Fifth dynasty period, a powerful nomadic dynasty established by Khitan tribe appeared in the north - the Great Liao ( Great Khitan ).
Liao Kingdom After Yelu Abaoji and Yelu Deguang , the emperor, the father and son, became the most powerful country in the north and the northern hegemon that the Central Plains dynasty feared the most. During its heyday, the Liao army defeated the Central Plains orthodox , the Northern Song Dynasty , and caused it to pay tribute for years.
After the Liao Kingdom, the Jurchens established the Great Jin replaced it. Jin Kingdom was first established and entered its heyday. It first destroyed Liao and then destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty, forcing Southern Song Founding Emperor Zhao Gou to pay tribute, almost becoming the orthodox Central Plains.
Whether it is Liao or Jin, they were the absolute overlords of northern China at that time. They were one of the few northern dynasties in Chinese history that could make the Central Plains dynasties breathless. They occupied most of the land in the north and expanded their territory to the hinterland of the Central Plains during their heyday.
So, when the territory of Liao and Jin dynasties was at their peak, which provinces did they rule today?
The father and son founded a century-old dynasty - Daliao
On the thirteenth year of Xiantong in the Tang Dynasty (872), a loud cry of babies came from the home of Yelu Sala, the leader of the Khitan Diela tribe. Yelu Abaoji, who later dominated the north, was born.
Abaoji was born in an era when it was an excellent time for development for Khitan --The late Tang Dynasty, at this time, the Central Plains dynasty was constantly in chaos, and the people were in vain and had no time to take care of it, and they could not control the northern ethnic minorities.
Before the Anshi Rebellion , the tribal regime established by northern ethnic minorities, including the Khitan, was always suppressed by the Central Plains dynasty. During this period, the relationship between the Central Plains dynasty and the northern ethnic minority tribal regime perfectly interprets what "those who follow me will live and defy me will die."
Once the northern tribal regime does not obey the Central Plains dynasty or even resists the Central Plains dynasty, then only war will be welcomed. During the Martial Arts Anniversary, the strength of the Khitan tribe grew rapidly and became a regional overlord.
Therefore, the Khitan had a strange intention and wanted to break away from the control of the Central Plains dynasty and establish himself as a country. So he launched an anti-military army in Yingzhou (now Chaoyang City, Liaoning). Wu Zetian was furious when he heard this and immediately dispatched troops and dispatched troops . With only one partial army, he annihilated all the main forces of the Khitan.
After this blow, the Khitan suddenly became a small tribe, and it was only after more than two hundred years of recovery.
When Abaoji was born, the Tang Dynasty was unable to protect itself, and even internal rebellions could not be suppressed. There was no time to suppress the northern ethnic tribal regimes, and thus the Khitan rose again.
In the first year of Tianfu in the Tang Dynasty (901), Abaoji was elected as Yilijin (the military leader of the tribe) by the elders of Diela for their repeated military achievements and their ability to be very capable of leading.
After that, under the leadership of Abaoji, the Khitan Diela tribe launched predatory wars against neighboring tribes for years, "successfully defeated the Wei, in Jue and Xi Shuai, and captured many prisoners." He used war to support the war, and his strength continued to grow.
Finally, after several years of conquest and plunder, Abaoji unified the eight Khitan tribes.
In the first month of the fourth year of Tianyou in the Tang Dynasty (907), Abaoji became the supreme ruler of the Khitan tribe, replacing the Yaonian tribe as the leader of the alliance, marking that the Khitan tribe began to establish a country and entered the era of slavery.
At the beginning of his ascension, Abaoji showed his political talents far beyond ordinary people. In order to maintain his dominance and to stabilize the Khitan, Abaoji did not hesitate to give up some of the power in his hands: "Issue the royal family to inherit the nine tents of the Yaonian family as the tenth tent."
Abaoji gave the Yaonian family the treatment of the royal family even surpassing the royal family, and used the "respecting the nine tents" method to alleviate the dissatisfaction of the Yaonian family, which was seized, to win people's hearts.
While winning over the hearts of the tribe, Abaoji also did not forget to strengthen his authority.
