We can see its connection with the Scythians, Sarmatians and Huns from the historical facts of ancient times: and the history from the Avars to the descendants of Genghis Khan in the early Middle Ages can also illustrate this connection.

Whether from the perspective of geography or from a historical perspective, the South Russian steppe belongs to the extension of the Asian steppe. We can see its connection with the Scythians, the Sarmatians and the Huns from the historical facts of ancient times: and the history from the Avars to the descendants of Genghis Khan in the early Middle Ages can also be seen To illustrate this connection,

Byzantine Historian Theophylactus Simokata once described the migration of the Avars from Central Asia to the grasslands of South Russia, and made a detailed analysis of the real and fake Avars. distinguish. He believes that the real Avars are Mongolians Rouran people, who were the masters of Mongolia throughout the fifth century.

They were not defeated and replaced by the Turks until 552. On the other hand, he pointed out that the false Avars originated from the Avars of the European medieval period, who appropriated the feared name "Avar". It is said that the false Avars are composed of the Var tribe (the source of their name) and the Kunni tribe (indicating their Huns origin), which combined means the Avars and the Huns.

However, some people have pointed out that the Var and Kunni are two tribes of Ugor, that is, the two tribes of the Uighurs that some Eastern scholars believe are Turkic races. But the historical Uighurs belong to the Turkic race, while the Avars in Europe should be of the Mongol race. In addition, there is a map in Albert Hermann's atlas that equates the Var and Kunni people with the Mongol Rouran people. However, Minolski points out that these inferences about whether the Avars are real or fake are somewhat lacking in evidence. If, as Herman speculates, the Avars who migrated to Europe in the second half of the 6th century were not Rourans, then they might be the Huns.

The Huns occupied Ili, Hezhong and Bactria in the 5th century. They belonged to the Mongolian race like the Rouran people. In 565, the Yanda Huns, like the Rourans, were defeated by the Turks and lost their territory.

Regardless of whether these disputes are correct, the Avars entered Europe at the end of the Byzantine Empire Justinian's reign. As Theophylactus once described, "thrustling ahead of them were the Kunugls, Shabbirs, and other Huns tribes." The King of Alan, known to the Byzantines as Salucius, tried his best to maintain friendly relations with the Avars. In the eyes of the Byzantines, the Avars looked similar to the ancient Huns. The only difference was that they had two long braids trailing behind them.

The Avars were shamans, and one of them, a male wizard named Kandih, served as an envoy of the Avars in 557 to meet Justinian and ask for land and tribute. Subsequently, Justinian sent his envoy Valentine to encourage the Avar Khan to attack the Kunugl tribe and the Shabbir tribe. In the end, the Avar people won. In addition, the Avars also defeated the two Huns tribes, Kutligol and Utgor, who were nomadic in the northwest Sea of ​​Azov and the mouth of the Don River respectively, and incorporated them into their own tribe. The Kutligol and Utgel Hun tribes are both descendants of the Attila Huns, while the Huns belong to the Turkic race and the Avars are the Mongol race. In their stories, we see the Turkic- -How one of the two major branches of Mongolia incorporated the other into its empire. As an ally of the Byzantine Empire, the Avars destroyed these Hunnic kingdoms one by one.

html In 0560, the territory of the Avar Kingdom had extended from the Volga River to the mouth of the Danube River. The north bank of the Danube was stationed with the caravan of the Avar Khan. Then, Avar Khan attacked the Slavic tribes including the Ants, Slovenes people, Wends to the north, and attacked the Germanic areas to the west. Finally, in a large-scale battle in Tulin in 562 , was defeated by Higbert, the Frankish King of Austria and the grandson of Clovis. The Avars retreated towards the Black Sea .

html In 0565, the new Khan Bayan ascended the throne of Avar. The name Bayan should be very clear that he belongs to the Mongolian name.Bayan is an outstanding strategist and a shrewd and capable politician. In 567, he united with the Germanic people Lombards living in Pannonia, and eliminated another group of Germanic people, the Gebedae (they settled in Hungary and Transylvania ). After capturing Hungary, Bayan built the palace near the ancient capital of Attila.

The Hungarian plain has been regarded as the farthest extension of the Asian steppe since ancient times. Today, the Turkic-Mongol Empire system has been resurrected on this plain, and the territory of the Avars dynasty extends from the Volga River to Austria. The unexpected success of the Rouran tribe, which was lucky enough to escape from the Turkic army, made the Turks deeply uneasy, so they were dissatisfied with Byzantium because of the treaty between Justinian and the Avars.

575~576, the leader of the Western Turks Datou met the Byzantine envoy Valentine in the upper reaches of the Yuledus River north of Kuqa, and strongly condemned the matter: "Let the Avars wait for us Come the cavalry! We will wave our whips and they will flee underground. We can destroy this slave race without swords and let them be trampled to death like ants under the iron hooves of our war horses."

576. , in order to punish Byzantium, the Western Turk leader Datou sent Bohan to lead the cavalry into the Russian grasslands, and joined forces with Anagai, the last leader of the Utegel Huns, to attack Byzantium at the entrance to the Sea of ​​Azov (now Gram The Bosphorus city near Kerch (Remia --Near Kerch).

html In 0582, Bayan Khan openly confronted the Byzantines and occupied Sirmimon, the bridgehead on the Sava River . The Turkic Bulgars (possibly descendants of the Kutligol Huns) were forced to settle in Bessarabia and Wallachia under pressure from the Avars. The people were expelled and forced to migrate to Mercia. Later, they turned Mercia into Bulgaria . In the west, Bayanjo resumed the war against the Franks in 570 and defeated the Austrian king Higbert in one fell swoop. Immediately afterwards, he launched an attack on the Byzantine Empire, captured Singidumont, sacked Mercia, and reached Anzialus near Burgas.

html In 0587, Bayan was defeated by Byzantium near Adrianople and was forced to temporarily truce. In 592, Bayan launched another offensive against Byzantium and occupied Anchialus and Thrace, all the way to Zurum. Here, he met his nemesis Priskas, a Byzantine general who was good at fighting. Priskas first stopped Bayan's offensive, and then crossed the Danube to counterattack it, all the way to Hungary, the heart of the Avars Kingdom. In 601, Bayan was completely defeated by Priscas on the banks of the Theiss. Four of his sons were killed, and he himself died the following year.

