation.
In military command, he attaches great importance to the opinions of frontline generals, often communicates with them, and listens carefully to and considers their judgments and opinions.
Huaihai Battle , Su Yu sent a telegram to the Central Military Commission when the Jinan Battle was about to end: "It is recommended to carry out the Huaihai Battle". On the 7th, Chairman Mao sent a reply in the name of the Central Military Commission: "We think it is very necessary to hold the Huaihai Battle."
When the East China Field Army split and surrounded Huang Baitao's Corps, Liu Bocheng, commander of the Central Plains Field Army stationed in the Dabie Mountains, sent a telephone call to the Central Military Commission, proposing to cut off the railway between Xu and Beng, and to block the gang of Sun Yuanliang's Corps, and attack Xuzhou . Three days later, Chairman Mao sent a call, proposing two plans to fight in the Subeng area, and said "What is the right thing to do, please reply."
There are many similar telegrams. The ideas behind these major battles were determined after repeated consultations between Chairman Mao of the Central Military Commission and the front-line generals. In a combat environment where the decision has been determined but the battlefield situation has changed and the situation is urgent, Chairman Mao even asked the generals in front to "defend the opportunity and do not ask for instructions."
With this point, Chiang Kai-shek is not as good as that. Some clues can be seen from the telegram he sent to the front line. He is not polite to some generals with military command ability: "If there is any delay, he will be punished strictly according to military laws and will not be lenient."
In fact, it is understandable for Chiang Kai-shek's approach. After all, in the Kuomintang, there are many factions, and his orders will probably become a piece of waste paper as soon as they are out of the Presidential Palace. Even with such harsh words, most of his men dare to lie to disobey and will probably not have any effect in execution.
After the failure of commanding the war, Chiang Kai-shek attributed the reason to accidents many times, and even "silently prayed and begged God for peace and blessings". On the eve of the Battle of Crossing the River in , he wrote "can't expect anything from the Communist bandits, but to prevent them from crossing the river as their only priority." At this time, he had no choice but to do anything and did not know how to stop crossing the river, so he had to write a general sentence "the only priority" to comfort himself.
Regarding Chiang Kai-shek's military command, Li Zongren once wrote this very pertinent evaluation in his memoir:
"Mr. Jiang is neither better than generals nor generals. But he likes to sit in command and directly command the front battle with the phone."
"Mr. Jiang's judgment is neither correct and his opinion is not firm. Often, the army is halfway through the transfer, and he suddenly changes his mind, which makes the front line more disordered.The reason why Mr. Jiang did this was because he had never been a middle or lower-level officer and had no practical experience on the battlefield. He just sat in the senior command center and was on a whim. He was speculating and acting, and the command system was in chaos. "
From this comparison, we can see the difference between Chairman Mao and Chiang Kai-shek in terms of governing abilities.
Chiang Kai-shek relies on money, status, fame and fortune and even violence to establish his own empire. Here, as long as he conspires and power tricks are played properly, he can rise to prominence and become rich. As for Chairman Mao, the support of the whole party is out of sincerity and admiration from the bottom of his heart.
Members of the Communist Party of China come from all over the country and have common beliefs and pursuits. Even if there are different voices, everyone has the same views on the electing of Chairman Mao as the leader, even if they have had conflicts with Chairman Mao. People with sudden and opinions.
His personal charm, strategic vision and organizational ability are obvious to all. At every critical moment of life and death, he can always lead the party to find the right direction and push the Chinese revolution forward.
1947 After the Kuomintang launched an attack on Yan'an, Chairman Mao, Premier Zhou and Ren Bishi led a team of 800 people to fight in northern Shaanxi. Under the tense situation at that time, the leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was highly concentrated. Later, when talking about these glorious years, Premier Zhou also said this:
"There are only three people in the central government, Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and Ren Bishi." The so-called central government is these three people! "
After the founding of New China, Chairman Mao also said:
"After the attack on Yan'an, in northern Shaanxi, Comrade Zhou Enlai and Ren Bishi, I commanded the war across the country in two caves. "
The reason why the whole party and the army elected Chairman Mao as the leader is closely related to his own personal charm.
Wang Ming, Bogu During the Central Soviet Area, Chairman Mao was excluded from the central decision-making. In response, he was still conscientious and continued to fight for the party's revolutionary cause.
As long as he can do this alone, it is enough to make people admire him. Many people can go up and down, but after being treated unfairly, they are often depressed, full of complaints, and even betrayal and sabotage. After gaining power again, they will Revenge and persecute those who once opposed it. But Chairman Mao was just the opposite. On this point, he fully demonstrated the noble character of a revolutionary.
Since Red Army embarked on the Long March, many members of the CPC Central Committee have opposed Chairman Mao, but Chairman Mao has repeatedly tirelessly talked to them and stated their interests. After that, the cruel reality also made them realize the reality and began to support Chairman Mao. After
Zunyi Conference , Chairman Mao regained military command. He was very mature in dealing with some other voices. After Zhang Guotao's conspiracy to split the Central Committee failed, at that time, Many cadres of the Red Fourth Front Army were under censorship. After understanding the situation, Chairman Mao believed that they were deceived and proposed to focus on unity and not retaliate. Therefore, many cadres of the Red Fourth Front Army were not implicated by Zhang Guotao.
Chairman Mao once called this period the most difficult moment of his life. But even so, he always kept rational, realistic, verified and figured out the process of the matter, and made the most appropriate and correct choice.
Trust is also a kind of combat power. Chairman Mao doubts people and does not doubt people. He can arrange the right people in the right position. , and boldly delegate power, know, use, and trust cadres. implements true democracy and never monopolizes the power. During the War of Resistance Against Japan, he once said that the party organization of should develop to the whole country and cultivate more and more cadres. The leader cannot be a narrow small group.
adheres to the bottom line and principles, decisively and expresses his attitude and refuses to mediate second time
Compared with Chiang Kai-shek playing political power tricks and even using the support of the United States to achieve rule, Chairman Mao has always adhered to the bottom line of himself and the country, and firmly stated that "The affairs of the Chinese people must be solved by us Chinese people themselves."”
In early 1949, after the three major battles won, a new and more complex problem appeared again.
Chiang Kai-shek understood that the victory of the Communist Party of China was already unstoppable. At this time, in order to win the rest time and wait for another opportunity, he asked the Soviet Union, the United States, Britain and France to intervene in mediating the civil war. In this regard, After carefully considering the revolutionary situation in the country, the Communist Party of China decisively Mediation was rejected.
Regarding the Soviet Union's agreement to mediation, Chairman Mao bluntly criticized:
"During the War of Liberation, revolution was not allowed at first, Stalin said that if a civil war was fought, the Chinese nation would be in danger of destruction; if the war started, he was half-believing and half-doubting about us; if the war was won, he suspected that we were a Tito-like victory. "
Later, after Mi Gaoyang, then a member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, came to China, he realized Chairman Mao's firm attitude of "fighting the river", and Stu Leiden, who stayed in China to wait and see, also told the United States: "Chairman Mao has clearly stated the position of China's supreme leadership in an unprecedented and clear manner."
Whether it was the intervention of the United States or the Soviet Union, the CPC Central Committee and Chairman Mao have always firmly adhered to the initial principles and direction of combat. When facing the ridiculous suggestion of "peaceful coexistence and rule by drifting the river", he refused decisively. This is the correct choice based on the interests of the country and the people.
