June 21 in history
Main events:
1: June 21, 688 - Wu Zetian gave herself the title "Holy Mother"
2: June 21, 1870 - Tianjin Teaching Plan happened
3 : June 21, 1900 - The Qing government declared war on the great powers.
4: June 21, 1939 - The Japanese army carried out a large-scale bombing of Shantou City.
5: June 21, 1982 - Shooting of President Ronald Reagan and... John Hinckley, the other three, was found not guilty by reason of insanity.
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June 21, 688 - Wu Zetian gave herself the title of "Holy Mother"
On this day, 1334 years ago, June 21, 688 (May 18, 688 in the lunar calendar), Wu Zetian gave herself the title "Holy Mother".
Wuzhao[zhào] (624-December 16, 705), that is, Wu Zetian, was born in Wenshui, Bingzhou (now Wenshui County, Shanxi Province). Tang Dynasty to Wu Zhou period politician, the founding monarch of Wu Zhou (reigned 690-705), the only orthodox female emperor in Chinese history, the oldest emperor to ascend the throne (67 years old) and the longest-lived emperor One (82 years old).
Wu Zetian was the second daughter of the Jingzhou governor warrior Yun . At the age of fourteen, he entered the harem and became a talented scholar of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, and was awarded the title "Wu Mei ". In the reign of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty, Zhaoyi was granted the title of Zhaoyi, and in the sixth year of Yonghui reign (655), she became the queen after the "Abolition of the King and Liwu" incident. In the first year of Shangyuan (674), she was given the title of "Tianhou", and together with Gaozong, she was called the "Two Saints" and participated in the government affairs.
After the death of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty, Wu Zetian came to rule and took control of the country. Her nephew Wu Chengsi knew very well that Empress Wu had the ambition to become emperor, so he ordered people to chisel white stones with inscriptions saying: "The presence of the Holy Mother will bring eternal prosperity to the emperor." He claimed to have found it in Luoshui and dedicated it to Wu Zetian. Wu Zetian was overjoyed and offered her a The stone was named "Treasure Map".
Wu Zetian gave herself the title "Holy Mother" on June 21, 688 (May 18, the fourth year of Chuigong in the Tang Dynasty).
In December, Wu Zetian personally paid homage to Luo Shoutu. History said that at this time, "the emperor and the crown prince all followed, hundreds of civil and military officials, and barbarian chiefs, all stood according to their directions. Rare birds and animals were lined up in front of the altar. Cultural relics and ceremonial guards." It was evaluated as "since the Tang Dynasty, there has never been such a prosperous one".
The first year of Tianshou (690 years), Wu Zetian proclaimed himself emperor, changed the name of the country to Zhou, established the capital of Luoyang, called "the Divine Capital of ", and established Wu Zhou. In the first year of Shenlong (705), Wu Zetian died of illness. Prime Minister Zhang Jianzhi and others launched the "Shenlong Revolution" to support the restoration of Emperor Zhongzong of the Tang Dynasty and forced him to abdicate. After Zhongzong restored the Tang Dynasty, he was given the title "Emperor Zetian the Great Sage". In November of the same year, Wu Zetian died in Shangyang Palace at the age of eighty-two. Zhongzong followed his orders and changed her name to "Queen Zetian the Great Sage" and was buried in the Qianling Tomb as a queen. Later, she was given the posthumous title of "Queen Zetianshun".
二
June 21, 1870 - The Tianjin Teaching Case occurred
On this day, 152 years ago, on June 21, 1870 (May 23, 1870 in the lunar calendar), the Tianjin Teaching Case occurred.
In the eighth year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1869), French missionaries in Tianjin built churches in the prosperous Sanchahekou area of Tianjin, demolished the famous religious activity sites, Chongxi Temple and Wanghai Tower, as well as private houses and shops in the nearby area, leaving many people Displaced, homeless. After Wanghailou Church was built, the French missionaries recruited a group of ruffians and scoundrels as believers, doing evil and oppressing the people.
In June 1870, a large number of Chinese children taken in by the French Catholic Mercy Church died due to the plague. The church buried them in a salt lump in the east of Hedong. There were two or three people in one coffin. The corpses were exposed and horrific, which aroused the resentment of the masses. Incidents of abducted children continued to occur in Tianjin. The arrested criminals confessed that they were instigated by the church, which aroused public outrage and caused an uproar in public opinion.On June 21, Liu Jie, the magistrate of Tianjin, and his abductors went to Wanghailou Church to confront each other. People gathered in front of the church clashed with the believers. French Consul Feng Daye arrived at the scene and shot Liu Jie, injuring his entourage, which aroused the anger in Tianjin. The people were so indignant that the whole city of Tianjin was in uproar, triggering the "Burning Wanghai Tower" lesson plan, a large-scale spontaneous struggle of the Chinese people against imperialist oppression. After the
lesson plan occurred, seven countries including France, Britain, the United States, Russia, Prussia, Belgium, and Spain jointly lodged a "protest" against the Qing government and mobilized warships to Dagukou to threaten. The Qing government's subsequent compromise with foreign countries also caused great controversy. The Qing government compromised externally and suppressed internally, killing 16 people, suspending 4 people, and exiled 25 people. It dismissed the Tianjin magistrate Zhang Guangzao and the county magistrate Liu Jie and sent him to the army. He sent Chonghou to France to "apologise" and paid more than 500,000 in silver to various countries. two.
三
June 21, 1900 - The Qing court declared war on the great powers
On this day, 122 years ago, on June 21, 1900 (May 25, 1900 in the lunar calendar), the Qing court declared war on the great powers.