A Baoji ascended the throne, he placed a "heart" in his tent. Like the Central Plains dynasty's Yulinwei and Qianniuwei, this institution is specifically responsible for protecting the emperor's safety in person, and is responsible for suppressing rebellions and rebellion among the people. It is an armed force directly belonging to A Baoji, which effectively strengthens A Baoji's control over the Khitan tribe.
At the same time, A Baoji established the "Tiyin Official" in the court, which was the same as Zong Zhengqing of the Central Plains Dynasty. He was in charge of the affairs of the royal family. He appointed his younger brother Sala as Tiyin Official to control the royal family and thus ensure his absolute authority.
Soon after, A Baoji appointed the queen's brother Xiao Dilu as the prime minister of the Northern Palace, and ordered the Prime Minister of the Northern Palace to take control of the Xiao clan of Yonggui, so that the rear tribe can be brought back to control the rear tribe.
Under the rule of Abaoji, the originally loose Khitan tribe became extremely close and began to gradually transform from a tribal alliance to a slave country.
In the second year of Liang Zhenming (916), the Central Plains split the countries and attacked each other, and had no time to take care of each other. A Baoji successively quelled the rebellion of his brothers and crushed the restoration activities of the tribes. A Baoji, who was worried inside and outside, officially abolished the tribal alliance in Longhuazhou (now the eight immortals of Zhaowuda League, Inner Mongolia), founded the country "Kitan", and was honored as "The Great Sage and Daming Emperor" and the year name "Shencai".
In the third year of Shenquan (918), Abaoji built the west building of the imperial capital (now the south polo city of Balin Zuo Banner, Chifeng District, Inner Mongolia), which was later Shangjing Linhuang Prefecture.
Since all the country has been established and proclaimed emperors, they naturally have to look like a country and an emperor, and they must have etiquette and system. Of course, these are not difficult for the Khitan. Just copy the set of the Central Plains dynasty.
After he was promoted to the emperor, A Baoji reused Han Yanhui and other Han intellectuals who surrendered to him, "Build a city, build a palace, correct the monarch and ministers, and set the status" "determine the law, and set the title" .
A Baoji refers to the political model of the Central Plains dynasty and established a national system that has both the traditional system of the Central Plains dynasty and the characteristics of the Khitan tribe - the official system from the north to the south, that is, "(north) governs the Khitan with the state system, and treats the Han people with the Han system."
While improving the national system, in order to strengthen the Khitan's national strength,A Baoji continued to launch wars abroad.
He first launched an attack on the wealthy Central Plains, but at that time, Li Keyong was a war-torn hero. A Baoji was like a little brother in front of him, and he could not beat him at all. A Baoji personally fought against Youzhou twice and ended in failure.
Two battles against the Central Plains, and they were defeated by Li Keyong every time. The cruel reality made Abaoji understand that for the heroes of the Central Plains, he and his Khitan were not enough. They were just not interested in the barren north, otherwise there would be no Khitan Kingdom.
Abao's function leads the Khitan to become stronger step by step.
After failing to go south for the second time, he did not give up on himself, but decisively adjusted his strategic direction and turned to launch a war on tribes and countries such as Turkic , Dangxiang, Xiaofan, Bohai and Goryeo located in the northwest and northeast. In June of the third year of Tianzan (924), Abao led his army to fight westward, attacking Tuhun, Dangxiang, 号文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文� In September of the fourth year of
Tianzan (925), after conquering the Dangxiang, Abaoji launched a battle to destroy the country against the Bohai Kingdom.
In the first month of the following year, Khitan surrounded the capital of Bohai. The king of Bohai opened the city and surrendered, and the Bohai was destroyed.
The destruction of the Bohai Sea made the surrounding Jurchens, Tieli, and Bigude tribes were frightened and soon announced their surrender. Since then, the Khitan national strength has increased greatly, completing the unification of the entire Northeast, laying the foundation for the later borders of the eastern, northern and western Liao Kingdom.
