Abstract: This article argues that Emperor Qianlong’s biological mother was not the “Qian clan” of the Han people, but was born in Gyeonggi. Because Ling Zhu and her ancestors have Han blood, this woman also has more Han blood. She and , Prince Yong Yinzhen, born Hongli and later Qianlong Emperor, and there are also Han people. Blood points, and its Han blood points are slightly more than the Manchu blood points, and there is a small amount of Mongolian blood points, it is a mixture of Manchu, Han and Mongolian blood. The article believes that there are many questions about the decree that Yongzheng Emperor canonized Hongli's birth mother as the Han "Qian". The reason why the words "Qianshi" appeared in the decree, the actual situation is that the beizi Yunxuan, which was enshrined by Emperor Yongzheng, was named "Niushi" because of shorthand and abbreviation. It was scribbled and handed over to the official to write a draft of the imperial decree, which was close in shape and corrupted. It was mistakenly written as "Qianshi", and the drafting volume also used the word "Qianshi". It was only when the canonization was engraved in the "Golden Book" to bestow the entitlement, that the miswriting was discovered. Yunzhen, who was in charge of the matter, could not be blamed for this, so he was accused of "miswriting the concubine's surname" in the canonization of concubines. punish. The fact that Qianlong’s birth mother was born to the Peng family of the Han dynasty is also a more important historical fact that although the Qing court forbids intermarriage between Manchus and Hans, there is actually a marriage between Manchus and Hans.
Who is the birth mother of Emperor Qianlong Hongli is a question that has not been clarified for a long time in historians. The film and television industry also uses this to gallop the imagination space, so that the public get only some imaginary anecdotes. As an academic issue, Qianlong’s biological mother has two kinds: Manchu and Han, which are related to the relationship between Manchu and Han and ethnic integration in the Qing Dynasty. In particular, these issues are related to Emperor Qianlong and his national lineage. Has a certain academic significance. Based on previous studies and some new data, this article will further investigate this issue.
1. Review of previous studies and some questions
official literature records,Qianlong's biological mother was Niuhulu, a Manchurian Bannerman. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, there is a legend that Qianlong came from the Chen family in Haining, Zhejiang. In addition, there is the saying that the ugly Li family of the villa said that the Prince Yong Yinzheng had a relationship with an ugly girl Li family in Rehe Qiuzhen, who was later born to Emperor Hongli and later Emperor Qianlong, so Hongli’s biological mother was the Han Li family. . This statement was denied by Guo Chengkang. Generally speaking, for quite a long time, the academic circles have followed the official classics and believed that Qianlong’s biological mother was the Manchu Niuhulu family.
In 2003, Guo Chengkang discovered the newly published file "Compilation of Chinese Indictments of the Yongzheng Dynasty", and came up with a new view①. The text of this decree is: "On February 14th of the first year of Yongzheng, the encyclical is given: In accordance with the decree of the Queen Mother and the Mother of God, the Fu Jinnian clan shall be named the noble concubine, the Li clan Fu-fujin shall be named , the Qi concubine, and the Gegeqian clan shall be named It is Xifei (marked by the author of the black system, the same below), Gege Song is named Yumen, Gege Gun is named 懋嫔. This department knows." ② It is worth noting that "Gege Qianshi Feng" The sentence "Is Concubine Xi" is compared to the same thing that was later modified by the Qianlong Dynasty in the "Records of Emperor Shizong of the Qing Dynasty", which was the same as the canonization of concubines on the second day of the first year of the Yongzheng year. The "Xi Fei" in the two places is the same person, that is, Hongli's biological mother. Based on this, it is suspected that Qianlong's biological mother was changed from Qianlong to Niuhulu, and it is speculated that the reasons for the change are as follows: 1. The Qian family of the Han people and the Manchu family Niuhulu are two unrelated women. The Qian family once had a dewy marriage with Prince Yong Yinzhen at Mountain Resort , after which they gave birth to Hongli. Yongzheng Due to various considerations, another Wangfu Gege Manchu, Niu Hulu, replaced Qian as the birth mother of Hongli; 2. The Qian clan of Han nationality and the so-called Niu Hulu clan of Manchus are actually the same woman, except that Prince Yong gave Qian the Manchu surname of Niu Hulu clan, and then announced that Hongli was the birth of Niu Hulu clan. 3. The Qian family of the Han nationality did not enter the home of the official Lingzhu due to some cause.Become a maid of the Yongwang Mansion through a draft girl or other means. In February of the first year of Yongzheng, she still used Qian as her surname when her concubine Xi was sealed. A few months later, Yongzheng appointed his son Hongli Mi as the crown prince. Taking into account that Hongli will uphold the weight of the clan and society in the future, his biological mother will be respected as the Queen Mother of the Virgin. The Qian family was changed to the surname of the Manchu Lingzhu—Niu Hulu family. The surname change time should be on or after August in the first year of Yongzheng when Hongli was established as the crown prince. ③