The successor Khan of the Avar Kingdom changed the strategy of the previous emperor and turned to attack Italy, which was within the sphere of influence of the Lombards. They took advantage of the Lombard migration from Pannonia to Lombardy and occupied Pannonia. In 610, the Avar Khan captured and sacked Friuli.

html In 0619, Avar Khan took advantage of the meeting between Herakle Pontia of Thrace and the Byzantine Emperor to sneak attack on the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius , but failed; then he attacked Constantinople An attack was launched but was still unsuccessful. However, at this time, Avar Khan unexpectedly got an excellent opportunity - Khosrau II, the Persian king who once hated Byzantium, asked to join forces with him to deal with Byzantium. Subsequently, the King of Persia and the Avar Khan sent troops from Asia Minor and Thrace respectively to besiege Constantinople. From June to July 626, Persian general Shahbaraz led his army through Asia Minor and was stationed at Chalcedon at the entrance of Bosporus; Avar Khan led his army directly to the city of Constantinople. At this time, the Byzantine Emperor Laclius was on the front lines of the Caucasus , and his administrator Bonus was guarding Constantinople.

html On July 31st, the Avars launched successive violent attacks on Constantinople. This was the greatest danger that Western civilization had faced for a long time. If Constantinople, the capital of the Christian world, is captured by the Mongolian Avars, then the future of Western civilization will be really worrying.

Fortunately, the Byzantine fleet exerted its style as the maritime hegemon of the Bosporus and successfully prevented the joint attack of the Persian army and the Avars. Every attack by the Avars paid a heavy price. The defeated Avar Khan sadly retreated to Hungary.

After this heavy blow, the arrogance of the Avars was suppressed.

html In 0630, after the death of the Khan of the Avar dynasty, the Bulgars, the allies of the Avars, proposed that their Khan Kufrat should succeed the position of the Avar Khan. The Avars had to use force to suppress the Bulgars' attempts to seize hegemony. But in the end, they were forced to let the Bulgars become masters of "Bulgaria" (located north of today's Wallachia and the Balkan Mountains), just as they had to give up the territory between the Danube and Sava rivers to Slavs went to occupy the same.

Until the end of the 8th century, the Avars could still be seen on the Hungarian plains. But Charlemagne gave the Mongolian tribe the final blow. In August 791, Charlemagne led his army to launch the first war against the Avarkhan dynasty, and fought all the way to the confluence of the Danube and Rab rivers. In 795, Charlemagne's son Pepin, with the support of Iric, the Archduke of Friuli, attacked the walled castle of the Avars and seized some of the treasures that the Avars had plundered from the Byzantine world over two centuries. .

html In 0796, in the second war against the Avars, Pepin destroyed the castle walls of Avars and took away all its treasures. An Avars leader with the title of "Tutun" of the ancient Turkic-Mongolian people came to Ekra-Shaler 798 years ago and was baptized in Christianity. He led the Avars in their last struggle against Frankish rule, but failed. Since 803, the new leader of the Avars, Zordon, had been subject to Frankish rule for a long time.

html In 0805, the Avars were under the command of a khan named Theodore, a vassal of Charlemagne. The Avars, who had suffered greatly, were no longer able to resist the double oppression from the Slavs and Bulgars. At the end of Charlemagne's reign, Theodore Khan obtained his permission and led the Avars to move to Carnuntum. Inhabited in the western part of Pannonia between Sabaria and Sabaria, the northern bank of the Danube was abandoned.

html At the end of the 9th century, the land of the original Avar Khanate was divided into two: one was the Great Moravia the Slavic empire ruled by Svyatopolk, which ranged from wave to The area between Himia and Pannonia. The other was the Turkic Khanate of the Bulgars, who ruled southern Hungary, Wallachia, and Bulgaria north of the Balkan Mountains. Among them, the Ukiel tribe of Bulgaria occupied the area east and south of the Carpathian Mountains (later captured by Hungary).

Judging from the archaeological artifacts discovered in Hungary today, the Avars also had their own important art. The curving animal forms in the artwork indicate that this art is clearly a branch of steppe art, especially those spiraling geometric patterns and intricately interwoven plant patterns that produce a fixed decorative effect.

These artworks are the same as the traditional ornaments of the prairie. Most of them are made of bronze, including ribbons, buttons, various equipment and harness decorations, hooks, pins, etc. These Avars relics are very similar to the bronzes belonging to the Xiongnu, Rouran and Turkic periods found in the Hetao region of the Yellow River and the Ordos grassland in China. The close continuity between them is also extremely interesting.

As Nandor Fetic has pointed out, the late nomadic knightly style of Siberian art in Minusinsk is very similar to Avars art.

He once compared the cultural relics unearthed from Minzent, Fenech and Puztatoti with those of the Avars. The difference in artistic style between the two has a great inspiration for later generations. It should also be emphasized that European horses were probably introduced by the Avars.