In 1990, Beijing hosted an international sports event. The Asian Games allowed the whole world to see a brand new China.
However, since 1991, the "China collapse theory" has appeared one after another in the Western media.
1991 was undoubtedly a historic moment, when the world structure underwent tremendous changes.
The bipolar pattern has ended, Eastern Europe has undergone drastic changes, the Soviet Union has disintegrated, , and China, which adheres to the socialist camp , is isolated and helpless.
All kinds of crises, large and small, are lurking around the corner, waiting for opportunities. However, China, whose comprehensive national strength was not strong in the 1990s, has just entered the top ten in the world in terms of its total GDP.
And China is a country with a large population. On average, per person, it can barely keep up with a fraction of that of developed countries.
How difficult was China in 1991? How did China survive those difficult days under a difficult international background?
Socialism in the Soviet Union was strangled, so why can the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics become unique?
This has to start with the disintegration of the Soviet Union, a major event that affected the world structure at that time.
The Soviet Union disintegrated
On December 25, 1991, the red flag that had been flying in the Kremlin for decades slowly descended.
A new Russian president, Yeltsin, came to power, and Gorbachev was unable to restore the end of the Soviet Union.
During Gorbachev’s administration, the shortcomings of the Stalin model have been fully exposed.
Therefore, in order to get the Soviet Union out of the predicament as soon as possible, the three leaders before and after carried out drastic reforms.
Khrushchev came to power after the death of Stalin. He also saw that agricultural development was extremely unbalanced relative to industry, and people's living standards continued to decline.
Therefore, he decided to change the current situation of uneven development of industry and agriculture, and at the same time adjust the system of planned economy.
Khrushchev did implement several measures that were beneficial to farmers, including increasing the purchase price of agricultural products, vigorously promoting the planting of corn campaign, and allowing farmers to raise some chickens, ducks, cattle, sheep and other livestock.
These policies have greatly increased farmers' income and greatly mobilized farmers' enthusiasm for production.
However, while Khrushchev made great achievements, he also did many ridiculous things, Collective Farm was one of them.
Khrushchev, who was too hasty, asked all farmers to carry out large-scale mechanized production in 1960.
Farmers who have just had a better life have to spend their own money to buy some machinery and equipment that they don't understand at all.
There are even a large number of farmers who cannot afford to buy machines, so they are deeply in debt.
In order to forcefully implement collective farms, the Central Committee claimed that even if farmers lost all their money, they must follow the lead of the state.
The consequence of this decision is that the living standards of farmers continue to decline.
In order to purchase machinery, the farm invested too much in the early stage, disrupting the originally planned production project.
Khrushchev, who was eager for success, saw the remarkable results of planting corn, and even asked farmers to expand the planting range of corn to the bitterly cold Siberian . The corn output was to increase seven times in eight years.
So Khrushchev also stepped down amidst the boos, and Brezhlev took charge of the Soviet Union.
Brezhlev's reforms were relatively cautious. He did not even use the word "reform", but "improvement" instead.
In more than 10 years, the Soviet economic system still has not been freed from the bad influence of excessive state intervention.
Although the government advocates giving enterprises more autonomy, these problems have not been substantively resolved.
Government agencies often have a firm say in decision-making on some major matters.
At that time, 90% of enterprises in the Soviet Union believed that their independent power was too small.
The government often issues various bans and arbitrarily issues various indicators to companies.When
encounters a problem, the government's approach is not to mediate it, but to issue laws and regulations to strictly prohibit it from a policy level.
Therefore, the problems in the process of economic development are just covered up and not really solved.
Enterprise development is in trouble, workers are less willing to work, and conflicts between the country, enterprises, and individuals are getting bigger and bigger.
The bonuses originally promised by the company gradually turned into fixed salaries, and there began to be an egalitarian tendency.
The production motivation for economic activities slowly disappears, and everyone has no enthusiasm for production.
Bonezhlev died in 1982. During his administration, the Soviet Union's economic development had stagnated.