Later, Huang Jianhui discovered the manuscript of the Hanlin Huang Zhijun , who drafted this volume. The manuscript of the volume was also the "Qian's" titled "Xi Fei". In "The Collection of Tangtang", ④. Huang Zhijun, a native of Huating, Jiangsu, was a Jinshi in the 59th year of Kangxi, and was elected as a scholar of the Hanlin Academy. After Yongzheng succeeded to the throne, he wrote articles for the Hanlin Academy. In July of the first year of Yongzheng, he was awarded . The text is exactly the duty of the Hanlin officials such as editing and editing. The manuscript of the book written by Huang Zhijun to enshrine the concubine Xi is: "Zier Qian, Yuzhi famous door, Yang Xiu Lingwen, Rou Jiamao, obedience to Zhongwei, courtesy and restraint, Yiqinxiu in the internal position .I hereby accept the empress dowager’s kind words and regard the book and seal as the concubine Xi...". Based on this, it is believed that this “further confirms that Concubine Xi was originally a Han surnamed Qian,” that is, Hongli’s birth mother was Qian. Because Qian’s background was “very cold”, he was “changed to the full surname Niu Hulu.” Qing Shizong The measures taken to ensure the succession of Emperor Gaozong (Hongli)", when the Qian clan was changed to Niu Hulu clan, he believed that "Huang Zhijun began to draft the book after the encyclical canonization of the concubine Xi in February of the first year of Yongzheng." Wen, but he left Beijing to take office in Fujian in October of that year, and did not attend the concubine canonization ceremony in December. After he left office, the successor made several polishes to his manuscript and became the booklet awarded at the ceremony. According to the article, it is included in the actual record.” According to the meaning of this statement, the change of surname should be November of the first year of Yongzheng after Huang Zhijun left office (Huang Zhijun left Beijing on the first day of November ⑤) from then to December On the 22nd, when the official canon was written before the canonization ceremony. ⑥
The above-mentioned encyclical and canonized manuscripts all have "Qianshi" named "Xi Fei", that is, the description of Qianlong's biological mother as "Qian", which introduces a vast and complicated space for the study of Qianlong's biological mother. Both scholars emphasized that Qianlong’s birth mother "Qian" was later changed to Niu Hulu’s.It was Yongzheng, and he analyzed the various possibilities, reasons, and time of the surname change, which was quite incisive and in-depth.
The following expresses some questions about Qian's surname change in this article.
(1) Is it necessary for Emperor Yongzheng to change Hongli's biological mother to his family name?
changed his surname because Hongli's biological mother Qian's status was low? But the "Zier Qian, Yuzhi Mingmen" in the booklet has already indicated Qian's origin "Famous door", why use Niu Hulu's "famous door". Furthermore, the canonization decree of the first year of Yongzheng in the "Records of Emperor Shizong of the Qing Dynasty" later revised by the Qianlong Dynasty, and the official encyclopedia after the change of surname at the canonization ceremony were all called "Gege Niu Hulu" and was named Xi Concubine. "Gege", also known as "Fan Di Gege", refers to the "maid" and "handmaid" (see also below) in the former palace of the Emperor Yongzheng who succeeded to the throne. In other words, the emperors of the Yongzheng and Qianlong dynasties did not care about and did not shy away from the low status of Qianlong's biological mother.
Moreover, after the encyclical was issued in February in the first year of Yongzheng, Hongli’s birth mother was already named as concubine—Xi concubine. A few months later, he became the crown prince and chose the concubine’s son as the crown prince. There is no problem of low status. . At the time, Emperor Kangxi's birth mother Tong and Yongzheng's birth mother Wuya were both ordinary concubines, so Hongli was also fully qualified to be crown prince. Among the emperor’s concubines, the queen’s son is a concubine, and the other concubines, no matter the concubine, general concubine, or concubine, are all concubines. Possibly, for example, after the Kangxi dynasty abolished the prince Yin礽, there were no other sons. Among the other princes, the tenth son Yin had the highest status, and his biological mother was Wenxian noble concubine, and was Niuhulu family. . Other princes such as yin , yin zhen, yin qi , yin , yin _span _span _span, etc. ( _span _span). However, Emperor Kangxi never liked the highest status of Yinzuo, the minister recommended Yinhu, Kangxi's favorite prince, although there are differences in the academic circles,However, both Yinzhen and Yinzhen (胤祯) were concubines, not concubines.
