Genghis Khan Temujin is a legendary figure.
Genghis Khan once sank the Western Regions region and played a certain positive role in the unification of our country. " Yuan Shi " also affirmed Genghis Khan's military contributions, saying that he had destroyed forty countries and made outstanding contributions to expanding Mongolia's influence.
According to historical records, Genghis Khan, his sons and ministers have all left footprints in Eurasian . Genghis Khan himself once pacified the Samarkand and pointed the blade towards Central Asia. Shu Chi once stationed between Aral Sea and Caspian under the order of Genghis Khan. Later, Genghis Khan also rewarded Shu Chi with the Western Khwarezm of the Aral Sea and the northern part of the Caspian Sea. The Afghan area has also left the footprints of the Mongols , and Tolei has conquered Yeli City. It is said that Yeli is Herat in northwestern Afghanistan.
According to the " New Yuan History ", from the reign of Genghis Khan to the reign of Mengge , Mongolian soldiers had conquered India many times, but none of them achieved ideal results. So, why didn’t Genghis Khan’s Mongolian cavalry conquer India? Why didn't you achieve an ideal record?
India has many geographical elements, which has affected the Mongolian cavalry
As a leader with lofty ambitions, Genghis Khan did not want to let the conquest of India, and the Mongolian generals under his command did not really let the land of India go, because conquering India was not completely beneficial to Genghis Khan. According to the "New Yuan History", the Khwarezm country, which had conflicts with Genghis Khan, had some relationship with India. The southeast of Khwarezmian country is Indus River . In other words, the Indus River can be used as a geographical requirement for attacking the Khwarezm country.
During the process of Genghis Khan's conquest of the Western Regions, some generals once brought their soldiers to India and seized some cities. For example, Ogedei once attacked the lower reaches of the Indus. During the search for the last king of the Khwarezmian Sha dynasty, generals Balanaran and Turtai crossed the Indus River, captured Biye Castle, and destroyed Muertan and other places. According to relevant records, Balanayan once came to Muletan through the east bank of the Indus River. Since I couldn't find where Jalanding was, Bala and others spared no effort to attack Muertan City. However, the Mongolian cavalry, which had always been invincible, made such a choice after attacking Muertan and other places.
According to the records of "History of the Mongolian Empire" and other materials, the climate in India was so hot that the Mongolian army could not bear it at all, and could only choose to train after arriving at Muertan. "History of Duosang Mongolia" provides a more detailed introduction to the Mongolian soldiers' training due to the heat of the summer. While surrounding Muletan, the Mongolian army had already figured out how to capture Muletan. Since there were no huge rocks near Muletan, the Mongolian army planned to use abandoned cars in the river to load some huge rocks for siege in order to attack Muletan in order to attack. However, although Mule Hall is not difficult to capture, the weather has become an important factor that seriously hinders the Mongolian army from siege. Because he was really intolerant of the heat, the Mongolian soldiers chasing Zalandin had to give up and continue to go deep into India, crossed the Indus River again, and converged with the main force.
In addition to the climate, the India faced by Mongolian soldiers also has barriers in other geographical factors such as water flow and mountains. According to some details in the "New Yuan History", the Indian region not only has unbearable heat, but also has natural dangers in mountains. Not only does it have Gus Mountain and Indus River, but it is close to Arabian Sea , but it is also inseparable from the desert.
Through the analysis of the map of Genghis Khan's period, we can find that Mongolian Empire needs to completely conquer India, it requires huge manpower, material resources and financial resources. At that time, there was a Himalayas between India and the Khan Empire. Even professional mountaineers who want to climb the Himalayas may face the threat of death directly under the torture of altitude sickness, let alone the ancients who do not have professional protective equipment.In this way, it is not easy for Genghis Khan and his Mongolian cavalry to fight to the Indus River. The long journey and the torture of altitude sickness, the Mongolian army must have been very exhausted along the way. If they are suffering from the torture of high temperatures, why are they still patient to continue?
The losses in the war were huge. Mongolia's strategic adjustment
In 1219 AD, because Alaudin of Khwarezm killed the envoy, shaved the beards of the two deputy envoys, and told the Mongolian general that he was not afraid of going to war and refused to hand over the murderer who killed the caravan members. Genghis Khan was very angry and personally led a large number of troops to conquer Khwarezm. After some battle, most of the territory of Khwarezm fell into the hands of Mongolia. Alaudin fled to a small island in the Caspian Sea and died in a miserable state soon after.
After Alauddin died, his son Zalanding occupied Gazini and continued to be enemies of Genghis Khan. In order to block Zalandin, Genghis Khan sent Shijihuduhu to Kabuer Mountain. Before fighting with Shijihuduhu, Zalandin had defeated a group of Mongolian soldiers who came to attack the fort and killed more than a thousand of them. During the battle with Shijihuduhu, Zalanding and Shijihuduhuhu had a victory or defeat at first, but later achieved a greater victory.
According to the "New Yuan History", Zalanding asked his soldiers to dismount and fight against the soldiers of Shijihuduhu. When the battle was fierce, they were fighting and attacking the Mongolian army. Under such tactics, Shijihuduhu returned home. Regarding this showdown between Jalandin and the Mongolian army, the data summarized by various types of data are obviously different. Some data believe that the Mongolian army suffered 15,000 casualties, while others believe that Zalandin defeated 30,000 people led by Shijihuduhu. Although the data are different, both documents explain to us a fact, that is, Mongolian soldiers have indeed lost a lot of troops in the hands of Zalandin.