No one could see the potential of the Soviet Union's economic development, and the enthusiasm of the people was slowly extinguished.
What followed was Gorbachev’s vigorous reforms. He felt that these problems in the Soviet Union were due to the shortcomings of the socialist road.
Therefore, he no longer uses Marxism as his guiding ideology, but advocates Western capitalism.
Gorbachev deviated from the socialist path and was doomed to fail in his reforms.
Under the guidance of the new ideological trend and the socialist thought of humane democracy, Gorbachev implemented the multi-party system , removing the Bolshevik party from the position of the ruling party.
He dreamed of slowly replacing the Soviet system under the leadership of the Communist Party with the Western parliamentary system.
Everyone was born in the proletariat . After the proletariat lost its ruling position , Gorbachev also lost his mass base.
In the economic field, he also wanted to be fully westernized, began to implement private ownership , and wanted to follow the path of Western capitalism.
These actions brought chaos to the situation in the Soviet Union, and the living standards of the people continued to decline. Compared with capitalist countries there was already a big gap.
The confusion in ideological and policy also allowed hostile forces and Western ideas to continue to penetrate, which ultimately led to the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
The Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union also ended, and the situation in which the United States became the dominant country began to emerge.
The socialist camp completely collapsed overnight, and some Eastern European countries that originally belonged to the Soviet Union began to think about their future path.
Many participating countries are gradually disappointed with socialism. At the same time, capitalist countries such as the United States have extended an olive branch.
Through economic assistance and ideological penetration, some countries that were originally members of the Soviet Union have joined the capitalist camp .
At this moment, China still adheres to its own socialist path.
In the eyes of Western countries, this is naturally very unique, and China has begun to become a thorn in their side.
The international situation is complicated.
The United States, which leads global development, has begun to pay attention to potential threats. Seeing China's gradual expansion of reform and opening up, it will naturally suppress all aspects if it fails to win over.
In their eyes, the Soviet Union, the leader of socialism, can no longer hold on, and it is only a matter of time before China collapses.
The U.S. government also prohibits some international capital from entering China. A large part of foreign investment in China has withdrawn investment because of the United States.
China has received less and less foreign investment from the international community. At that time, reform and opening up had not achieved much results. This was undoubtedly a big blow to China.
China's economic development has almost come to a standstill for a period of time.
Looking at the stagnant economic development, some domestic politicians have begun to comment on the inappropriateness of reform and opening up and the socialist road.
The short-term economic stagnation gradually evolved into ideological chaos. In addition, the Western media continued to exaggerate the "China collapse theory", which made the Chinese government somewhat overwhelmed.
The United States went all out, promoted the benefits of Western thought and culture, and launched a comprehensive cultural invasion of China.
Under the description of Western media, the United States has also become a paradise where you can live, attracting many international students from China.
Just as the famous scholar Wen Tiejun said: "Young people may not know how bad China was in 1991, but why did it not collapse?"
This also needs to be analyzed from the international situation at that time .
Faced with the imminent disintegration of the Soviet Union, although the United States is suppressing China in all aspects, the United States is not focusing all its energy on China.
At the beginning of 1991, the United States launched an armed attack on Iraq because of Iraq's invasion of Kuwait.
On January 17, 1991, the first Gulf War kicked off, and the U.S. government showed its high power to the people of the world. A future war model supported by technology.
The precise strikes of cruise missiles and fighter jets made the battlefield and land battles in World War II no longer exist.
0,000 tons of ammunition and 288 missiles were dropped on Iraqi soil. The U.S. Congress roughly estimated that the amount of U.S. expenditures for this war was US$61.1 billion. In addition to the first Gulf War, in the late 1990s, the United States successively participated in the Kosovo War and the Afghanistan War.
Obviously, the United States wants to intervene in all regions of the world to implement its hegemony to the end.
The United States, which leads other countries in the world in military power, speculates that it can completely subjugate China without resorting to a hot war.