On June 20, 1900, the German Minister Clint left Dongjiaomin Lane and went to the Prime Minister's Yamen of the Qing government to negotiate for the envoy's evacuation. On the way, he happened to encounter the officers and soldiers of Duan Junwang Zaiyi 's Hushen Camp patrolling. De was killed by the Qing army. This is the famous "Klinde Incident".
Clinder was the highest-ranking foreigner killed in the history of the Eight-Power Allied Forces' invasion of China. The Western world believes that the killing of Clinder, who enjoyed diplomatic immunity , was the direct reason for the Eight-Power Allied Forces to send troops to China. . But in fact, the coalition forces had issued an ultimatum to the Qing government four days before the incident, and had captured the Dagu Fort three days ago. At 4 o'clock in the afternoon on the day of Clinder's murder, a large number of Chinese began to besiege the foreign embassies in Dongjiaomin Lane. This behavior continued until the Eight-Power Allied Forces entered Beijing.
html On the 21st, Cixi finally received a memorial sent by Yulu. The memorial confirmed the rumors that Dagu and Tianjin had gone to war, which indicated that eight countries' military operations against China had begun.On June 21, 1900, Cixi ordered the promulgation of the "Edict of Declaration of War". This edict was actually a war mobilization order issued to the country. It is worth mentioning that this "Edict of War" did not clearly explain the war targets. , instead using the slightly contemptuous word "they".
Because Cixi realized that the threat to her rule from foreign powers had far exceeded the Boxer Rebellion , she had to rely on the power of the Boxer Rebellion to resist foreign invasion. In this context, the Boxer Rebellion in the Beijing-Tianjin area developed rapidly. The Boxer Rebellion's anti-foreign religion movement and resistance to aggression were combined, and received support from the Qing government. In order not to harm the personal safety of most of the ministers, the Qing army's attack deliberately avoided the British embassy where the ministers gathered. Obviously, Cixi left herself a way out.
四
June 21, 1939 - The Japanese army carried out a large-scale bombing of Shantou City.
In June 1939, in order to strengthen the blockade of China's South China coast and cut off our country's contact with the outside world, the Japanese invaders ordered the capture of Shantou City and Chaozhou. commands. On June 21, the Japanese invaders dispatched a total of 44 aircraft sorties and carried out large-scale bombing of Shantou City. Japan also launched a massive attack on Shantou, Shantou from the sea with its land and sea forces. The enemy and us fought fiercely here, but due to the disparity in strength, Shantou fell. After that, the Japanese army carried out large-scale burning and killing activities in Shantou and committed heinous crimes. June 21 was later designated as the "Memorial Day of the Fall of Shantou".
After the Japanese army occupied the Chaoshan area, , the majority of people in the occupied areas were displaced. Countless people were killed by the Japanese army or died of famine. Before the fall of Chaoyang Haimen Town, it was a famous fishing port in Chaoshan area. After the fall of Haimen on March 25, 1941, the invaders implemented a brutal and bloody rule over Haimen. They killed innocent people indiscriminately and turned Haimen into a hell on earth. . According to statistics, Haimen originally had a population of 50,000, but by the time the Japanese surrendered in 1945, there were only 18,000 people left in Haimen.The "Mass Tomb" located under Haimen Lotus Peak in Haimen is a piece of ironclad evidence of the Japanese army's crimes of invading China. After the fall of the Chaoshan area, the vast majority of Chaoshan people quickly participated in the mass movement to resist Japan and save the nation. Many anti-Japanese and national salvation groups were established one after another. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, they fought an arduous and unremitting struggle against the invaders.
Shantou City fell under Japanese fascist rule for six years. It was not until Japan surrendered on August 15, 1945 that the people of Shantou gained a new lease of life.
Shantou City has conducted an air raid siren test on June 21 every year since 2002. It lasts 15 minutes to warn the public not to forget history.
五
June 21, 1982 - John Hinckley, who shot President Reagan and three others, was found not guilty due to insanity
Ronald Wilson Reagan (English: Ronald Wilson Reagan, February 6, 1911 June 5, 2004), born in Tampico, Illinois, USA, American politician and actor.
served as governor of California from 1967 to 1975. He served as the 40th President of the United States from 1981 to 1989.
On March 30, 1981, Reagan was assassinated by an assassin who wanted to "stab for fame." A bullet was only 3 inches away from Reagan's heart. This 26-year-old young man with a history of mental illness was named John Hinckley . The only purpose of assassinating Reagan was to attract the attention of actress Jodie Foster.
Hinckley was born in Dallas in 1955 to a wealthy businessman family. In 1976, Jodie Foster, who was only 13 years old, starred in "Taxi Driver" and received an Oscar nomination. Big star Robert De Niro plays a lonely and autistic Vietnam War veteran who attempts to murder the presidential candidate to attract the attention of the woman he has a crush on. And Hinckley compares himself to and De Niro .
In October 1979, he was also arrested on suspicion of harassing then-President Carter. After Reagan was elected president in November 1980, he bought a pistol and prepared to assassinate Reagan.
On March 30, 1981, Reagan had lunch and delivered a speech with union group representatives at the Hilton Hotel in the District of Columbia. When leaving the hotel, the mentally ill John Hinckley used a revolver to assassinate Reagan. , in addition to Reagan, three other people including the White House press secretary and the bodyguard were shot. The murderer was subsequently subdued. Reagan was rushed to nearby George Washington University Hospital for emergency surgery. One bullet hit Reagan's armpit, only 1 inch from his heart. Reagan was lucky to survive.
On June 21, 1982 (May 1, 1982 in the lunar calendar), Reagan's assassin was found not guilty due to insanity.
Ronald Wilson Reagan
John Hinckley
