No matter when and where, eating, drinking, defecating, urinating, and sleeping are the innate physiological instincts of human beings. For any normal person, no matter which of these five physiological links is a problem, it will be unacceptable, and will directly affect the physical health and mental state of the person.
In ancient times, people had to go to the toilet to solve the problem of "pulling and scattering". It can be imagined that the toilets in the most primitive period should be very simple and the facilities are not perfect.
If we open the historical records, we will be surprised to find that going to the toilet by the ancients was not a safe and worry-free ordinary thing - some emperors were drowned because of going to the toilet, some concubines were frightened by wild boars when going to the toilet, and some ancient heroes even started to chase and kill in the toilet.
What are the toilets built by the ancients?
When excavating and researching the Banpo site in the suburbs of Xi'an, Shaanxi, archaeologists discovered the earliest known toilets in our country in the villages of primitive society.
Although people at that time just dug a shallow pit on the ground and then fill it with sand, earth and rock at the end of the toilet, there is no doubt that such a "pit toilet" is exactly the most primitive prototype of Chinese toilets.
Modern people have various names for toilets, and toilets can also be called various elegant names such as toilets, bathrooms, bathrooms, etc.
But in the pre-Qin period, the toilet was called "south" . There is a "pig" inside the character "在", and "pig" is exactly the name of pig in ancient times.
Therefore, it is not difficult to imagine that the earliest toilets in Chinese history were "bound" with pigpens. People in that period basically built toilets on their own pigpens for the purpose of "convenient collection of human and animal feces", so they called the toilet and pigpens "around".
When Qin Dynasty , the people invented a new toilet: the "main" of this toilet is a clay tank with a diameter of nearly 1 meter. A small amount of water is placed in the tank in advance. People set up a "table rack" outside the tank, and then put two wider wooden boards for use by people who use the toilet. Toilets like
seem to be more conducive to ordinary people to collect feces, urine and drown, and are more conducive to hygiene and cleanliness. However, because of the "unstability" hanging above the tank with the foot on the wooden board, the toilet often causes the toilet to fall into the tank accidentally. In mild cases, it will be contaminated with feces and urine, and in severe cases, it may be drowned on the spot by the urine and feces.
"Zuo Zhuan·Chenggong's Ten Years" is published: Jin Jinggong One night she had a dream of eating noodles. When she woke up the next day, she found a chef and insisted on eating a bowl of noodles made of fresh wheat powder in the season.
Shortly after finishing the noodles, Jin Jinggong felt unbearable abdominal pain, so he ran to the bathroom. Unexpectedly, due to haste and panic, Duke Jing of Jin accidentally fell into a manure tank and drowned on the spot.
hrs , the eunuchs in the palace also invented an open-air toilet that could flush, which people called "春春" at that time.
"Well" is a pictographic meaning, which refers to the channel for excreting feces, urine and sewage, while "口" refers to the pool for collecting feces, urine and sewage. Therefore, "jingxiu" actually refers to the pool where discharges filth and dirty things.
During the Western Han Dynasty, the toilets designed by people were called "toilets". This "toilets" are very similar to today's squat toilets. The design with a half-closed surroundings can prevent safety hazards, and there are also some patterns carved on it to please the visual senses of toilets.
And to Tang Dynasty , the toilet is a "small room" surrounded by walls, called the "changing room". The style of this toilet is "digging deep pits down and setting up squat seats on top". is almost exactly the same as today's dry toilets.
In the Song Dynasty, exquisitely made "potty" appeared in the inner garden of the imperial palace, and "public toilets" also appeared in society.
When the Ming and Qing dynasties, royal families used their toilets to complete them in the "official room". A toilet made of "stools" and "stools" are placed in the center of the "official room". Incense ash and wood chips are placed in the toilet in advance. Users will feel comfortable and hygienic when sitting on it when using the toilet.
After the toilet is finished, the incense ash wood chips will cover up the smell of excrement well. Then the maids in the harem and the eunuchs in will transport and clean the toilet in time. The entire toilet process is very clean and perfect, without any embarrassment or odor.
Two strange anecdotes of the ancients going to the toilet
During the reign of Emperor Jing of Han, Jia Ji, who was favored in the palace, once went to the Shanglinyuan , which could be used to visit the garden and enjoy the scenery and live in a small house for a few days.
At noon one day, Jia Ji suddenly felt like she was drowning and hurried to go to the toilet.
Just as Jia Ji was excreting, a wild boar with thick fangs and extremely fierce fangs rushed into the toilet. The speed caught everyone off guard.
Emperor Jing of Han, who was afraid that Jia Ji would be in danger, saw this, immediately ordered the guards near him to rush over and rescue him quickly.
But the guards were afraid that someone would take this opportunity to assassinate Emperor Jing of Han, so they said they would not leave Emperor Jing of Han.