Due to the serious discord within Jalandin's team, Genghis Khan found the opportunity to defeat Jalandin. When Genghis Khan heard that Jalandin had left Gazinni, he personally led a large army to quickly pursue Jalandin and kept chasing Jalandin to the Indus River. Jalandin wanted to cross the Indus River to escape, Genghis Khan took advantage of the night array to surround Jalandin. In order not to be captured alive by Genghis Khan, Zalandin rode his horse and jumped down from a cliff a few feet high, threw himself into the Indus River, and escaped by swimming.
However, despite defeating Jalandin, Genghis Khan and his Mongolian cavalry were not so happy. Because during the battle with Jalandin, Genghis Khan's troops also suffered huge casualties. According to the "New Yuan History", although the Mongolian army won the victory, the number of casualties and various losses were actually more than that of Jalandin. Judging from the information such as "New Yuan History" and " Grassland Empire ", while conquering and pursuing Zalandin, the Mongolian generals also had to complete a number of military tasks such as encircling Yan'an Prefecture and pacifying the Gazini rebellion. Under such circumstances, it is already difficult to stabilize the city and territory that has been captured. It is really hard to divide part of the energy to occupy India. So, seeing that the task of chasing Jalandin could not be completed for the time being and was blocked by the hot weather, the Mongolian army, who did not want to continue fighting on multiple lines, might have chosen strategic adjustments.
Genghis Khan's decision played a key role
Through the analysis and summary of various materials such as "New Yuan History", it can be found that Genghis Khan once regarded the conquest of India as a military mission, but in the end, he still could not succeed due to various reasons. In addition to the loss of troops and the geographical factors of India, Genghis Khan's own ideological transformation also played a certain role in the Mongol Empire's no longer continuing to conquer India.
According to the "History of Yuan Dynasty", when Genghis Khan came to the East India Kingdom, he saw an horn-end divine beast, so he immediately chose to go to the team. "New History of Yuan Dynasty" also records Genghis Khan's encounter with the divine beast, but there are some subtle differences from the records in "History of Yuan Dynasty".According to the "New Yuan History", due to the difficult and dangerous roads, Genghis Khan, who originally planned to suppress the rebellion at Tanggut , chose to change his way to Samarkand.
In order to make Genghis Khan quickly, someone said something to Genghis Khan: the ministers around Genghis Khan saw a divine beast that looked like a deer and had a horsetail, and would say something like "Your monarch should return early to avoid the drought weather." Heard that there is such a kind of divine beast that can speak human language, Genghis Khan thought it was the guidance of the gods, so he chose to go to the class. Through the records of "History of Yuan Dynasty" and "New History of Yuan Dynasty", we can find that in some stories, people think that Genghis Khan might have chosen to be the teacher because of this.
However, Genghis Khan is not that superstitious.
He chose to be a class teacher, and he would be affected by some external factors, but he should not be a divine beast, but a minister around him. Some scholars believe that Genghis Khan's class has a certain relationship with the advice of Yelu Chucai . Yelu Chucai believes that the expedition of the Lao Army over the past few days has caused serious shortages in the logistics of the Mongolian army, and most of the soldiers are unfamiliar with the Indian environment. If they continue to attack India in depth, they will inevitably cause significant losses.
As early in Gazini, Baluan and other places, the Mongolian army had problems such as insufficient logistics and generals were not familiar with the situation of the war. According to historical records, because the rush to Gazini was too fast, the soldiers did not have time to cook, and often filled their stomachs with a handful of rice in their hands. When he arrived at Baluan, Genghis Khan inspected the battlefield, but found that many generals had no idea about the situation in the battlefield, so he severely condemned them. As the saying goes, only by knowing oneself and one’s enemy can one never lose a battle. Genghis Khan knew his generals and soldiers very well. In his opinion, although his army had won many times and had won a lot, he would probably lose if he attacked India in depth. Yelu Chucai's suggestions were exactly what he thought, so considering some of the problems that existed in the Mongolian army itself, Genghis Khan chose to go to the team.
India may be an ally
From the objective environment of history, Genghis Khan temporarily put aside his plan to conquer India, and there may be a reason for increasing the relationship between countries. According to relevant records, there was a relatively capable sultan in the Indian slave dynasty at the same time as Genghis Khan, whose name was Iltutmish. During his reign, he re-established India's monetary system and conquered Indian regions such as Mandur. Iltutmish also has his own understanding of the exchanges with Mongolia. While the fight between Jalandin of Khwarezm and Genghis Khan's army, Iltutmish chose to refuse to form an alliance with Jalandin. In his opinion, it was not a rational act to oppose Genghis Khan.
In the Indus River area, Jalandin once defeated some Indian tribes. He heard that Bala was pursuing him, and he still wanted to enter Deli. Iltutmish was worried that Jalandin would cause damage to India, so he planned to let Jalandin go to Muertan area. Jalandin, who was unwilling to go to Muertan, fought with the soldiers of Kaaza and defeated them. Jalandin's actions made Iltutmish very dissatisfied, so he sent someone to expel Jalandin.
At this time, because there was an irreconcilable contradiction between Genghis Khan and Khwarezm, Genghis Khan had not given up on pursuing Zalandin at this time. The Sultan of India was expelling Jalandin's men, and Genghis Khan was also pursuing Jalandin's remnants, and both sides had a common goal. Iltutmish opposed being enemies of Genghis Khan and had conflicts with Khwarezm's Zalandin. Such a sultan-managed India is very suitable to be the joint object of Genghis Khan.
Genghis Khan is a very deep and knowledgeable person. The Sultan of India is unwilling to be enemies with him and has a common enemy with him. Such a person who understands military cannot imagine the benefits of uniting India. It is much easier to make friends with a better country than to have an enemy country.
Under the influence of various factors, Genghis Khan and his Mongolian cavalry temporarily gave up India and chose to return to Korea. This was not because of fear, nor because of how powerful India was at that time. Such abandonment may be a clever decision by Genghis Khan.
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