Was the surname changed because Hongli’s birth mother had a Han surname? But judging from the facts before and after, this reason does not exist. Before Kangxi was established as heir to the throne, his biological mother was the Han surname Tong. After that, Qianlong secretly established the crown prince, the 15th son of the emperor Yongyan, the later Emperor Jiaqing, whose biological mother was also the Han surname, the Wei family was . Yi (servant) The daughter of Qingtai of the Han people. It can be seen that the Qing Dynasty imperial queen mothers, emperors, etc., did not care about the Han surname of the heir emperor’s birth mother. In the Qing Dynasty, the emperor took the Han who entered the banner, that is, the daughter of the Han military banner, as his wife. It was a matter within the system. The prince born to a woman can also be established as a prince and succeeding the throne.
From the perspective of Yongzheng's style of doing things regardless of things and going his own way, even if there is no precedent for his father to be an ordinary concubine and a son of a Han surname to succeed the throne, he may also make an exception, let alone an emperor. Although it is the birth mother of the Han surname, she can still succeed to the throne.
In summary, it can be concluded that there was no need for Yongzheng to change the so-called "Qianshi" of the Han people to the Manchu and Gaomen surnames for the sake of Lihongli as the crown prince.
(2) If the Qian clan is changed to Niu Hulu clan, how can many insiders be silenced?
Ruo Hongli’s biological mother was Qian clan, this was after the birth of Hongli in August of the 50th year of Kangxi, Yongwang Mansion Everyone knows the whole family, old and young. In the first year of Yongzheng, a child who had grown to twelve or three years old, and was a prince, whose biological mother was the Qian clan, the royal family outside the palace, the servants of the banners under Yinzhen, etc., will be known to many people. . Hongli was raised in the palace again at the age of twelve, living with his ancestor Kangxi Emperor. Qianlong also said that when he was twelve years old, the Emperor Kangxi had to meet his biological mother because he was attracted by the emperor's ancestors. As a result, Prince Yong Yinzhen’s son Fu Jinna La clan led his biological mother and introduced Kangxi and Kangxi. Even the so-called "blessed person" ②, this matter has expanded the knowledge of who Hongli's biological mother is.
There is also the Niu Hulu family. If the emperor is not born from the "Qian family", the daughter of his family, if the big blessing is given today, his family becomes the home of the emperor’s grandparents,The ascension of chickens and dogs to heaven, can't such a major event be passed on?
If Hongli’s original mother was Qian, and later changed to Niu Hulu, there are so many people above, especially the many people in Yongwang Mansion, don’t you have any doubts, Rumor? Yongzheng’s politically purposeful act of changing the prince’s birth mother and concubine’s surname did not take into account the secret spread of many insiders? If the circulation is prohibited, how does Yongzheng seal the mouths of these many insiders? Facing people’s suspicion How should Yongzheng explain this unclear thing?
In addition, if Hongli’s birth mother is "Qianshi", Yongzheng’s decree to make her a concubine has been issued to the princes or officials, and they have also conveyed the decree to the decree. The institutions and officials of, later drafted formal canonizations, produced gold books and engraved canonizations, and granted the concubines to the concubines in a public grand ceremony. Who is the birth mother of Hongli will be made public. This link must be ordered Officials of the relevant agencies changed the Qian family to the Niu Hulu family, so that the ruling and the people knew that Hongli’s biological mother was the Manchu high school Niu Hulu family, not the Qian family. In this way, many people in the officialdom have learned that the Hongli birth mother of the Han Qian clan was changed to the Manren Niuhulu clan. How should Yongzheng operate this falsification? How would the many insiders in the officialdom explain it? ) How would Yongzheng explain to Hongli that his biological mother changed his surname?
