There is no doubt that psychological counseling and treatment in the true sense originated in Western countries and have been in history for more than a hundred years. During this period, psychological counseling and treatment have achieved considerable achievements in both theory and technology, especially in the past four decades, which have achieved great development: there are many technologies and methods for consultation and treatment, and their applications are widely used (involving psychiatry, psychology, clinical medicine , community health care, education and management, etc.).
my country's psychological counseling and treatment are "imported products". Its starting and development started with learning, transplantation, improvement and learning from Western theories and methods of psychological counseling and treatment. It is significantly backward compared with the current development status of psychological counseling and treatment in Western countries. However, in the past three decades, with the continuous advancement of China's social modernization, especially the increase in social demand, the psychological counseling and treatment industry has made great progress and its development momentum has been rapid. However, for China, a major oriental civilization country with a population of 1.4 billion and a cultural heritage for 5,000 years, how to apply Western psychotherapy theories and methods to Chinese people influenced by Eastern history and culture, and to be effective in parallel has always been a challenge facing my country's psychological counseling and treatment professionals. In recent years, many professionals have been committed to the discussion and research on localized issues of psychological counseling and treatment, and strive to explore effective psychological counseling and treatment methods and technologies suitable for China's national conditions.
Scholars and clinical psychologists discuss and practice the localized significance of psychological counseling and psychotherapy, mostly from the perspective of the impact of culture on psychological counseling and treatment. For example, after research, many Chinese psychologists believe that when conducting psychological counseling and treatment for Chinese people, the following factors and key points should be considered: Chinese people’s views and attitudes towards psychological counseling and treatment, Chinese people’s expression and complaints about psychological problems, the relationship between the client and the counselor, the form of psychological counseling and treatment operations, the analysis and explanation of psychological counseling and treatment, the basic attitude to deal with problems, the definition of health and maturity, etc.
We will follow the previous content
We discussed two issues before: First, why should we carry out the sinicization of psychological counseling and treatment, and second, what work has China done in the localization of psychological counseling and treatment. Based on this, I will boldly look forward to the development trend of psychological counseling and treatment. It can be roughly discussed from five aspects.
1. Carry out clinical research on cross-cultural psychological counseling and treatment
This approach places people in a specific cultural context for consideration, conducts cross-cultural research, and focuses on the impact and regulation of culture as a factor on people's psychology and behavior, so as to correct the psychological counseling and treatment theories established under the Western cultural background and explain the possible deviations or misunderstandings when psychological and behavioral disorders of individuals or groups with Chinese cultural background. In the future, it should be regarded as an important direction for the research on psychological counseling and treatment.
When implementing cross-cultural psychological counseling and treatment, the following practical operations should be considered:
1. Familiar with the patient and family cultural background;
2. Communicate and talk in line with the patient's education and cultural background;
3. Review the differences in culture and values between the patient and the treater;
4. Encourage patients to help the treater Explain the patient's cultural background and reduce "cultural blind spots";
5. Establish a "patient-treatment relationship" with the patient that is suitable for culture;
6. The choice of counseling methods and techniques should consider the patient's cultural background;
7. The guidance goals should refer to the cultural environment in which the patient lives.
2. Combining Chinese traditional culture localized transformation of Western psychological counseling and treatment theories and methods
This approach attempts to combine Chinese culture and social background, and to carry out sinicization of Western psychological counseling and treatment theories and methods that cannot appropriately explain Chinese people's psychology and behavior in the Western cultural system, so that these theories and methods can be better applied to solve Chinese psychological problems. Of course, psychological counseling and treatment in the sinicization should not be focused on theoretical discussion, but on the conceptual analysis and practical application of local Chinese people's psychology and behavior. Ji Jianlin Mr. Ji Jianlin once discussed the topic "Psychological Therapy in China: The Combination of Western Therapy Technology and Eastern Cultural Thoughts", which specifically talked about how Chinese psychological counseling and treatment workers treat Western psychotherapy theories and methods, and made the following explanations with cognitive behavioral therapy and psychoanalytic therapy as examples. It can be said that his views are inspiring and forward-looking.
1, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Technology
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is the most widely developed and widely used category of psychological treatment methods in recent decades. Its basic theoretical assumption is that the emergence of human behavior and psychological problems is acquired, and is related to the individual's attitude or perspective of cognitive problems (cognitive bias). Its psychological disorders can be corrected through re-learning or cognitive changes (looking at the problem from a different perspective). It has been widely accepted and applied because of its intuitive, practical, relatively simple technology, easy to operate, easy to see the efficacy and measurable. This type of method has also been systematically introduced and applied research in China, and it is believed that it may be the most widely used and most suitable for China's national conditions. However, in the process of practical application, it is inappropriate if the consultant only uses mechanical methods to copy and copy these technical methods, which is inappropriate. It should be considered in combination with China's cultural heritage. For example:
When doing systematic desensitization and exposure therapy, the introduction of learning theory such as "one return to life, two return to practice", "practice makes perfect," "rare and strange, but more common is not strange", "a journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step", "How can a tiger's son be obtained if you don't enter the tiger's den" instead of the introduction of learning theory such as "interaction suppression", "classic/ operation conditioned reflex " can be more acceptable to patients, because the clinic is not a classroom after all, and the patients are not a student after all. Similarly, when doing cognitive transformation therapy, it is more appropriate to use allusions such as "blind man touches the elephant" and "who knows the good or bad luck" to replace the indoctrination of professional terms such as "automatic thoughts" and "dysfunctional cognitive schema". For example, in practical operations such as self-confidence training, social coping skills guidance and behavior strengthening, consultants use more vocabulary such as "take action when it is time to take action" and "be a teacher, be a student first", which can reduce or avoid simple preaching and blunt guidance.
In this way, in the process of using various Western therapies for psychological counseling and treatment, we must be able to adapt and turn some theoretical terms that are puzzled by the helper into familiar and simple and easy-to-understand life terms. This will make the psychological counseling and treatment methods Chinese in color and are more beneficial to the treatment of Chinese people.
2. Psychodynamics and analytical therapy technology
The development of modern psychological counseling and treatment is closely related to the founding of Freud psychoanalytical theory . This is also a large-scale psychological treatment method, which was once popular in history. It emphasizes that the occurrence of psychological disorders in adulthood is related to subconscious inner conflicts and traumatic experiences in childhood. Over the past century, its therapeutic techniques and methods have undergone significant changes: from the initial long-range classical psychoanalysis to dozens of technical methods including short-range dynamics psychotherapy.There are many translated works in this field in my country, but most Chinese translations only introduce early psychoanalysis and dynamics theories, rarely systematic and practical, and rarely introduce new progress in this area since the 1980s. The result is just like an audience member entering a theater to watch costume dramas. Although the play is wonderful and moving, it is ultimately the actors on stage and the audience is off stage, without being close to reality and focusing on integration. As a result, the audience is dispersed at the end of the play, and no fixed treatment groups and objects are formed.
The mastery of analytical treatment technology is related to the counselor's understanding and personality qualities. Some of its basic technologies have become the basis of many psychological treatment methods. Learning and flexible application of this technology has become the key to improving the level of Chinese psychological counseling and treatment workers. However, it is necessary to make great improvements and corrections based on the interpretation of some traditional analytical theories in combination with Chinese culture and facts, otherwise it will be difficult for patients to accept and recognize. Furthermore, in the past three decades, foreign countries have gradually abandoned the time-consuming and expensive classical psychoanalysis and replaced it with short-range dynamics psychotherapy that tends to be practical and manual-guided.
The layering of consciousness, the explanation of personality and the interpretation of dreams can be explained in detail in books and teaching, but in practice, we need to pay attention to "sinization" and the acceptability of patients; what has been well explored in this regard is the explanation of psychological defense mechanism , such as "covering the ears and stealing the bell", "A Q spirit", "pointing and scolding the locust", "no silver here" and other Chinese allusions are organically combined into the theory, so that more people can understand and accept it. Eriksen 's Personality development theory has been widely used in psychological counseling, and it can also be used to visualize and permeate it by borrowing "30 to stand, forty to be forty to be confused, and fifty to know the destiny of heaven". We will analyze the three aspects of
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