In the year when Khitan completed the reunification of the Northeast, Abaoji, a generation of hero, collapsed in Fuyu City (now Nong'an County, Jilin Province) on his way back to the capital, at the age of 55. After Abaoji, who created the Liao Kingdom, died, his second son Yelu Deguang inherited the throne and was Emperor Taizong of Liao.
Yelu Deguang's achievements for the Liao Kingdom were comparable to those of Abaoji. Simply put, Abaoji laid the foundation of the Liao Kingdom, and Yelu Deguang built a magnificent villa on this foundation for the Liao Kingdom.
Yelu Deguang is a capable monarch with a good literary and military strategy. He became the Grand Marshal of the Khitan military at the age of 21. He followed his father Abaoji to fight south and north, participated in the wars of Houliang and Houtang, and destroyed the Bohai Kingdom and other wars. Historical books say that he "has made contributions from thousands of miles east and west."
When Yelu Deguang first ascended the throne, the government power was controlled by his mother, Empress Dowager Xiao, and he was like a puppet. However, he was very scheming and surrendered against his will on the surface to seek joy, but in secret he was fighting against his power and profit with him.
In order to let Empress Xiao relax her control, Yelu Deguang made his concubine Xiao, whom he disliked very much, the only reason she was Empress Xiao's niece.
In addition, Yelu Deguang would come to Empress Dowager Xiao to greet each other every day. Every time Empress Dowager Xiao was ill and did not like to eat, he did not eat, and he did not eat, "serving his mother in front" showed filial piety.
In this way, Yelu Deguang eventually gradually took back his power.
After gradually mastering the Khitan, Yelu Deguang began to embark on the road of conquest.
When Yelu Deguang was accumulating strength to prepare to go south, the Central Plains was in an era of division and separatism. Although the Central Plains occupied the orthodox side of the Later Tang Dynasty, the Later Tang regime could only control half of the Central Plains. There were Yang's family Wu's country , Qian's family Wu's country , Liu's family , Meng's family , and the southeastern Han country were small countries such as Wang's family min. The various countries attacked each other and fought for years. The people were living in poverty and had no time to take care of them.
This provides a great opportunity for the rapid development of Khitan's national strength and the future entry into the Central Plains, and this opportunity happened to be captured by the far-sighted Yelu Deguang.
Of course, although the Central Plains countries attacked each other, the Khitan was a giant figure, the Later Tang, and with the strength of the Khitan, it was absolutely impossible to compete with it. Not to mention defeating the Later Tang Dynasty, even defeating the Later Tang army was a problem. In March of the third year of Tianxian (928), the rebel general of the Later Tang Dynasty, Wang Du, the governor of the Yiwu Army, sent someone to Khitan, requesting to offer Dingzhou (now Dingzhou, Hebei) to surrender, and the Khitan accepted it.
Tang Mingzong Li Siyuan was furious and led his troops to quell the rebellion with the north Wang Yanqiu as the main general. Seeing this, the king hurriedly sent envoys to the Khitan to rescue. Yelu Deguang believed that this was a good opportunity to enter the Central Plains, so he ordered Xituli (full name "Xi Liubu Tuli", an official in the north, in charge of Xilu's lawsuits and prevent betrayals) to lead troops to rescue.
started, Tiela won consecutive battles and defeated Wang Yanqiu in Dingzhou. Later, with the gathering of the main forces of the Later Tang Dynasty, Dingzhou was defeated and Tiela was killed in the battle. Dozens of Khitan generals including Nerigon and Chala were captured by the Later Tang Dynasty, and the Liao army was defeated.
Yelu Deguang's first invasion of the Central Plains ended in failure.
Like his father Abaoji, Yelu Deguang is also a master who can correct his mistakes.
Faced with the failure of the first attack on Tang, he calmly accepted the lessons of the failure, learned from it, and no longer attacked the Later Tang alone with his rare military strength. Instead, he chose to take advantage of the contradictions between the arrogant soldiers and generals in the Later Tang Dynasty, or bribed them with high officials and generous salaries, or promised to help him establish the country, drive him to serve him to take the lead, and then defeat the Later Tang from within.