If Hongli’s biological mother was Qian, he could not have known his mother’s surname Qian. Yongzheng deliberately changed Qian’s name to Niuhulu’s family, which was the tenth year of Yongzheng’s first year. In February, an official canonization ceremony was held to announce to the people: It was Niu Hulu who sealed the concubine Xi. And Hongli learned that the person he was named was no longer his biological mother "Qian", or his biological mother changed his surname to Niu Hulu, does he accept it? Because he is twelve or thirteen years old and has a long life experience and relationship with his biological mother . How did Yongzheng allow Hongli to accept it? How to explain it? Since Yong changed his birth mother's surname just for Lihongli to become the crown prince, it is also secret reserve, and should be kept secret from the defendant. If Xiang is secreted The Hongli of the imperial crown prince explained that the birthplace was changed because of the legislature. What is the "secret" meaning of this "secret" prince?
(4) Questions about the so-called Qian's adopted daughters and no daughters.
Is it possible that there was a Qian who was the adopted daughter of the Niu Hulu family, or a daughter who had been expropriated, entered the Yongwang Mansion and combined with Yinzhen to give birth to Hongli.In order to improve his Hongli status, Yongzheng changed his biological mother Qian to Niuhulu? This is not true.
If Qian is the adopted daughter of a foreign surname, he should be changed to the surname of Niu Hulu, whom his adoptive father has surpassed. It should not be changed to Niu Hulu for a long time. The so-called "Qian" has never changed her family's surname, but after August of the first year of the Yongzheng year ten years later, the surname was changed by Yongzheng for some political purpose, otherwise it will remain unchanged. The surname is "Qian", is it reasonable and commonplace?
If Qian is a maid who is submerged in the Yongwang Mansion, she should be a low status, and may even be a sin slave, then it is impossible to call her a "consultant" in his canonization. The Erqian family is a well-known family", and it is impossible to call such a lowly condemned daughter and sin slave. So it won't be a lost daughter.
(5) Changing the surname for political purposes, and it is an unconscionable act. It is not enough to just change the surname on the published booklet. In order not to leave a truthful statement for future generations, we need to take all possibilities All the text that was seen with the "Qian's" record was changed, or the document was destroyed and redone. But from the analysis of the Qing imperial population register and the compilation of genealogy system, this approach is very difficult. Even if it is tampered with, it is inevitable to reveal the news, which will seriously damage the reputation and image of Yongzheng and Emperor Qianlong.
Yongzheng " Daqing Huidian" Volume 1 "Zongren Mansion" records:
Chongde three years, the prince from the prince to the children born to the clan, and one year old, Xu will give his name and birth year , Month, day, and hour, the mother’s family name will be sent to the residence and will be listed in detail. The concubine who lives in another room shall also be registered, such as the concubine who does not live in another room and raises a child of a different surname. Those who lie will be punished with felony. At the time of delivery, the name and surname of the pregnant woman will be delivered, and the delivery will also be recorded.
Shunzhi nine-year title standard: For children born below the prince, give details of the sons of a certain king, a certain belle, a certain concubine, a certain family, name a certain, and the year, month, day, and time of the birth of the child, send the residence register, and the child is below the The clan family followed this example, enlightened and sent to the mansion, and they were included in the yellow book. His midwife and Baojie also filed the case.
In the eighteenth year of Shunzhi, the sons of concubines and concubines who did not live in another clan are also allowed to be included.
The above is the registration and reporting system of the imperial birth population during the Yongzheng dynasty and before.The reason for this is to ensure the purity and dignity of the royal blood. There are two points worth noting here.
1. In the three years of Chongde, it is strictly forbidden to "make a false report of the sons of concubines and concubines who are not living in another room" and record them in the royal population register, and offenders are "punished with serious crimes." It was not until the eighteenth year of Shunzhi that "sons born by concubines and concubines who did not live in another house were allowed to be included." This is because the Qing royal family emphasized the status of its members. The children born to the female slaves in the palace were excluded from the royal family even though the biological father was a royal. The file at the time said in more detail: 崇德 three years In August, it was stipulated that "if a child of a female slave is born and adopted by a child of a different surname, and the child is falsely claimed to be a natural child, a felony will be punished"①. Eighteen years after Shunzhi, although the children born to such female slaves were allowed to be included in the clan register, since the principle was to maintain the dignity of the children born to female slaves, the censorship of the children born to female slaves should be extremely strict and tampering. It is a crime that is taboo. If Qianlong’s biological mother was the "Qian clan," it was the Han or perhaps a female slave, who should be strictly examined and accurately recorded. If he is tampered with to improve his identity and ethnic attributes, he is committing this taboo.