Fortunately, the wild boar had no intention of hurting people. It wandered for a while before leaving the toilet. Jia Ji, who was still in shock, was then taken away from Shanglinyuan by the palace maid and returned to the palace to receive the shock treatment from the imperial physician.
Han Dynasty Jia Ji was in the end in the toilet without any danger. But when Tang Dynasty , a "toilet trip" by the chief official Shi Siming was not so lucky.
Tang Dynasty Anshi Rebellion was a Turkish rebel general named Shisming . He was tyrannical and cruel by nature, and he was harsh and violent towards his subordinates and had no love for his son.
Shi Siming has several sons, but he does not like his eldest son, who is respectful, kind and compassionate, and instead prefers his younger son Shi Chaoqing.
Shi Siming, a father who is like a tiger and wolf, told his subordinates several times that he would kill his eldest son Shi Chaoyi and would make his younger son the crown prince in the future.
Later, Shi Siming really wanted to kill Shi Chaoyi by relying on the excuse that military defense could not be completed as scheduled. Shi Chaoyi's confidants advised their superiors not to let mermaid meat again and should rise up and resist in order to protect themselves.
In the end, Shi Chaoyi made up his mind and acquiesced to his confidant soldiers take advantage of the night to go to Shi Siming's residence to assassinate the tyrant.
At that time, Shi Siming happened to go to the toilet, and Shi Chaoyi's confidants immediately followed and killed Shi Siming on the spot in the toilet.
It seems that the toilets in ancient times were not a quiet place for peace and prosperity. Some people would encounter wild boars in the toilet, and some could drown in the toilet or even be assassinated.
In short, the ancients had a chance of being in danger even when they went to the toilet, which was equivalent to saying that the ancients' toilet use actions should be treated with caution, and they must not relax their vigilance and leisurely.
Even in ancient times, people would have created different degrees of " toilet culture "
In ancient times, civilian toilets were usually simple, vulgar, and exposed.
The toilets of the royal palace nobles are much more particular. Not only do they pay more attention to privacy when building toilets, but they also put their heart into the furnishings, decoration and storage of the toilets, thus forming the "toilet culture" of different dynasties and periods.
During the Western Han Dynasty, there was a toilet in the tomb of King Xiao of Liang . Although the toilet was not for living people, it took into account the various "real experiences" of the tomb owner. Not only did it paint cinnabar on the inner wall and ceiling of the toilet, but also carefully polished the handrails and footsteps, striving to give users a more considerate toilet experience .
The Western Jin general Wang Dun was fortunate to be given a marriage by the emperor for his outstanding military achievements and eventually married the princess as his legitimate wife.
The princess comes from the Royal Inner Garden. After getting married, she brought the royal toilet habit into the general's mansion.
In order to use the toilet with comfort and convenience, the princess imitated the toilet in the palace and completely transformed the toilet in the general's mansion.
Soon after, General Wang Dun returned home triumphantly, but he was a little at a loss when he was using the toilet. After entering the toilet that was twice as big as before, he first met two maids holding the dried date tray in their hands. Wang Dun took the tray and ate all dried date .
Then two maids were greeted, and they stood in front of the general with a wash basin filled with bath beans and warm water.
General scratched his head, finally chose to pick up the basin and drank the whole thing in the basin.
Seeing this, several maids could not stop smiling anymore. While laughing, they told the general: the dried dates of are used to block the nostrils to prevent discomfort caused by odor. The pot of warm water with bath beans was used to wash hands after toilet. shouldn't be drunk by the general in one go, causing a big and small joke.
By the end of the Qing Dynasty, Empress Dowager Cixi was more particular and more ritualistic when going to the toilet.
Whenever Cixi wants to get rid of the fight, she will order the eunuch around her to summon the "official room".
After a while, the little eunuch would deliver a "gong bucket" wrapped in a yellow dragon brocade to the hall where Cixi was.
After the Gongbu is placed, Cixi would loosen her belt under the help of the palace maid, and then gently support the old lady and sit steadily on the Gongbu. After Cixi's excretion was completed, the palace maids would use specially processed white cotton paper to slightly wet it, and then use it to clean the body of Empress Dowager Cixi.
Finally, the palace maids quickly carried the Gongguan to the eaves outside the hall and asked the little eunuch to wrap the Gongguan as it was. Then the little eunuch put his head on the Gongguan back to the cleaning room that was specially used to wash Gongguan.
The ancients had the conditions to study and improve the style and function of toilets, and then created different degrees of "toilet culture", which all show that the ancients' hygiene consciousness was slowly moving forward and developing.
Later, with the continuous progress of human civilization, toilets with men and women appeared in China, which further showed that the ancients had a traditional concept of hygiene that was both scientific and exquisite.
No wonder historians said: Before the Qing Dynasty, China has always been the most active and leading country in the world with urban sanitation and toilet construction.
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