12 years ago today, a great gentleman who later became famous at home and abroad was born in Wujiang County, Suzhou Prefecture - Fei Xiaotong . As a famous sociologist, anthropologist and social activist in our country, Fei Xiaotong was born in an intellectual family and his parents attach great importance to education. He started publishing articles at the age of fourteen. He graduated from high school at the age of eighteen. With the ideal of saving the world and saving lives, he was admitted to the preparatory medical department of Soochow University, .
However, in the face of the stormy old social situation at that time, he accepted advanced ideas and resolutely abandoned medicine and practiced. In 1930, he transferred to the Department of Sociology of Yenching University in Peking, studying under the famous sociologist Wu Wenzao , and started his magnificent life.
Fe Xiaotong (November 2, 1910-April 24, 2005)
938, Fei Xiaotong, who studied in the UK, wrote and published his doctoral thesis "Jiangcun Economy". The book is known as "a milestone in the development of field investigations and theoretical work in " and is a classic work in the international anthropology community. He was therefore awarded the highest award in the anthropology community by the Royal Anthropology Society in 1981. After graduating from , he taught in the Department of Sociology of Yunnan University
, Southwest Associated University , Tsinghua University , Peking University , Peking University and other universities. He carried out sociology and anthropology research, wrote millions of words of works, and made significant contributions to the development of sociology, anthropology and ethnology in my country. He is known as the "Chief Designer of Chinese Sociology".In practice, we will go deep into the countryside to conduct field investigations and run around for field investigations. This is Fei Xiaotong's normal life. He visited in Wenzhou in four visits, Guizhou 4 in five visits, Yaoshan 5 in six visits, Henan 7 in seven visits, Shandong 8 in eight visits, and Gansu 27 visits to his hometown Jiangcun. "I am young and strong, and I am old and horse traveling northwest. Wherever I am poor, I will go wherever I am. The poorer I am, the more I need to go."
How to get Chinese farmers out of poverty and move toward prosperity is Fei Xiaotong's lifelong mission. Based on the rural social structure of China, he thought deeply about the issues of family, fertility and racial continuity. After accumulating rich first-hand information, he published " rural China " and " fertility system ", which is known as the "spokesperson of Chinese farmers."
He traveled all over the northwest, southwest , and northeast, and traveled through Yellow River Delta , Yangtze River Delta , Pearl River Delta, Bohai Rim area , and traveled around the Central Plains Economic Cooperation Zone and the Beijing-Kowloon Railway
. Based on the local actual situation, he climbed up to look at the overall situation and provided intellectual support for the coordinated development of a national chess game. "My life goal, the only goal, is to understand China and the Chinese."As the first generation who grew up after the end of the Qing Dynasty, Fei Xiaotong has always received systematic Western education, but he said, "One is 'the rise and fall of the world is responsible for every man'; the other is 'to apply what he has learned'. These two points can very well summarize my fundamental attitude towards learning." The traditional imprint of Chinese intellectuals has never been destroyed in his heart.
In his later years, Fei Xiao used 16 words to summarize his lifelong ideals and pursuits: "down-to-earth, with a broad mind, ambition to enrich the people, and never move forward."
12 years later, on the tombstone of Fei Xiaotong in Songling Park in Wujiang, his life is engraved: "The dead are like this and never go. Life, labor and the countryside are combined, so you are not afraid of the flushing of time." As Mr. Fei Xiaotong's famous work, "Jiangcun Economy" focuses on discussing social system changes. He investigated and studied a village in Wujiang, Jiangsu Province in anthropological ways, and gave a detailed description of the geographical environment of Kaixiangong Village, the villagers' family structure, economic production mode, property distribution and inheritance, etc., aiming to show the deep structure and function of our traditional rural society through an anthropological description.
Another book, "The Fertility System", studies the family from a sociological perspective, examines the fertility system based on the structural functionalism perspective, and discusses a complete set of activity systems related to racial continuation.
"Live China" is Fei Xiaotong's most well-known sociological work. It has been unanimously praised by academic circles and ordinary readers for many years. It was included in the Ministry of Education's primary and secondary education guidance book in 2020. The book focuses on structural analysis of Chinese rural scholar society. In order to answer the question of "What kind of society is the rural society as a grassroots society in China?", it explores important issues such as the differential pattern, the order of ritual governance, and the division of labor in gender.