2. The child’s biological mother, "Mother’s family, will be sent to the government, and the register will be recorded in detail", and the "wife’s and guarantor’s will also be sent for record." This means that not only the surname of the "biological mother" is recorded in the register, but the surname of the midwife and the guarantor of joint and several liabilities are also recorded. If Hongli’s biological mother is changed to the family name, the family’s family mansion needs to be searched for the original book and the Han surname Qian is changed to the man’s surname Niu Hulu. In addition, if after the above-mentioned change of surname is completed, this midwife becomes the midwife of "Niu Hulu" out of nowhere? There is also a guarantor who proves the birth of Hongli, should the names of these two people also be changed?
In addition, the information about Hongli and his biological mother will be written into " 玉牒". Hongli was born in August of the 50th year of Kangxi. A few years later, the 54th year of Kangxi was at the time of the revision of "Jade"② , The Clan’s Mansion reported the information of Hongli’s birth and birth mother in the Jade Museum, and the "Jade Die" that was compiled will contain the Qian's records. There are two original copies of the repaired "Jade Observation". At that time, it was divided into , Beijing Emperor Shicheng, Libu (the "Jade Observation" hidden in the Ritual Department in the nineteenth year of Qianlong was changed to Shengjing). There is also a "reference copy" reserved for the next revision of the "Jade Die" as a reference and reference.These population books and "Jade Diaries" must be cleanly done in order not to leave criticisms. All the words "Qian" must be revised, or they must be copied so as not to leave traces of alteration or excavation. Destroy the original book again. This kind of project requires many people from the clan’s mansion, 皇史宬, and the Ministry of Rites. Combined with the aforementioned analysis of doubts, how necessary is it to "change the surname" and risk this public opinion scandal?
So, if Qianlong’s birth mother was Qianlong and the surname was changed, there would be no clues among the many insiders mentioned above. The disclosure? This also shows that if Qianlong’s birth mother was indeed the Qian clan of the Han, it would be difficult to change his surname to Niu Hulu.
There is a more critical question, if it is a political purpose to change the surname, and the method is not bright, for fear of being discovered, then why this "decree" with the word "Qian" is not changed or destroyed , Is still left, and left to people's suspicion? A reasonable guess may be: because it is a general handwriting error, rather than a political purpose that cannot be shown and must be altered or destroyed, so there is no need to check the original file. , Change the typo again, or destroy the original file.
(6) If Qianlong’s biological mother was Qian, how would the Emperor Qianlong face the problem of changing his biological mother’s surname after ascending to the extreme? The nationally announced edict for the birth mother "Niu Hulu" was " Chongqing Empress Dowager", it was clearly stated that it was Niu Hulu Chongqing Empress Dowager "birth and give birth" ③, that is, It was Niu Hulu who gave birth to him, and "Xiaogong" was Qianlong's modest name for himself. " Qing Records " is also called , the queen of filial piety "The Niuhu Lu clan... was born in the Lama Palace" ④, "shang" here also refers to Emperor Qianlong. If Qianlong’s biological mother was surnamed Qian, Emperor Qianlong would call his surname Niu Hulu, or hide his real biological mother Qian, and use Niu Hulu as his biological mother. Did you end up changing your surname for your biological mother, or replacing your biological mother with a non-biological mother in order to change your biological mother’s family? Are you afraid that the above edict will be announced to the world and the scandal will spread throughout the country?
For the newly ascended Qianlong,If the biological mother changes her surname, what is even more difficult is that this incident is not just a matter of changing the surname of the biological mother Qian alone, but also changing the grandfather’s home. According to custom, after the emperor ascends to the extreme, he is required to seal the biological mother’s maiden, after Qianlong’s ascendancy. In November of the thirteenth year of the Yongzheng year, Qianlong sealed his grandfather’s house and named Lingzhu as a duke. In the canonization, he said: "Lingzhu... Our Mother of Dusheng" by his maternal grandfather Niu Hulu, which means that Lingzhu was born. His biological mother. If Qianlong’s biological mother, Qian’s family, was changed to Niu Hulu’s family, it would be equivalent to abandoning his maternal grandparents and Qian’s family with his biological surname Qian, and forcibly finding someone from another family’s family name as the biological father of his biological mother, and He also brazenly said that this person was the "Mother of God"-he gave birth to my biological mother! Qianlong faced many insiders who knew that his biological father was not overshadowed, can this kind of lie be taken from the monarch of a country What did he say? How would he face his real grandfather Qian and his family members? Furthermore, if there is a family of Qian’s maternal grandparents, it has become the emperor’s grand calendar. Indifferent? As the ruler of a country adhering to the rule of filial piety, will he respect and favor the Niu Hulu family of the fake grandfather's family instead, but be indifferent to the Qian family of the real grandfather's family and let him disappear in In the eyes of everyone? If you take care of it, why is there never the slightest sign and rumors about Qianlong's favor of the so-called "Qian family" family? Qian's not another person. The self-confession of the Queen Mother Niu Hulu also illustrates this point. Before his death, he issued a "faith" to the officials and people, saying: "Give Bode, Yiying Hao Cang blessing, Lie Sheng Duxiang, give birth to the emperor" ②, this clearly means "giving" or "I" to give birth. The emperor --- "birth the emperor bow." If it were not for the Qianlong Hongli born of the Niu Hulu family, but the Qian family, as the imposter mother, she has been the empress dowager for more than 40 years, and she has already enjoyed the glory and prosperity of the world. Is it necessary to tell this big lie? If Qianlong was not born to her, she would not mention the matter at all. This is the wisest move. This is the simplest truth.