The Kosovo War and two Gulf Wars also left the United States with no time to take care of China and focused all its attention on the Middle East region.
After entering the 21st century, the 911 incident dealt a huge blow to the national self-confidence of the United States.
The World Trade Center towers in New York collapsed, causing an estimated $1 trillion in damage.
President of the United States Bush immediately focused all his attention on combating the forces of international terrorism.
The war on terrorism has led the United States to dispatch more than 200,000 troops and thousands of fighter jets. Military expenditures have also become higher and higher, slowly reaching 1.4 trillion US dollars.
At that time, the United States was still burdened with a lot of foreign debt, and launching another war overwhelmed the U.S. finances. Just the interest that needed to be repaid reached hundreds of billions of dollars.
While the United States was busy fighting wars around the world, China was slowly developing and growing in the cracks.
Strengthening in the Cracks
From January 18 to February 21, 1992, the national leaders made a series of speeches while inspecting the south.
The Southern Talk gradually reduced the negative impact of the "China Collapse Theory" at that time. Emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts were promoted in the Southern Talk.
He also called on people across the country to get rid of ideological shackles, once again emphasized the necessity of reform and opening up, and also summarized the experience of previous generations.
These actions have greatly improved the ideological realm of the Chinese people, and the theory and practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics have achieved great breakthroughs.
Southern Talk is like a shot in the arm, bringing spring to China's development.
Moreover, China’s socialism did not completely copy the Soviet Union’s city-centered model from the beginning.
China has a large number of farmers, so it is necessary to implement the policy of surrounding the cities from the countryside. The city-centered theory has been proven to be inapplicable in China on the path explored by the Chinese Communist Party.
The development of socialism is also slowly taking root in China, gradually conforming to China's national conditions.
Although there were indeed some setbacks in the process of exploration, by the 1990s, China's socialist road had become mature.
Subsequently, the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held, and the Southern Talk also played a guiding role in the 14th National Congress.
Reform and opening up are gradually expanding, and China is becoming more and more open. Due to the advantages of its policies, it is becoming more and more attractive to foreign investment.
The government is also very aware that China lacks funds. In order to welcome the wave of economic globalization, China has taken a more proactive attitude.
In addition to the United States, many countries in the world have seen the huge development potential hidden in China.
At the same time, China has a large population, so China also has a large consumer market .
Due to its huge size, China quickly attracted many foreign investors and became a beneficiary of economic globalization.
Compared with the Soviet Union, which was dominated by planned economy, China's socialism obviously has strong vitality.
The socialist market economic system was also gradually established in the 1990s, laying a solid foundation for China's economic growth.
That’s why China did not follow in the footsteps of the Soviet Union.
Although socialism suffered a huge blow in the early 1990s, and people once felt that the socialist road was unworkable, China has proved this view wrong with practical actions.
At this time, the United States is busy with the ideology , competing with other countries for power in the Middle East and Eastern Europe.
However, peace and development have become the themes of the era after World War II.
Each country's diplomatic activities are based on its own national interests, and no one is willing to continue to be involved in the smoke of war. The huge market of
allows foreign advanced production technology and production materials to come directly to China.
China also took this opportunity to initiate good-neighbor diplomacy, broke Western sanctions, and peacefully resolved issues left over from history.
Hong Kong and Macao successfully returned to China in the late 1990s, and neighboring countries also established national borders with China.
China, which is full of vitality and vitality, has also joined the WTO after the 21st century, taking a big step forward on the road to building a moderately prosperous society for all.
Americans underestimate the power of the Chinese people and believe that if they leave things alone, China will destroy itself.
did not expect that in the 21st century, the world structure was also undergoing silent changes.
In 2008, another economic crisis broke out around the world, and the economy of the capitalist world fell into a downturn again.
At this time, China applied for the qualification to host the Olympic Games. The 2008 Beijing Olympics allowed the world to see China's achievements in the past 30 years of reform and opening up.
Finally, I also wish that the motherland will realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation at an early date.
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editor | Don’t miss the little star