Yelu Deguang's strategy was later proved to be effective, and the civil strife in the Later Tang Dynasty finally allowed the Khitan to enter the Central Plains. In July of the tenth year of the reign of Hedong of the Later Tang Dynasty, Shi Jingtang, the governor of Hedong of the Later Tang Dynasty, first fought for power with Zhang Jingda of the Later Tang Dynasty. The last emperor of the Later Tang Dynasty, Li Congke of the Later Tang Dynasty killed Shi Jingtang's younger brother Shi Jingwei, son Shi Jingyin and others.
Shi Jingtang rebelled against the Later Tang for his revenge and selfish desires, so he sent an envoy to Yelu Deguang to surrender according to his son's generation and sought help from reinforcements to destroy the Later Tang. "On the day of the victory of the matter, we will cede Lu Long and the states north of Yanmen Pass and ."
Shi Jingtang promised the Khitan that as long as the Khitan was willing to send troops to help him rebel against the Tang Dynasty, he would ced the Sixteen Prefectures of Youyun after the matter was completed.
is called by his son and is willing to cede the Sixteen Prefectures of Youyun. Shi Jingtang was really willing to lay his foundation in order to establish the country and become emperor. How could Yelu Deguang let go of such a good opportunity?
Tianxian eleventh year (936), Yelu Deguang personally led the army to fight 50,000 cavalry and together with Shi Jingtang to attack the Later Tang Dynasty.
After defeating the Later Tang army at Jinyang City, Yelu Deguang appointed Shi Jingtang as the son emperor of the Later Jin Dynasty. After Shi Jingtang received the Khitan edict, he expressed that he would be loyal to the Khitan for generations, and serve the Khitan emperor like his father, and never betray him.
In November of the same year, the Khitan and the Later Jin coalition captured Luoyang, the capital of the Later Tang Dynasty. The last emperor of the Tang Dynasty, Li Congke, burned himself to death, and the Tang Dynasty was destroyed.
After the demise of the Later Tang Dynasty, Shi Jingtang presented the sixteen states of You, Ji, Ying, Mo, Zhuo, Tan, Shun, Gui, Ru, Xin, Wu, Yun, Ying, Shuo, Huan, and Wei, and the sixteen states of Youyun were finally obtained by the Khitan. After
11, Yelu Deguang took advantage of the weak position of Hou Jin and led his army to the Central Plains to capture the capital of Hou Jin Bianjing (now Kaifeng, Henan). He captured the emperor Shi Chonggui of Hou Jin, and ascended the throne in Bianjing and became emperor. He changed the country's name to "Da Liao" and changed the year name to "Datong".
Since then, the Khitan was renamed the Great Liao and officially entered the Central Plains. At this moment, the Liao Kingdom became the overlord of the world, and its national strength gradually entered its heyday... (Of course, not long after, the Liao Kingdom was forced to return to the north because of the Han uprising in the Central Plains blooming everywhere. Yelu Deguang also died on the way to return to the north. After that, the Liao Kingdom did not directly control the Central Plains, but indirectly control the Central Plains by controlling the Central Plains regime.)
Highlight in the Heyday in the Territory of Liao Kingdom
Highlight in the Heyday in the reign of Empress Xiao and Liao Shengzong Yelu Longxu in the Reign of the Reign of the Reign of the Emperor.
At this time, the Liao Kingdom had long become the absolute overlord. The orthodox Central Plains, which once suppressed them, dared not touch its edge. The Northern Song Dynasty could only exchange tribute for peace with the Liao Kingdom's border.
During his heyday, the Liao Kingdom "a territory of tens of thousands of miles". The territory was northeast of today's Sakhalin Island, north to the Selenge River, Shileka River, west to the Altai Mountains, south to the Haihe River in today's Tianjin City, Baxian, Hebei Province, Zhuozhou , and Yanmen Pass in Shanxi Province, bordering the Northern Song Dynasty, which ruled the Central Plains at that time, forming a confrontation between the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
So, which provinces are the territory of the Liao Kingdom in its heyday?
