Zheng Jing marched westward to Fujian Province. In the early 13th year of Emperor Kangxi's reign, the San Francisco Rebellion broke out. Zheng Jing took the opportunity to lead his troops to cross Xiamen and captured Tong'an, Quanzhou, Haicheng and Zhangzhou. Due to conflicts wit

Author: Qi Jialin (Taiwan, China)

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Ming Dynasty and Zheng Jing’s policy of separation of the two sides of the strait

Zheng Jing’s westward expedition to Fujian in the 13th year of Kangxi’s reign (1674), the San Francisco rebellion broke out, Zheng Jing He took the opportunity to lead his army westward to Xiamen and captured Tong'an, Quanzhou, Haicheng and Zhangzhou. Due to conflicts with Geng Jingzhong's sphere of influence, Zheng and Geng were mediated by Wu Sangui. At the beginning of the year, peace was negotiated, with Fengting as the boundary.

Zheng Jing then turned to Guangdong. In the summer of 1676, Zheng Jing violated the treaty and occupied Tingzhou, and then Prince Heshuokang led his army into Fujian. At that time, Shang Kexi, Guangdong was seriously ill, so Geng Jingzhong shaved his head and surrendered to the Qing Dynasty at the end of the year. After the Qing army was killed, they marched straight in and achieved success wherever they went. At the beginning of 1677, Tingzhou, Xingzhou, Quanshan, Changzhou, and Haicheng were successively recovered. Zheng Jing retreated to Xiamen again. In the summer of that year, Guangdong's Shang Zhixin surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, and Chaozhou's and Huizhou's offices returned to the Qing. In 1678, war broke out again, and Zheng Jing suffered successive defeats and retreated to Haicheng.

In early 1680, when Dongri was ill, the Qing army conquered Haitan. Zheng's army was retreating steadily, and on March 20, he returned to Beijing and returned to Xiamen with Taihe and Taihe to defend the sea. As it was reported that all the land and water armies of the Qing Dynasty were about to join forces to attack Xiamen, for a while, the people of the Qing Dynasty came to watch, and the situation could no longer be controlled. . Seeing that the situation was over, Zheng Jing led his army back to Hewan on March 27. After that, Zheng Jing became depressed, indulged in drinking and having fun all day long, and died of illness on March 16, 1681 at the age of 39. Located in Zheng Kezang.

Taking advantage of the dangers of sea storms, the Qing court, a fraternal country, also tried hard to achieve unification through judicial means in the process of unifying Taiwan. Therefore, from the death of Zheng Chenggong in the first year of Kangxi (1662) to the succession of Zheng Jing to the ten people of Kangxi By the end of 1679, the Qing government and the Zheng Jing authorities had held many peace talks, but they all failed.

The key to the failure of the Qing Zheng He talks is that Zheng Jing believes that "today's Dongning (Taiwan) is a completely new territory, with an area of ​​thousands of miles, decades of food, all foreigners follow suit, and department stores circulate. , life and lessons are enough to strengthen oneself, why should we admire a vassal or envy China?" Therefore, it is required that Qing Dynasty "be treated with courtesy from foreign countries" "Moreover, Dongning is far overseas and does not belong to the territory. Donglian Japan, south of Luzon (Philippines), the people are gathered together, the merchants are circulating, the nobles of the princes are our own, and the foundation for eternity has been established." Therefore, we insist on "not restricting hair compared to Korea, and willing to pay tribute and surrender."

Regarding Zheng Jing's request for an independent policy based on Korean regulations, Emperor Kangxi issued an edict in 1669 that "it is inconvenient to comply. The Korean system has always been a foreign country, and Zheng Jing is a Chinese." If he surrenders, he will be rewarded by a high noble and generous salary, and he will be allowed to live in the land of Taiwan." However, Zheng Jing still rejected his generous policy.

During the peace talks between the Qing court and the Zheng Jing authorities, they not only made arduous efforts and made major concessions, but they failed every time. The main mistake lay in the peace negotiation strategy, which lacked the military strength and war means to pose a fatal threat to the Zheng Jing authorities. The backing of the Zheng family made the Zheng family take advantage of the dangers of sea storms. Once they heard about the offer, they became a fraternal country in an attempt to make Taiwan independent from China. Finally, they forced the Qing government to use force to launch an eastern expedition to conquer Penghu and complete the great cause of unification. .

