Preface
Whenever dynasties change, there are always people who change their camps. There are many reasons. Some people are for survival, some are for wealth, and some are for glory. During the alternation of Ming and Qing dynasties, many civil and military ministers of the Ming Dynasty turned to the Manchu camp, such as Wu Sangui , Shangkexi , Zu Dashou and Hong Chengchou and others.
These people contributed a lot to the great cause of the Qing Dynasty. If anyone made the most contribution, many people would say it was Wu Sangui. First, Wu Sangui led the Qing army into the pass . Second, Wu Sangui was named Pingxi King by the Qing Dynasty. is not the case. Hong Chengchou is the one who contributed the most. Don’t look down on him before he was named king. Without him, it would be difficult to calm down the Qing Dynasty. Even if it was pacified, it would be difficult to maintain a long-term situation.
Hong Chengchou has a positive face, but does not do positive things
1. Hong Chengchou's personal ability is not comparable to Wu Sangui and others
1. Nengwen
Hong Chengchou is from Quanzhou, Fujian Province, with a poor family background. In order to make a living, 11 years old dropped out of school to help his mother sell tofu. The poor family failed to lose his ambition. He often used his spare time to study in the village to learn "eavesdrop" teacher to teach. This move has the beauty of chiseling the wall and stealing light, and capturing fireflies reflecting snow , which is very inspiring. After a while, the teacher saw that he was a study material, so he asked him to go to school for free. Since then, he only read the books of sages and won consecutive victories on the road to imperial examinations. He was 23-year-old and was juren, and was 24-year-old -year-old jinshi (the 14th place in the second grade). After getting a Jinshi degree, he was assigned to . The Ministry of Justice . He was appointed as the head of . (sixth rank). He stayed for six years. However, due to his excellent performance, he was promoted to . He was promoted to . He was promoted to . His official (from fifth rank), and to . Later, due to his outstanding political achievements, he was promoted to Zhejiang Promotional Assistant (the power is the fourth rank, and the rank is the fifth rank). He then continued to advance all the way, first being the , the left-ranking congressman of Zhejiang Provincial Administrator (from the fourth rank), and then to Shaanxi Supervisory Grain and Participation in Political Affairs (the fourth rank). With his promotion speed, 12 to the fourth grade, which is enough to prove his ability in cultural governance. You should know that even Zhang Juzheng to the fourth grade, they used 17 .
Such a difficult road to clearance, Hong Chengchou passed the
2, Nengwu
, and Nengwu
, and Nengwu , and Nengwu , and Nengwu , and Nengwu , and Nengwu , and Governor Yang He had a major general in his hands. In desperation, he sent him a civil servant to rescue Hancheng. No one expected that he would win, and he won that beautiful. Now he became famous. Everyone knew that there was a Hong Chengchou who could be civil and military in Shaanxi. Soon he was promoted to Governor (from the second rank), and the governor was controlled by the governor, but he had seen the essence of the peasant army and did not agree with Governor Yang's policy of "suppressing and pacifying" . He believed that only "suppressing and pacifying" can be done.
Facts prove that his idea is correct. Haven’t Li Zicheng , Zhang Xianzhong and others all committed the surrender and rebellion? The court also thought that his claim was right, so he asked him to replace Governor Yang. At this time, he was only 38 years old . Under his unified deployment, the bandits in Shaanxi were curbed, but the places outside Shaanxi were intensified. The court simply asked him to directly manage the military affairs of Sichuan, Shaanxi, Henan, Shanxi and Huguang . Under his continuous high-pressure attack, the peasant army either surrendered or fled into the mountains. The most powerful Li Zicheng's troops were beaten by him and only 18 fled.
Chongzhen Seventh Year Situation Chart
2. Hong Chengchou surrendered to the Qing Dynasty
1. The defeated and captured
The peasant army just stopped, and the peasant army caused trouble again. The Qing army detoured through Mongolia and invaded the pass, and the troops were heading straight to the capital. Chongzhen hurriedly transferred Hong Chengchou to guard the capital. He suggested to Chongzhen that he must first stabilize the country when the situation in the pass was good. Taking advantage of the good situation in the pass, he made a concerted effort to completely solve the peasant army, but Chongzhen did not listen to him. After the danger of the capital was lifted, Huang Taiji planned to seize Jinzhou , and Chongzhen quickly asked him to be Governor of Ji Liao , which was a firefighting team. At that time, the situation of Liaodong border defense was very unoptimistic. Huang Taiji was united and upward, and the Ming army was in charge of their own affairs, and the source of troops was extremely complicated.
