Throughout the history of Eurasia, we can see a strange phenomenon: after the vulnerable troops in the East fled to the West, they often showed great power and destroyed countless countries.
The Huns in history, after fleeing to the West, prompted the division of the Roman Empire into Eastern and Western Rome and annihilated the Western Roman Empire. So, what was the fate of the Eastern Roman Empire? What is less known is that hundreds of years later, it was also a Chinese fleeing force that destroyed the Eastern Roman Empire and established a great Eurasian empire, which made Europe tremble for three hundred years!
Following the Xiongnu, Xianbei, and Rouran, another overlord-Turkic emerged on the northern grasslands. But unlike its predecessors, the Turkic times were not lucky, and they encountered the powerful Sui and Tang dynasties. Under the force of the Central Plains dynasty, they had only dominated the grassland for more than a hundred years and then declined.
In the middle of the fifth century AD, the Turks were still iron-making slaves in Rouran. At that time, there were only a few hundred of the Ashina tribe, and it was a small tribe that was insignificant. Z11z Later, the Turkic tribe developed into tens of thousands of people, most of which originated from the surrounding Tiele tribes, so Tiele descendants are also called Turks. In 546 AD, the Turks merged with more than 50,000 families from the Tiele tribe, and their power gradually became stronger. Six years later, the Turks defeated Rouran and established the Turkic Khanate. After that, they began to dominate the grasslands, against the Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi, Northern Zhou, Sui Dynasty, The Tang Dynasty and other dynasties caused a great threat.
When the Turkic Khanate was at its peak, its territory stretched from the upper reaches of the Liaohe River in the east, the Caspian Sea to the west, Lake Baikal in the north, and the Amu Darya in the south, just like the Huns, Xianbei and Rouran in their heyday. In the process of establishing the Tang Dynasty, Li Yuan not only borrowed his troops from the East Turks, but also called him his ministers to the East Turks.
However, unlike the predecessors on the grassland, when the Turks emerged, the Sui and Tang Dynasties in the Central Plains were extremely powerful, and there were also heroic emperors such as Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty and Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, so the Turks became tragedy. In 583 AD, Emperor Wen of Sui Yang Jian successfully separated the Turks, splitting the Turks into the East Turks and the West Turks, laying the foundation for defeating the East and West Turks in the early Tang Dynasty. After the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, Li Jing destroyed the East Turks in 630 AD, and Su Dingfang destroyed the West Turks in 657 AD. However, in 682 AD, the descendants of the East Turks who moved south betrayed the Tang Dynasty and fled to the north to establish the post-Turkic Khanate. After being destroyed by the Uighur Khanate in 745, Turks completely withdrew from the stage of history in northern China.
After the Turks were completely destroyed, where did the Turks go? What is less known is that in addition to partially integrating into China and Central Asia, some came to West Asia and moved to West Asia. Hundreds of years later, a great Eurasian empire was established and became a sword hanging over Europe.
In the eighth century AD, the Arab Empire captured various parts of Central Asia and brought part of the descendants of Western Turks into rule. After the fall of the Arab Empire, a Turkic Ugus tribal chief named Seljuk took advantage of the rise. In 1040, Seljuk’s grandson Tugelukbok conquered the entire territory of Persia and marched into Baghdad, establishing an unprecedentedly strong cypriot. Erzhu Dynasty.
After the rise of the Seljuk Dynasty, it clashed with the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire). In 1071 AD, Tugrile Burke’s nephew and successor Arp-Arslan defeated the Eastern Roman army in Manzikte and captured the Eastern Roman Emperor Romanus IV. As a result, most of Asia Minor, which belongs to the Eastern Roman Empire, was destroyed. In its hands. By the late 11th century, the Seljuk dynasty reached its peak, and it echoed in Central Asia and West Asia.
However, after the 12th century, the Seljuk dynasty fell into a struggle for throne and the empire was torn apart. Internal disputes continued, and external enemies faced powerful enemies. Especially in 1141, the "Xiliao" established by the Khitanese Yelu Dashi, defeated the Seljuk dynasty in the Battle of Katwan, and made the name of Xiliao prestigious. The Chu dynasty made a fatal blow, and half a century later, the Kharazim dynasty destroyed the Seljuk dynasty. The so-called Khalazm dynasty was a country that killed the Mongolian missions and seized their property, which caused Genghis Khan's anger and went west to destroy it.
During the Seljuk dynasty, another group of Turks (Turk) began to migrate westward from central Asia. Due to their strong and warlike nature, they soon occupied the declining Baiyi dynasty and centered on Isfahan in Persia. , Established their own empire-the Roma Sultanate. After the rise of the Mongol Empire, they migrated to Asia Minor. Roma Sultanate is a feudal country established in Asia Minor by the side branch of the Seljuk dynasty. Because the Orientals call Asia Minor under the Byzantine rule Roma, it is named after that.
The Mongol Empire swept across Europe and AsiaAt that time, the Roma Sultanate was not immune. In 1243, the Mongols defeated the Roma Sultanate and became a vassal. Sixty years later, the Iraqi Khanate, one of the four Mongolian Khanates, destroyed the Roma Sultanate and made it the Roman Province.