Kangxi unified China

Shi Langhtml No. 6 Zhuo Gong, Han nationality, a native of Xunxiang, Jiangnan, Jinjiang, Fujian. He was born in the first year of Tianqi (1621). He was born in a relatively wealthy Layi household. When he was young, he became an apprentice to study scriptures. He joined the army at the age of 17 and later transferred to the army. He joined the headquarters of Zheng Zhilong, and was promoted to deputy commander-in-chief due to his meritorious service. In the third year of Shunzhi (1646), he followed Zhilong to surrender to the Qing Dynasty, but soon joined Zheng Chenggong's anti-Qing ranks: only Zheng Chenggong was defeated by Song Xi in the summer of 1651. Killing his father Shi Daxuan and his younger brother Shi Xian, Shi Lang then surrendered to the Qing Dynasty again that year: In September 1664, Shi Lang was appointed as General Jinghai, so he led his army to the east sea twice at the end of the year and in May 1665, but both times were windy and sea-related. Doctor: In May 1668, the Qing government transferred Shi Lang to Beijing as an internal minister.

1681 On March 16, Zheng Jing died of illness and Zheng Kezang succeeded to the throne. The bodyguard Feng Xifan joined forces with the anti-Zheng Kezang to launch a coup. He was hanged, and on March 20, he succeeded Zheng Keliang (the second son of Zheng Jing), who was only 12 years old. After learning from the Holy Spirit, the governor of Fujian believed that this was the time when heaven and sea reversed. On July 4, he asked to take the opportunity to capture Taiwan: On September 10 of that year, Emperor Kangxi appointed Shi Lang as the commander-in-chief of the Fujian Navy and the prince Shaobao. He lived in Fujian before and was in charge of the navy to attack Taiwan. At that time, the leaders of the Ming and Zheng dynasties Liu Guoxuan actively prepared for war, selected the best troops, and mobilized Dante's militia, which increased the Penghu garrison to more than 20,000 people. They assigned officers and soldiers to the Penghu islands to defend them, as if they were "dotted with stars and as solid as an iron barrel." At that time, under the coercion of the Ming and Zheng ruling classes, who could have second thoughts? In modern terms, it means using the political machinery to manipulate public opinion and force the people to defend Taiwan.

A drum flattened the south, clearing thousands of miles of sea waves. On the morning of July 8, 1683, Shi Lang led more than 20,000 officers and soldiers, and about 240 large and small warships, and set out to sea from Tongshan (Dongshan, Fujian). The waves were calm and the wind was smooth. Arriving at Lieyu and Huayu on the afternoon of the 9th, the boat was moored in the windy and crowded Dixi stream at night. In the following days, there was a battle with the Zheng army's small boat. Around ten o'clock in the morning on the 16th, Shi Lang built 50 ships and entered Jilong Island from the east bank, and another 50 ships entered Niuxin Bay from the west bank to contain suspected troops. Shi Lang himself led 56 large black ships, divided into eight groups, each There were 7 ships in the group, each in three formations. Shi Lang was in the middle and rode the wind to advance. There were more than 80 ships left as backup to launch a general attack on Zheng's army in the Penghu Empress Palace. At that time, Zheng Jun's artillery boats and black boats came out to fight.

Just as the battle was about to begin, the north wind was blowing, and the Qing ship was going in the opposite direction. The Zheng ship was in the upper hand, and the Qing army was terrified: at that time, black clouds suddenly appeared, and suddenly Yin Lei shook, and the wind turned south, and the Qing ship was in the upper hand. It’s time for buckets and cupping pots. Arrows, stones, artillery fire, etc. attacked each other like raindrops, which could not be seen at a close distance. The Qing army fought desperately and killed with all their strength. They rode the wind and launched a decisive battle all day long. The sky was filled with smoke and flames. Zheng's ships were burned down one after another. At dusk, Liu Guoxuan, the leader of the Zheng army, escaped from Houmen in a small boat. The rest of the Zheng garrison of the Ming Dynasty surrendered to the Qing Dynasty one after another, and Shi Lang's army landed in Penghu.

In this battle, the Zheng army was defeated miserably. More than 190 ships were sunk and more than 190 ships were sunk. About 12,000 people were burned, killed and killed. 165 officials and 4,853 soldiers were surrendered to the Qing Dynasty.

Zheng Kerang Na Tu Su Cheng After the Qing army occupied Penghu, the local residents fled in panic. Shi Lang immediately ordered to appease the Qing army and prohibited the Qing army from invading the people. On July 27, he issued an edict to calm the people in Penghu, exempting the people of Penghu from labor tax for three years.