In the 14th year of Chongzhen, the court asked Hong Chengchou to lead the troops of various units, and a total of 3 armies fought with the Qing army. Hong Chengchou planned to fight steadily and give full play to the defense advantages of the Ming army. The radical faction led by the Minister of War Chen Xinjia 3 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 After breaking through, he was trapped in Songshan with a small number of troops for half a year. There were no reinforcements outside and no food and grass inside. A deputy general under his command could not withstand the desire to survive and led the Qing army into the city. He was thus captured by the Qing army.
Each of them acts independently, and it is also difficult for Hong Chengchou to be a loyal minister
2. It is difficult to choose
Hong Chengchou was deeply favored by the emperor, and the education he received since childhood also wanted him to be a loyal minister. After being captured, he wanted to do Wen Tianxiang , and wanted to do Lu Xiufu , and for this, he also hunger strike for many days. Even though Huang Taiji sent many people to persuade him to surrender to the Qing Dynasty, even if these people painted him the size of cakes, he would show a rather death than surrender. But when he calmed down, he felt that ants were even secretly alive . He was full of knowledge and both civil and military. How could he die like this? Life and death always collide in his head. The more he collided, the less he wanted to die.
Huang Taiji couldn't figure out what Hong Chengchou was thinking, so he sent the old guy Fan Wencheng to give it a try. After all, scholars understand scholars better. As a result, this trial made Huang Taiji feel confident, because Fan Wencheng told him that although Hong Chengchou was very good at speaking, he had the idea of survival in his heart. Huang Taiji thought this was easy, so he took action himself, imitating Liu Bei's three visits to the cottage, and took good care of him. Seeing that his clothes were thin, he took off his own clothes and put them on. Hong Chengchou couldn't hold on now. He was moved and hated, and felt that Huang Taiji was kind to him and Chongzhen was incompetent, so he chose to surrender.
If Fan Zhongyan had Fan Wencheng, he would not know what he would do
2. Hong Chengchou's contribution to the Qing Dynasty's entry into the Central Plains
1. Leading the role
. Ming Dynasty enjoyed the country for more than two hundred years, and the people's hearts still have a foundation. In addition, the role of Confucianism , not many people can really surrender to the Qing Dynasty without hesitation, but once someone takes the lead, it will be different. The role of role models is concrete and vivid. Everyone can more or less put down their burdens in their hearts and learn from role models. For example, some ministers think that Chongzhen is not bad to him and cannot be sorry to Chongzhen. At this time, they can think about Hong Chengchou. He is Chongzhen's confidant. Such a high-ranking and powerful person can surrender. Why can't he?
Some people feel that they are well-read and should not do unfaithful things. At this time, they can think about Hong Chengchou, he is a disciple of the emperor, he can do anything, why can't he? When everyone can find reasons to remove the burden from Hong Chengchou, there is domino effect , one with one. Before Hong Chengchou surrendered, there were not many civil and military ministers surrendered to the Qing Dynasty. After Hong Chengchou surrendered, he was shocked and said, "Good guys, all of them came, Zu Dashou, Geng Zhongming, , Shang Kexi, Wang Xiguin, Wu Sangui, etc. He even took the initiative to help the Qing Dynasty recruit many Ming ministers.
Wu Sangui is also a sinner
2, Dingding the world
When Li Zicheng's army approached the capital, the nobles of the Qing Dynasty wanted to enter the pass and seize the opportunity. Dorgon felt that Li Zicheng would not be so smooth, and he could wait and see again. At this time, Hong Chengchou provided Dorgon with a lot of information that the Qing Dynasty could not grasp, prompting Dorgon to enter the pass before Li Zi established his foot. After the Qing Dynasty entered the pass, the , it was impossible to find the north. There were too many opponents, and I didn’t know who to hit first and who to hit later. At this time, Hong Chengchou suggested that Dorgon concentrate his troops to attack Li Zicheng first. As long as Li Zicheng collapsed, other opponents would be a piece of cake, which gave the Qing Dynasty a clear strategic direction.