After the demise of the Roma Sultanate, the kingdom split into 36 small vassals, among which there was a larger vassal called Ottoman. The Osman vassal gradually annexed other vassals and successfully repelled foreign invasions. The Ottoman Empire was established.
Therefore, the Ottoman Empire was originally a small Turkic tribe, first settled in Central Asia, then moved to Asia Minor, and finally established a large empire spanning Europe, Asia and Africa.
The so-called "can not allow others to snore on the side of the couch", after the rise of the Ottoman Empire, it was destined to compete with the Eastern Roman Empire. In fact, after the rise of Ottoman, he began to actively expand westward.
By 1362, the Ottoman Empire occupied Gallipoli Peninsula, Thrace, Macedonia, Sofia, Thessaloniki and the entire northern part of Greece, forcing the rulers of Bulgaria and Serbia to claim tribute. In 1389, the allied forces of Serbia, Bulgaria, and Hungary were defeated in the Battle of Kosovo, which shocked the rulers of European countries. After that, European countries sent reinforcements to save the Byzantine Empire. However, the European coalition forces were still unable to defeat the Ottoman Empire. In the Battle of Fort Nico in 1396, the Ottoman Empire defeated the coalition forces of Hungary, France, Germany and other countries and occupied most of the Balkans. Nearly 10,000 crusaders were captured, except for 300. Almost all the noble knights were redeemed by huge sums of money. Since then, Europeans can only watch the Ottoman Empire expand and the Eastern Roman Empire is at stake.
Fortunately, the Timurian Empire established by another Turkic group in Central Asia became stronger, defeating the Ottoman Empire for a time, and even captured the Ottoman monarch Bayset, interrupting the Ottoman Empire’s western expansion plan. The so-called Timurian Empire is also a Turkicized country. At its strongest, its territory was from Delhi to Damascus, from the Aral Sea to the Persian Gulf. It was finally defeated by the Uzbeks in 1507. Timur's fifth grandson Babur Fleeing to India, where he founded the Mughal Empire .
After more than a decade of chaos, the Ottoman Empire became strong again and became a nightmare in Europe.
In 1444, the Ottoman Empire repelled the European counterattacks of Hungary and Poland, and killed the Polish King Jagelonchik and Archbishop Cesarini. In 1453, the 21-year-old Mohammed II led an army of 80,000 to conquer Constantinople (Istanbul), the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, and moved its capital here. The Eastern Roman Empire was destroyed.
After that, the Ottoman Empire continued to expand and conquered the Kingdom of Hungary. The Ottoman Hungary was established in Hungary and Central Europe. The territory reached its highest peak in the 17th century, spanning Europe, Asia and Africa, including Southern Europe, the Balkans, the Middle East and North Africa. Most of its territories and possessions, west of the Strait of Gibraltar, east to the Caspian Sea and Persian Gulf, north to present Austria and Slovenia, south to present North Sudan and Yemen, is the only Islamic power that can challenge European countries in the 15th to 19th centuries . It is worth mentioning that after the rise of the Ottoman Empire, the Silk Road was blocked, prompting Europe to search for a new Silk Road, thus opening a great geographical discovery.
The strong period of the Ottoman Empire was a misfortune for Europe. During the reign of King Suleiman I, the ambassador of the Habsburg dynasty to Constantinople said with emotion: "(Like the Habsburg dynasty and the Ottoman Empire) what will happen between different worlds like ? I shudder when I think of this. "
"Global History": It spans three continents and has a population of 50 million, while the population of Britain at that time was only 5 million. No wonder the Christians at the time were in awe of the expanding Ottoman Empire, describing it as "a growing flame, no matter what it encounters, it will be held tightly and burned further."
can say Around 1500, the Ottoman Empire was unprecedentedly powerful, and Europe shivered under its deterrence. The turning point was in the 17th century, when the Ottoman Empire was siege of Vienna in 1683, the Polish-Lithuanian Federation and the Holy Roman Empire (Austria, Germany) formed a coalition force, defeated the Ottoman Empire under the leadership of John III Sobieski, and blocked the Ottoman Empire. The empire's invasion of Europe. Since then, with Tsarist Russia and AustriaWith the rise of the Li Empire, the Ottoman Empire stopped its expansion to the west.
However, although the Ottoman has stagnated after the 18th century, Europe still dare not relax. Even after the Industrial Revolution, Europe is still wary of the Ottoman Empire, and once it finds an opportunity, it will weaken the "sick man of West Asia". After World War I, Britain and France dismembered the Ottoman Empire, and the Ottoman Empire no longer became a threat to Europe.
In short, after the Tang Dynasty destroyed the Turks, the Turks did not disappear. Instead, three great empires were established in the West, namely the Seljuk Empire, the Timur Empire-the Mughal Empire, and the Ottoman Empire. Z11z, especially the Ottoman Empire, from the late 13th century to the late 17th century, can be said to be a real deterrent to Europe for 300 years. A nation that is almost vulnerable in the East is always able to shine in the West, and it has to be filled with emotion.
Reference: "Global History"
