October 18th in history
Main events:
1: October 18, 1910—The first National Games opened
2: October 18, 1922—The British BBC Radio and Television Station was established
3: October 18, 1963—The founding of the Chinese University of Hong Kong
4: October 18, 1989—The United States launches the Galileo Jupiter exploration spacecraft
5: October 18, 1992 - The Kacaguar Volcano in Colombia, which had been sleeping for 112 years, erupted violently again
-
On October 18, 1910 - The first National Games opened
10 "China National School Division Games" held in Nanjing on October 18, 1910, was later posthumously recognized by the government of the Republic of China as the first National Games.
1910, China held its first expo in Nanjing, also known as Nanyang Quaternary Association , which is the prototype of China's earliest World Expo . At that time, Exner, a Western missionary of the YMCA, felt that the opportunity was rare, so he advocated the launch of a national sports event through the Shanghai YMCA. In fact, this is an "imitation Olympics" held by modern Olympics . Because the 1900 Paris Olympics in France and the 1904 Saint Louis Olympics in the United States are both Olympics + Expo models. The initiative of
has aroused enthusiastic response from the society, and some provinces and schools quickly organized sports teams. From October 18th to 22nd, a sports event was indeed held in Nanjing. This sports meet became a side meeting of the earliest exhibition in China. The organization was established at that time, called the first sports league for the National School District Team. The sports meet was called the "China National School District Games", abbreviated as the National Academic Games. The competition events of the
tournament are only four categories: men's track and field, football, basketball and tennis. The track and field competition is divided into three groups: senior, intermediate and school. As a result, Shanghai won the senior track and field and tennis championship, winning first in the total score, and Shanghai St. John's University won the first place in the school group.
Because at that time, sports did not attract the attention of ordinary people, not to mention that this sports meet did not have the correct name, so there was very little information. At present, only brief news was found in newspapers at that time. However, in that year, the sports meet was undoubtedly an emerging thing. Although the results were mediocre, it aroused people's interest and attention in sports.
According to scholars' research, the Nanyang Quaternary Society and Sports Competition are held in today's Xuanwumen area in Nanjing. Because it was not a major residential area at that time, it was relatively empty. In order to hold the Quanye Conference and the competition, Xuanwu Gate was specially opened at that time, which was called Fengrun Gate at that time. Nanjing now has the residential area of " Quanye Village " which retains the name of Quanyehui, as well as the sites such as the Quanyehui Railway Station.
After the Xinhai Revolution , the government followed this game as the first National Games. The government has also built the Central Stadium in Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum District, which is the location of today's Nanjing Sports College, where three National Games were held.
2
October 18, 1922—The British BBC Radio and Television Station established
British Broadcasting Corporation, referred to as BBC, is a government-funded but independently operated public media in the UK, providing books, newspapers, English teaching, symphony orchestras and Internet news services.
On October 18, 1922, the BBC BBC was officially founded. Before the founding of British ITV station in 1955 and the British ITV station in 1973, the BBC was the only TV and radio broadcaster in the UK. In addition to being a media with high visibility and coverage around the world, today's BBC also provides various services including book and newspaper publishing, English teaching, symphony orchestras and Internet news services. In the early days of the BBC's birth, AUSTIN SEVEN was one of the hot topics of the BBC.
Historical development history
Before the establishment of the BBC, there were many private companies trying to do radio broadcasts in the UK. Under the Radio Act of 1904, the British Post Office was responsible for issuing radio broadcast licenses.In 1919, the Postal Bureau stopped issuing licenses due to many complaints from the military about excessive broadcasts that interfere with military communications. As a result, in the early 1920s, the number of radio stations dropped sharply, and more and more people demanded the establishment of a national radio station. After months of discussion, a committee composed of radio radio manufacturers finally came up with a plan, and the BBC was born.