For the 5,000 Zheng officers and soldiers who surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, Shi Lang did not kill any of them, and rewarded Zheng Zhenying with robes and hats, gave everyone silver and rice, gave medicine to the wounded, and released all the captured soldiers back to Dongning (Taiwan) . These Ming and Zheng officers and soldiers who were released and returned to Dongning all cried for Shi Lang and spread rumors, so the people of Dongning were willing to submit. At that time, the "popularity of the people" in Dongning was disintegrated. Under the pressure of public opinion that "if the people's hearts are scattered, who will stick to it?" Liu Guoxuan also lost his will to fight. Although some people advocated going south to Luzon and rebuilding the foundation, Liu Guoxuan blocked it. Afterwards, the collective will finally collapsed, and knowing that Shi Lang had no intention of killing them, Zheng Keliang decided to lead the people to submit.

On October 1, after Shi Lang deployed 3,000 land and sea officers and soldiers and more than 30 large and small ships to stay in Penghu, he personally led more than 10,000 officers and soldiers in a huge fleet of about a hundred ships and set out from Penghu. On the 3rd, he arrived at Luermen in Taiwan. Liu Guoxuan He and Feng Xifan led Ming Zheng Wenwu officials to greet him in front of the army. On the 10th, Shi Lang issued a notice to calm the people, prohibiting officers and soldiers from occupying residential houses, strictly prohibiting soldiers from mixing in private properties such as sugar cane, and not taking any of the private property for official needs. Daily vegetables needed by the army should be purchased at private market prices. On the 19th, Shi Lang also ordered a strict ban on labor force, and severe punishment would be imposed upon reporting.

On November 13, Shi Lang read out the edict of pardon, and Zheng Keyang and others all cheered and kowtowed to express gratitude. At that time, while repatriating refugees from various provinces, Shi Lang arranged boats to carry officers and soldiers. Starting from late November, he escorted the civil and military relatives of Zheng Keliang, Liu Guoxuan, Feng Xifan and other children to Xiamen to follow the arrangements. Seeing that everything was ready, Shi Lang ordered Xinghua Commander-in-Chief Wu Ying was stationed in Taiwan, and on January 8, 1684, he made his way across the border.

The Qing government admitted Taiwan into the territory of my country. On March 6, 1684, Kangxi consulted the bachelors and other scholars on Shi Lang's request to set up Taiwan garrison officers and soldiers. Li Fei said, "Taiwan is isolated overseas, shielding the Fujian territory. If it is abandoned, it may be dangerous." It is occupied by foreign countries. If you move its people, you should be like Langyi if you are concerned about treachery and causing trouble." Emperor Kangxi also said that "if we abandon Taiwan, the stakes are very high" and "it is especially important to abandon it but not defend it." On May 27 of that year, the Qing government established one prefecture and three counties in Taiwan, incorporating Taiwan into China's territory.

Shi Lang expanded territory and opened up frontiers and will forever be remembered in history. At the age of 63, Shi Lang braved the wind and waves and personally participated in the battle according to the platform plan he planned 15 years ago. He leveled the south with one blow and lifted the state of war that had lasted for more than 20 years on the southeast coast of my country and Taiwan. , from then on the sea was quiet and the people lived and worked in peace and contentment. Shi Lang unified Taiwan smoothly and smoothly, making Taiwan the Great Wall of my country, locking the south of the country and shielding the southeastern half of the motherland. Therefore, as far as China is concerned, Shi Langshi is one of the great national heroes of our country, and his contribution to the expansion of territory and territory should be remembered in history forever.

Since ancient times, only those who win the world can be surrendered. At that time, due to the long-standing hostility between the Ming and Zheng authorities and the Qing court, the grievances between the military and civilians on both sides were complex. It was inevitable that many people wanted to avenge themselves and even took the opportunity to rob. However, when Shi Lang pledged to fight for the Eastern Campaign, he made three stipulations to the army: firstly, personal revenge was not allowed, secondly, killing was not allowed to subjugate the masses, and thirdly, robbery and adultery were strictly prohibited. When Shi Lang surrendered, he did not avenge the Zheng family or carry out massacres, which greatly stabilized the hearts of the Han people in Taiwan at that time, enhanced their centripetal force towards the central government, and made a great contribution to the motherland's stable reunification of Taiwan.

When Shi Lang passed away in the thirty-seventh year of Kangxi (1698), it was already ten years after Shi Lang's death. The light of death was extinguished, and the prosperity, power, and grievances before him also disappeared. However, Emperor Kangxi, with the dignity of the emperor, praised Shi Lang in the inscription on the imperial edict for building the building. Except, the remnants of the thirty-six islands are all happy. They fought the army but only proclaimed their moral will, and accepted the surrender without avenging personal revenge. The planning was careful and I deeply admired it." High praise.