The Liao Kingdom's national territory is divided into five paths, namely Shangjing Road, Zhongjing Road, Tokyo Road, Nanjing Road, and Xijing Road. Each path has a political center, which is the five paths:
Shangjing Road governs Shangjing Linhuang Prefecture (now the southeastern Polo City of Balin Left Banner, Inner Mongolia), and governs the Khitan land centered on the West Lamulun River Basin as the center. The jurisdiction is equivalent to the current Mongolian People's Republic of China and the eastern Inner Mongolia area;
Zhongjing Dading Prefecture (now Daming City, west of Ningcheng, Inner Mongolia), and the jurisdiction is the original Xi tribe local area. The jurisdiction is located in the east to the present Jinzhou City, Liaoning, and Yixian County, in the north to Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia, and Aohan Banner, in the south to Qinhuangdao City, Hebei and its northwest Great Wall line, and the west to the Luanhe River Basin in Hebei;
Tokyo Daozhi Tokyo Liaoyang Prefecture (now Liaoyang City, Liaoning Province), which governs the original Dongdan Kingdom (Bohai Kingdom). The jurisdiction starts from the Nenjiang River in Heilongjiang, Liaoning Yiwulu Mountain in the west, reaches the sea in the east, reaches the Outing Xing'an Mountain in the north, and reaches the Hamkyung Road in the south, and North Korea's Hamkyung Road in the south;
Nanjing Road is governed by Nanjing Xijin Prefecture (now southwest of Beijing), and governs Youzhou. It has jurisdiction over the current Haihe River, the north of the Daqing River, and the south of the Great Wall, the south of the Hebei, Beijing, and Tianjin.
Xijing Road governs the Xijing Datong Prefecture (now Datong, Shanxi Province), and is governed by the northern part of Shanxi, western Hebei, and southern Inner Mongolia.
To sum up, the territory of the Liao Kingdom during its heyday reached six provinces, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Jilin, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Shanxi, and Beijing and Tianjin with its current administrative divisions.
The "dark horse" who destroyed Liao in ten years and Song in the second year - Jin
Jin Taizu's founding emperor Jin Taizu Wanyan Aguda can be said to be a dark horse, and the Jin Dynasty he established was even a big dark horse. In September of the fourth year of Tianqing (1114), Aguda met 2,500 people from various Jurchen tribes in Lai Liushui to pay homage to heaven and earth, and raised an army to fight against Liao.
In our opinion, a thousand people dare to rebel, which is undoubtedly seeking death.
The Liao Kingdom was a century-old empire in the north, with a population of nearly 9 million (the population of Khitan was about 1.5 million). At its peak, it had 408,000 palace guards, 49 tribal troops of vassal states, and more than 1.1 million civilians of the Five Capitals. The permanent cavalry alone remained at around 150,000.
Even if the Liao Kingdom had declined at this time, the lean camel was bigger than a horse, and even the Liao Kingdom could not be overthrown by Agu, who beat thousands of people. It is hard not to make people feel that they are dreaming.
History proved that Aguda did it. He turned what seemed like a dream into reality, started with thousands of people, and finally destroyed the Liao Kingdom in 10 years, replaced its rule in the north, and became the new overlord of the north.
A small tribe with thousands of troops destroyed such a huge empire in such a short time. The process can even be described as "unstoppable". It is no exaggeration to say that it is a miracle.
After launching an anti-Liao army, Aguda conquered Ningjiangzhou, the important town of Liao Kingdom, and the first battle was a great victory.
Ningjiangzhou was lost, and the Liao Kingdom was shocked. Emperor Tianzuo of Liao ordered the commander Xiao Sixian and the deputy commander Xiao Tabu also led 7,000 troops to attack the Jurchens, gathered in Yazihebei, and encircled and suppressed the Aguda army.
Aguda led 3,700 people to fight, and defeated the Liao army in (now southwest of Zhaoyuan, Heilongjiang), captured countless horses, armor and weapons, and the Aguda army's military strength increased sharply, from a few thousand to ten thousand. After
, Aguda took advantage of the victory and pursued the vast areas of Pennsylvania and Xianzhou in Liao Kingdom, and returned with great victory every time.