Today, let’s take a look at Mr. Fei Xiaotong’s classic quotes in these three works, and follow Mr. Fei’s ideas to get a glimpse of the grassroots society in China. Although times have changed, Fei Xiaotong’s perspective and methods of observing society are still worth learning from today.
01 Chinese society
. From the grassroots perspective, Chinese society is native. . A rural society is a society where people are relocated, born, raised, and died. Not only is the population mobility very small, but the land that people have obtained resources rarely changes. . Only life that depends directly on the soil can give birth to roots in one place like plants. These people who have roots in a small place can calmly understand everyone's life over a long period of time, just like a mother to her children. . Local society relies on intimacy and long-term shared life to cooperate with the mutual behavior of each individual. Social connections grow and are familiar, and to a certain extent make people feel automatic. . The fact that people live together or are adjacent to each other creates a need for various organizations such as politics, economy, religion and entertainment. Chinese Rural
. The most important reason why power is tempting is economic interests. Under the power of consent, those with power do not want to protect their own special interests, so the society must use honors and high salaries to extend the benefits. As for the relationship between violent power and economic interests, it is even closer. Rulers must use violence to maintain their status, and the purpose they have cannot be without purpose, and it is hard to imagine that it is not economical. 7, Social changes often occur when the old social structure cannot cope with the new environment. A new environment has happened, and people initially encountered the old methods that failed to achieve effective results, and difficulties in life have occurred. People don't give up on the old method before they find it doesn't work. The old ways of life have habitual laziness. But if it can no longer answer people's needs, it will eventually lose people's belief in it. It is meaningless to keep a tool that is ineffective, and it will cause inconvenience in life and even suffer losses. On the other hand, new methods are not existing. Someone must invent or someone learns and inputs from other cultures. In addition, they must be tested before they can be accepted and completed the process of social change.
8. In order to improve personal life, people must maintain the integrity of their social structure. people are creatures and cannot avoid death. Death threatens the integrity of the social structure and therefore threatens the sound life of the undead. Therefore, any community must prepare the next metabolization organization to maintain population stability.
02 Family and marriage
9. The basic social group in the countryside is home, an expanded family. Members of this group possess common property and a common income and expenditure budget, and they live a common life through the division of labor. Children are also born, raised and inherited property, knowledge and social status in this group.
0. Home emphasizes the interdependence between parents and children. It provides life guarantees for the elderly who are unable to work. It also helps ensure the continuation of society and cooperation among family members. 1. The metabolism of social molecules is an institution that maintains the integrity and continuous social structure. Raising children is not a private matter that individuals can choose at will, but a work related to social survival and security; Therefore, society will intervene in the most personal corners of personal life here, creating many stories of joys and sorrows.Patriarchal relationship diagram
2. In order to ensure that children can receive the necessary care, society uses marriage to form men and women, and they must be jointly responsible for the main affairs of these tasks. Although society has used various means to make men and women submit, regardless of legal or religious sanctions, at most, can maintain the form of relationship between husband and wife, and cannot guarantee that the couple can cooperate harmoniously. It is difficult for a clean official to make a decision on family affairs, and God cannot force people to respect and love each other. Whether couples can be competent to perform the affairs assigned to them happily depends on the content of the couple's relationship. 3. Every parent is an artist. Cultivating an ignorant small cell into a smart and lively child is actually an evolution of biological power, but in the eyes of parents, it seems that they are all their own creations. Parents who have won the heavenly power will never get tired of others' compliments for their children. Everyone knows the method of winning people's favor is to praise others' articles and children. 4. In the midst of the limited life and impermanence of life and death, a person's life depends on a complete social division of labor structure, so society cannot constantly prepare new people to wait for the absent from the death and discharge of the old people. 5. "There are three kinds of unfilial piety, and no descendants are the greatest." In order to be worthy of the ancestors, it sounds quite pedantic, unless we believe that life in the underworld after death will still depend on the paper foil in the world. The so-called 年年 is just a projection of our reality. The disadvantage caused by the lack of a future may not be that the ancestors' 年年 are unattended. We cannot deny or confirm this. 6. In the eyes of parents, children are often part of themselves. If we carefully examine our parents' psychology, we are quite like an artist. A sculptor realizes his ideal on a stubborn stone and creates a beautiful Venus. 03 Agriculture and Land