The BBC was founded in 1922 and was jointly funded by several major consortiums, including Marconi (Marconi), British (GEC), British Thomson Houston , etc. The original purpose of the company when it was founded was to establish a nationwide broadcasting network to facilitate future national broadcasting. On November 14, 1922, the BBC's first radio station, 2LO, started broadcasting in mid-port from the rooftop of Selfridges Department Store on Oxford Street, London. The next day, 5IT started broadcasting from Birmingham , 2ZY started from Manchester .
In 1927, the BBC received the Royal Charter (Royal Charter for Incorporation), and the Council is responsible for the operation of the company. The members of the Council are appointed by the government, each serving for 4 years. The company's daily work is the president appointed by the Council.
1932 BBC Empire Service (BBC Empire Service), the first radio channel to broadcast to outside the UK. In 1938, the BBC Arabic Radio was launched, which was the BBC's first foreign language channel. By the end of World War II , the BBC had broadcasted to the world in English, Arabic , French, German , Italian , Portuguese and Spanish 7 languages. This is the predecessor of BBC World Service.
Scottish engineer John Roggy Baird has been working with the BBC in 1932 to try to broadcast television. On November 2, 1936, the BBC began its first television broadcast service in the world. Television broadcasts were interrupted during World War II, but re-started in 1946. On June 2, 1953, the BBC broadcast live broadcast of the throne ceremony of Elizabeth II in the UK at Westminster Temple. It is estimated that about 20 million people in the UK directly witnessed the scene of the Queen's ascension to the throne.
Due to the challenge of underground radio, the BBC started the BBCRadio1 radio service on September 30, 1967, mainly broadcasting pop music. In 1983, the BBC was the first to broadcast the breakfast time broadcast service, "BBC Breakfast Time", which was ahead of its competitors.
In 1991, the BBC officially started the BBC Global News Service TV channel, and was later renamed BBCWorld in January 1995. Unlike BBC Global Radio Service, BBC Global News Service is a commercial TV station that makes profits through advertising, which also means that the channel cannot be broadcast locally in the UK.
In August 1998, the BBC's domestic channels also began to use satellite broadcasts. An unexpected result of this was that European audiences also began to watch BBC1 and BBC2 as long as they used satellite decoders made in the UK.
3
October 18, 1963——Founded by the Chinese University of Hong Kong
October 18, 1963—Founded by the Chinese University of Hong Kong. The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK for short), with the English name The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK for short), was established in 1963. It is the second university established in Hong Kong and one of the eight higher education institutions in Hong Kong that are funded by the government Hong Kong University Education Grants Committee and can award degrees. CUHK is composed of New Asia Academy (established in 1949), Chongji College (established in 1951), and United Academy (established in 1956). Later Yifu Academy was established in 1986. It is the only university in Hong Kong that implements the federal system of academies. Most departments of CUHK now offer Chinese and English courses. Some departments, such as the School of Medicine, School of Law, School of Pharmacy, Department of English, Department of Linguistics, etc., and most newly opened geography college courses use English as the main teaching language. In recent years, the school has also stepped up its emphasis on "China University of Technology has adhered to the bilingual education policy of Chinese and English since its founding."
In order to promote Chinese education, the government specially established a university with the main teaching language and the importance of both Chinese and English, and allocated a mountain to build a Shatin Malishui Mountain for the establishment of the school. Its campus area is the largest in Hong Kong.
The founding of the Chinese University of Hong Kong broke the iron law that the British Empire colony allowed only one university to exist, and at the same time set off a Chinese movement in Hong Kong, successfully ending the situation where English monopoly official language status was not only a watershed in British colonial history, but also one of the symbols of decolonization in Asia in the 20th century, and has certain significance for the times.
New Asia Academy
4
October 18, 1989 - The United States launched the Galileo Jupiter exploration spacecraft
Galileo Jupiter Reconnaissance was launched from the "Atlantis" space shuttle in 1989. It is the first spacecraft of NASA to directly detect Jupiter . It is also one of the most successful detectors launched by NASA . It took off on October 18, 1989 and entered the orbit of Jupiter in December 1995.
