After the end of World War II , the destruction of the war caused great losses to the Soviet Union. As the main battlefield of World War II Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union was full of ruins after the war, which made the people live in pitifully few houses. Even the houses that could live in were dilapidated. Even senior Soviet officials rarely had comfortable residences. After the war, at least tens of millions of Soviet people were displaced.
Stalinist architecture Kharkov Railway Station
Due to the extreme shortage of housing, the living standards of the Soviet people have declined sharply, and a large number of industrial facilities have been destroyed. In fact, the Soviet economy is already in a semi-collapse state. Therefore, solving the housing problem of the Soviet people is a major event placed at Stalin's table. However, for various reasons, Stalin has been unable to completely solve the housing problem of the Soviet people until he passed away, leaving the mess to Khrushchev .
After the war, the Soviet Union
Khrushchev's plan
After Khrushchev came to power, he made it clear that he would improve the living conditions of the people as soon as possible and ensure that all Soviets could own their own houses before 1980. This made many Soviet people overjoyed and cheered. However, building a building is not easy. After all, building a building requires a lot of funds. If the normal construction process is followed, the Soviet Union's financial resources will be difficult to support it.
Khrushchev Building
Therefore, when everyone was at a loss, Khrushchev proposed to produce a large number of houses with the same structure in standard specifications and assembly lines. This kind of house only needs to meet the basic living needs of the people. The housing structure is single and does not require the production of too many other decorations, and it will greatly reduce the financial burden.
construction site seems to be built on building blocks
style of Khrushchev building
In order to ensure the reduction of construction costs and construction period, most of the Khrushchev building adopts prefabricated board structure, no elevators or garbage passages were designed, and the decorations such as arches and colonnades that were popular in the Stalin period were also cancelled. You can do whatever you want in a word, and the area of the kitchen, bathroom, foyer and corridors was strictly controlled.
The Khrushchev building
is under construction through this design method, which greatly reduces the construction cost. The cost of per square meter only requires 110 rubles , and the speed is faster. only takes five days to build a building at the fastest. Whether in terms of the engineering of the house or the convenience of construction, there is almost no difficulty, and there is no difficulty in execution. It can be said that it is fast and easy to save money. After all, it is prefabricated and assembled, which looks like building blocks instead of building a house.
Rapid construction is underway
From 1956 to 1963, the total housing area of Soviet urban residents doubled, and the weight of housing construction in seven years was more than that of the Soviet Union in the past 40 years. Especially in 1960, the construction of the Khrushchev Building reached its peak, with a total construction of 82.8 million square meters, and the final construction area of the entire Khrushchev Building was as high as 290 million square meters.
The Khrushchev Building was built after
The Soviet Union's "Dream House"
Although from an aesthetic point of view, the Khrushchev Building definitely doesn't look good, it was a social welfare house in the Soviet Union at that time. was distributed to all citizens for free , so it was still completely qualified for the residence requirements. Therefore, building a residential building so quickly was definitely the "Dream House" in the hearts of the Soviets.
Soviet Dream House
At that time, the world had not yet completely escaped from the haze of World War II. People from many countries still lived in rural areas. This kind of apartment building was a completely out of reach for many people. However, at that time, the Soviet Union could not only build a large number of apartments, but also send it to the people for free. Whether for Europe, the United States, which is still reviving, or even the New China, which was still under construction, such apartment building had not been popularized on a large scale at that time. Therefore, the existence of Khrushchev Building is undoubtedly a feat in human history, and became a window for the Soviet Union to publicize the level of national welfare .
Lines of Khrushchev Buildings became the window for the Soviet Union to publicize the national welfare level
As of 1964, 54 million people in the Soviet Union had lived in Khrushchev Buildings, accounting for one-quarter of the entire Soviet people. Except for those living in rural areas, Khrushchev Buildings had basically completed the need for housing.
Khrushchev's comfort
Of course, dreamy is dreamy, after all, it is a quick copy and construction. Therefore, Khrushchev Building still has many innate shortcomings. For many people living there, the first thing is a sense of depression. The rows of dense windows have a gloomy feeling. The new house is fine, but the dilapidated temperament of the house after it is old and difficult for people to take action.
K-7 floor structure diagram
K-7 floor standard floor plan
Secondly, the space is very small, because considering the cost and construction period, all unnecessary decorations are eliminated, and the walkway is also controlled by the smallest, and the narrow passage can only pass by one person, and the interior layout is also very crowded. In order to better utilize the limited space, the Soviets designed folding furniture beyond the times to facilitate their own storage and storage of items. This is also a way of modern design.
Soviet folding furniture
In addition, the sound insulation effect is very poor. In order to better complete the project and simplify the difficulty of work, the wall thickness of the Khrushchev Building is not very thick, and it is difficult to ensure privacy. Naturally, there will be no dry and wet separation. Cooking and bathing are also completed in some narrow spaces. Some people even choose sponge wallpaper for sound insulation, so the comfort of the Khrushchev Building is difficult to guarantee.
Indoor appearance
Stop and demolition
1969, the Soviet Union passed the resolution of "Measures for Improving the Quality of Housing and Civil Buildings", and stopped the construction of Khrushchev Building, and replaced it with the Brezhnev Building. After all, the Khrushchev Building is just a transitional design, so it is also a reasonable state to stop the construction. After all, the initial design life was only 25 years, and the late version design life was only 50 years. Although Moscow began to demolish Khrushchev Building in large quantities, there were still many Khrushchev Buildings, and many people lived in it.
demolished Khrushchev building
still exists Khrushchev building
Khrushchev building and domestic tube building
I believe that many urban people lived in tube building in their childhood, so they thought that domestic tube building was actually Khrushchev building. In fact, it can be understood this way, because our country has copied Khrushchev building, but it is not prefabricated, but cast-in-place houses, which are not as fast as possible, and there are some changes later. Later tube building is more simplified than Khrushchev building.
Domestic tube building
Copy Khrushchev Building
This kind of building is called a unit house by people in the three northeastern provinces. It belongs to the design of Khrushchev Building. It is divided into units. It is basically divided into two households on one elevator. Each household has an independent bathroom and kitchen. Soviet experts who aided China before lived in it and have the title of "Expert Building". This kind of building is a residential building in the minds of many people, and it is a high-end residential building even in the early 1990s.
located in the expert building of Daxigou Power Plant
Simplified Khrushchev Building
In addition, there is a large-scale simplified Khrushchev Building. Each floor of this building is designed with an aisle that runs to the end. Each floor has a public toilet. Each household is actually a small single room with no kitchen and can only cook in the aisle. Because there is a long corridor ventilated at both ends, it looks like a tube, so it is named Tube Building.
Snail house
Of course, the sanitary conditions of the sanitary house are very poor. The aisles are basically occupied to become kitchens or utility rooms, and fires are prone to occur. Even so, the sanitary house has existed in my country for more than half a century. To this day, there are still sanitary houses in many places, and even people live in it.
Abandoned tube building
Overall, although the comfort of the Khrushchev building is insufficient, from today's perspective, it is unimaginable, but at that time, the Khrushchev building really solved the housing problem of the Soviets after the war and was also the housing memory of generations of the Soviets. After all, if it is not applicable, there would be no large-scale introduction or renovation in China. After all, the Khrushchev building was a transitional form of housing at that time and fulfilled the mission required for a housing, which is enough for everyone to praise.