7. No matter how simple the timing method is, it is the actual need of every culture and an emotional need. Members of each group of human beings need to coordinate various activities, such as selecting dates for future activities, recalling past events, and measuring the length of past and future periods. 8. If you have been working on a certain piece of land, a person will be familiar with this piece of land. This is also the reason for having personal feelings for the land. People have just grown up and worked on the same piece of land until they die. This phenomenon is very common. It is not an exaggeration to say that people's land is a part of their personality. Collective drainage
9. Witchcraft is not a spontaneous individual action, but an organized system. There is a fixed person who possesses magic and is responsible for casting witchcraft. Second, there is a traditional set of etiquette to evoke supernatural interventions. Finally there are some myths to maintain this kind of ritual and wizard's abilities. 0. The basic problem in rural China, to put it simply, is that farmers' income is reduced to a level that is not enough to maintain a minimum living standard. The real problem in rural China is the hunger problem of people. 1. If the author of "The Westward Journey" is correct, it will drive millions of farmers to carry out the heroic Long March . The main driving force is not other than hunger and hatred for landowners and tenants. 2. We must realize that just implementing land reform, reducing land rent, and average land rights cannot ultimately solve China's land problem. But such reform is necessary and urgent, because it is an indispensable step to relieve farmers' pain. It will give farmers a chance to breathe, rule out the causes of "rebellion", so that they can unite all forces to seek the path of industrial development. 04 Culture and individual
3. In addition to the common language used by a community, many special languages in the world will inevitably occur due to personal needs, namely the so-called "jandra". "Special language" is often particularly effective because it can get rid of the fixed meaning of the words. Language is like a sieve set by society. If we have a different affection than the grid of this sieve, it will not be missed.4. Culture is a common social experience maintained by relying on the symbolic system and personal memory. In this way, everyone's "current" not only includes the projection of his personal "past", but also the projection of the "past" of the entire nation. 5. Culture is originally artificial. Any artificial is not something I deliberately underestimated human creativity, and it is not entirely common. 6. Ordinary people are always born in the family, grow up in the family, and die in the family. Therefore, we must understand the individual and must start from family life. The content of family structure always has a profound impact on the culture of a place and the personality of a person. 7. If we are willing to carefully analyze the causes of our troubles, we often find that there are two elves entangled in our hearts: one is the ideal self and the other is the real self. 8. The reason why humans are different from animals is that they live in the past, present and future three degrees of time. People cannot live without plans. As he decides what he is doing now, he looks at the future. He had to at least assume that he would still be alive tomorrow before he could fall asleep. If we feel that everything is unknown in the future and all the experiences are possible, we really don’t know what we should do now. We always feel that now is just a preparation for the future. 9. It contains two meanings to say that human behavior is motivated: one is that humans can control their own behavior. Do this and do this, don’t do this and don’t do this, that is, the so-called will. First, humans have a basis for choosing and giving, and this basis is desire. 0. The so-called "how can everything in the world be as satisfactory" means that as time goes by, we always find that the real self is always flawed. Although it catches up with its ideal self, it is always one step away. Therefore, if we dare to re-report the past, what can we not regret? What's the use of regret? Time does not return, and repairing the lost sheep cannot recover the lost sheep. The fact that the history of life cannot be rewritten may be the biggest regret in the world. Talk about the famous quotes or opinions of Fei Lao that you most impressed you
lucky readers will receive a theme book Rural China·Chirrection System
Author: Fei Xiaotong
Study family from a sociological perspective, examine the fertility system based on the perspective of structural functionalism, and discuss a complete activity system related to racial continuation.
Jiangcun Economics
Author: Fei Xiaotong
Display the deep structure and function of traditional Chinese rural society through an anthropological description. A model of anthropological community research and a guide to Chinese localization research.
Rural China
Author: Fei Xiaotong
"Rural China" is Fei Xiaotong's attempt to analyze China's social structure. He tried to summarize and guide field research in theory to build a rural ethical system unique to Chinese society.
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"Landmark China", "Birth System", "Jiangcun Economy"
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