It traveled 2.8 billion miles and its end date was six years later than originally expected. Galileo flew around Jupiter 34 times, and the observations greatly improved people's understanding of Jupiter and the four Galileo satellites . In December 1995, the Galileo orbiter released a Jupiter atmosphere probe and obtained first-hand detection data on Jupiter's atmosphere.
On October 18, 1989, the USS Atlantis space shuttle, which was twice postponed to launch, finally whistled into the sky at Cape Canaveral, Florida at 12:53 noon. "Atlantis" The main mission of this space trip is to send the Galileo spacecraft exploring Jupiter into Earth's orbit.
At 7:13 that night, the "Atlantis" had successfully released the "Galileo" spacecraft and its thruster. At this point, the Galileo spacecraft has embarked on a long journey of about 3.8 billion kilometers to fly to Jupiter. Before flying to Jupiter in December 1995, an automatic probe will leave the spacecraft and fall into Jupiter's atmosphere. This will be the first time a human-made aircraft has penetrated deep into the atmosphere of the solar system planets in outer space. Public opinion here believes that the successful launch of "Galileo" means that the United States has entered another "golden age" for exploring space.
"Atlantis" is expected to return to the ground next Monday. Among the five astronauts who performed this flight mission include Chinese physicist Zhang Fulin .
According to the plan, the Galileo spacecraft will fly over Venus in February 1990, fly over Earth twice in December 1990 and December 1992, and then arrive on Jupiter in December 1995 with the help of Earth's gravity.
The Galileo spacecraft cost nearly US$1 billion, and the entire launch plan costs about US$1.5 billion. The total weight of the spacecraft is 2550 kg, and it has a nuclear power device, which is equipped with 22.7 kg of radioactive uranium·238. The spacecraft is equipped with 17 scientific instruments such as cameras, near-infrared survey spectrometers, magnetometers, , cloud measuring instruments, and atmospheric structure instruments, which are used for surveying and researching Jupiter's atmosphere composition, cloud structure, temperature, magnetic field, etc.
The Galileo Jupiter exploration program was jointly carried out by the United States and the Federation of Germany .
NASA's Galileo exploration spacecraft ended its eight-year mission on Jupiter on the afternoon of September 21, 2003, US time (early morning of September 22, Beijing time). It crashed into the largest planet as expected, and scientists celebrated it warmly on Earth.
On the day of the crash, Galileo will run to the back of Jupiter and then fall into Jupiter's atmosphere at a speed of about 170,000 kilometers per hour. The high temperature formed during the friction between Galileo and Jupiter's atmosphere will cause the probe to burn violently and eventually crash on Jupiter. About 1,500 representatives from all walks of life related to the Galileo detection program will gather at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory to "send the final" for this detector. Ms. Tellig, host of Galileo Project , said: "The Galileo spacecraft is aging, the fuel is about to be used up, and it is constantly exposed to radiation.It is right to let the spacecraft finish in a controlled way before it breaks out of our control. "For those participating in the construction, launch and care for Galileo, September 21 will mark the end of an era.
5
html l1October 18, 1992—The 112-year-old sleeping Mount Kakaguar, Colombia, erupted violently again
On October 18, 1992, the Cacaguar Volcano in Colombia suddenly erupted at 1 pm local time, and a large number of lava caused at least 10 deaths, more than 20 missing, and more than 100 injured.
Cacagur volcano is located in Antioquia , 500 kilometers northwest of Santa Febogota, the capital of Colombia. This is the violent eruption of Cacaguar volcano after 112 years of sleep.
According to police, a large amount of magma and stones erupted by the volcano have damaged the main roads around the volcano. Local authorities have urgently sought help from the central government, hoping to send helicopters to the disaster The district transports medical personnel and medicines to rescue local residents who have been severely burned by as soon as possible.
Colombian authorities believe that the re-eruption of Mount Kakaguar may be caused by two strong earthquakes of magnitude 6.6 and 7.2 in northwestern Colombia on the 17th and 18th.