1115, in less than half a year, Aguda completed the entire process from the uprising of the army to the expansion of territory to the founding of the country. The founding of the country was "Dajin" and the year name was "Shouguo". After the founding of the country, it imitated the Liao Kingdom, abolished the tribal alliance chief system and established a ruling system and social organization that adapted to slavery countries.
In September of the same year, the Jin army conquered Huanglong Mansion.
Emperor Tianzuo of Liao learned that Huanglong Mansion had been lost, so he personally led more than 100,000 Liao troops to attack Jin.
At this time, the Jin Dynasty had only tens of thousands of troops. Aguda personally led 20,000 to face the enemy. The huge force of 1 to 5 was worse. In our opinion, this battle was mostly bound to be defeated. Emperor Tianzuo also believed that the Jin Dynasty would be destroyed in this battle, but the facts exceeded everyone's expectations.
The Jin and Liao armies met in the Gubudang. The Liao army was defeated and countless dead. Emperor Tianzuo fled back to the capital in a panic, and almost all the Liao army was wiped out. After this battle, the Liao army lost all its main force and could only switch from active attack to forced defense, and the Jin army began to gain an advantage.
1125, Agu destroyed the Liao Kingdom, and the Jin Kingdom thus dominated the north.
The leader of a small tribe raised an army to fight against Liao with 2,500 people. He established the country in the second half of the year and destroyed Liao in ten years. It has to be said that Aguda was a dark horse, and the Jin Kingdom he established was even more a dark horse.
A Guda died, his younger brother Wanyan Sheng ascended the throne, and he was Jin Taizong . After
, Wanyan Sheng continued to lead the Jin Dynasty, the dark horse, toward the Central Plains. In just two years, he destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty, which had been with the Liao Kingdom for more than 100 years, fulfilled the "wish" that took Liao Kingdom several decades to achieve, and in the next hundred years, he fought with the Southern Song Dynasty north and south.
…
At the heyday of the Jin Dynasty, the territory of the Jin Dynasty
After the destruction of the Liao and Northern Song dynasties, the territory reached the east to the Sea of Japan; to Puyu Road (now Kedong County, Heilongjiang) northwards, Huolu Huotuan Mouke (now the upper reaches of the Boroda River in the south of the Xing'an Mountains outside Russia), to the northwest to Hetao area, and to the Mongolian tribes, Tatar tribes, and Wanggu tribes; to the west along the boundary moat near Taizhou are adjacent to Xixia . The southern part of the Song Dynasty was bounded by Qinling and Huaihe , and the western part was bounded by Dasanguan and Song Dynasty.
Like the Liao Kingdom, the Jin Kingdom divided its territory into five capitals. At first it was Shangjing Huining Prefecture (now south of Acheng, Heilongjiang), Liaoyang Prefecture in Tokyo (now Liaoyang ), Dading Prefecture in Beijing (now Daming Town, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia), Datong Prefecture in Xijing (now Datong, Shanxi), Kaifeng Prefecture in Nanjing (now Kaifeng, Henan), and after the Hailing King moved the capital, he abolished Shangjing and changed to Zhongdu Daxing Prefecture (now Beijing).
The territory of the Jin Kingdom is mainly divided into three parts:
The first part is the Jin Dynasty the Longxing land, that is, the northeastern region and the southern desert area ruled by the former Liao Dynasty;
The second part is the original territory of the Liao Kingdom, which goes south to the Linhuang Prefecture of the Liao Shangjing in Liao, until now the sixteen prefectures of Yanyun such as Hebei and Shanxi;
The third part is the Huaihe River and Qinling Mountains of the former Northern Song Dynasty. In November of the first year of the Jin Dynasty (1141), the Jin and the Southern Song Dynasty reached a peace agreement. The two countries were bounded by Huai River and Dasan Pass (now southwest of Baoji, Shaanxi). Today, Shaanxi, Shanxi, central and southern Hebei, Shandong, Henan, and Jingxiang, Huaibei and other places belonging to the Jin Kingdom.
To sum up, the territory of the Jin Dynasty during its heyday reached the eleven provinces of Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu, and Beijing and Tianjin.