When the Qing Dynasty attacked the peasant army forces such as Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong, Hong Chengchou fully utilized his advantages and gave the Qing Dynasty a lot of timely and effective suggestions, allowing the Qing Dynasty to eliminate Li Zicheng's main force in a very short time. When Duoduo attacked Jiangnan, Hong Chengchou was ordered to go south. With his understanding of all levels of the Ming Dynasty, he adopted the strategy of "concentrating on the heart" , which quickly helped the Qing Dynasty stabilize the situation. Later, he directly led his army to pacify Huguang, Guangdong and Guangxi and Yunnan and Guizhou provinces, and destroyed Yongli regime .
The situation at the beginning of the Qing Dynasty’s entry into the pass
3. Hong Chengchou’s contribution to the long-term stability of the Qing Dynasty
1. Strategies for governing the country
As the saying goes, it is easy to conquer the world, but difficult to govern the world. The Qing Dynasty was able to conquer the country by force, but could not govern the world by force. The Qing Dynasty was originally just a tribe outside the pass. Suddenly, it was necessary to manage such a vast and prosperous Ming Dynasty hometown. It would not be able to find its direction in a short time. Once the time was long, various crises would inevitably follow. In general, Hong Chengchou planned to respect Confucius and Confucianism for the Qing Dynasty, and to govern the country with culture and education. He suggested that the Manchu nobles learn Chinese characters and Chinese etiquette to bring the distance between Manchu and Han Chinese closer.
In the small direction, he planned for the Qing Dynasty to follow the administrative system of the Ming Dynasty, and did not make too many changes, and improved the administrative efficiency of the Qing Dynasty, including allowing the original officials of the Ming Dynasty to remain in office, the original officials to govern the native people, reducing the people's 's sense of strangeness, and also reducing tax exemptions, building water conservancy, abolishing some unreasonable systems of the Ming Dynasty, increasing the people's 's sense of identity , etc.
Hong Chengchou is indeed strong, but unfortunately he devoted all his skills to the Qing Dynasty
2, establish a green camp system
After the Qing Dynasty entered the pass, the Eight Banners soldiers were quickly fascinated by the prosperity of the Central Plains. They didn't know where to look, their hands stretched out, and their combat power dropped sharply. In addition, the Qing Dynasty's troops were only about 200,000 . It is undoubtedly extremely difficult to use such a small amount of troops to maintain their rule. Hong Chengchou promptly proposed to the Qing Dynasty to establish a green camp. takes the Ming army that surrenders and captures as the core, and continues to operate according to the original mechanism of the Ming army, independent of the Eight Banners soldiers, and ensures the combat effectiveness of the green camp soldiers to the greatest extent.
The combat effectiveness of the Eight Banners soldiers declined. From the ninth year of Shunzhi, only in the ninth year of Shunzhi, Li Dingguo defeated the Eight Banners soldiers. two famous kings , it can be seen that if Hong Chengchou had not taken the emergency with the Green Camp soldiers, a major event would have happened in the early morning. In addition, when The Three Feudal Rebellion broke out, the Eight Banners soldiers were useless at all. They were defeated by Wu Sangui, and half of the country was gone. If it weren't for the Green Camp soldiers coming out later, there would be no trace of the Qing Dynasty. For example, the that quelled the Three Feudals and the Four Han generals were all brought out by Hong Chengchou. Even Qianlong’s so-called “ ten-complete martial arts” was a great force for the Green Camp troops.
The one who finally defeated Wu Sangui was actually the Green Camp soldier made by Hong Chengchou
Conclusion
Hong Chengchou was in the Qing Dynasty, which was more important than Xu You Cao Cao . If Hong Chengchou did not surrender to the Qing Dynasty, even if the Qing Dynasty could enter the pass, it would only occupy the north at best, and finally ruled the world with the Southern Ming Dynasty; if Hong Chengchou did not surrender to the Qing Dynasty, even if the Qing Dynasty could enter the Central Plains, it would not have gained a foothold so quickly.
Although Hong Chengchou paid a lot for the Qing Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty turned around and used it on him. During the Qianlong period, the situation in the world had stabilized. In order to further achieve ideological unity, Qianlong included Hong Chengchou in "Hidden Biography of the Two Ministers ", making him notorious. If Hong Chengchou had known this was the result earlier, would he still make this choice?
References:
"History of Ming Dynasty"
"General History of the Qing Dynasty"
"History of Ming and Qing Dynasties Lecture Notes "
This article is an original work of literary and historical writer E G You Tianxia . Everyone is welcome to follow and forward!