The reason for many of the above questions is also based on seeing other information that can further prove that Qianlong's birth mother is Niu Hulu. Therefore, I suspected: Was the "Qian Shi" in the decree and the book written wrong, and was later corrected to Niu Hulu? Because of the wrong words in the decree, the book and other official documents,Not surprising. Feng Erkang once said: It is not uncommon for important documents in the Qing Dynasty to make mistakes in the records, and there are also mistakes in the original work. This is the case in the "Jade Die". The author also found more than one miswriting and missing words in the archives and even in the royal "Jade Die." "Mahara" even mistaken "Emperor Sejong" for "Emperor Sejo".
The following facts prove that the decree and volume of this canonization may have been miswritten.
First of all, the phrase "Zierqian, Yuzhi Mingmen" in the drafting volume is obviously wrong, because the eight famous masters in Qing Dynasty such as Niuhulu, and Guarjia , etc., did not "Famous door" Qian said.
There are also many historical records that Yun Xi, who handled the canonization of concubines in the early years of the Yongzheng period, made a mistake about the concubine.
" Qing History Manuscript " Note: In February of the second year of Yongzheng, Yunxuan had previously processed the "Annotation of the Saint Ancestor's Matching Ceremony, and the Golden Book of Concubine Sealing, Omissions, Mistakes, and Downing of the Town State Duke" ③. This text should be based on the records of the "Records of Emperor Shizong of the Qing Dynasty":
Songs from the ancestral mansion in the second year of the Yongzheng period: Bei Zi Yunxuan, the emperor Sheng Zuren will be given a ritual note, and the golden book of concubines, omission, 舛Wrong, Yun Xing should be removed to Gushan Beizi, lowered to the first class, and awarded as Zhen Guo Gong. From there. ④
And the "Registration of Living in the Yongzheng Dynasty" has a more detailed record of this matter:
On June 5th of the second year of Yongzheng, at the time of Bingzimao, he asked to Ganqingmen to listen to politics... Write the concubine's surname, remove Yun Xing from Beizi, and reduce it to protector (an error of the word "zhen"-the author's note). Because of the accidental prohibition of burning incense in temples, etc., it was agreed that Yun Xing would go to handle the affairs of the Ministry of Rites. And because of the omission of the clear text in the notes of the ritual, there is no punishable salary allowed, so it should not be discussed. ①
Linking and analyzing the above information, in this historical material of "Records of Qing Shizong", the previous word "omission", compared with the record of "Yongzheng Dynasty Living Registration", refers to "the emperor Shengzuren is equipped with a note" "Omission of clear text in the notes of the ritual",Then, the "mistake" in "Put the saint ancestor emperor with the ceremonial note to the golden album of concubines, omissions, mistakes" is also the corresponding "Golden album of concubines, ... mistakes". It can be seen that the "miswriting of the concubine's surname" is not something else, but it is the same thing as the "miswriting of the concubine's surname", that is, the "miswriting of the concubine's surname" in the matter of sealing the concubine, and, The wrongly written surname is the one who named "concubine", neither the "noble concubine" nor the "concubine". But this time there are only two people named "concubine": "Fujin Li was named Qi concubine, and Gegeqian was named concubine Xi". Others: Nian was named "concubine", and "concubine" was named Song clan. , Geng (see the original text above), and among these two concubines, Li did not hear that the surname was incorrectly written, so the wrong name should be "Qian" by "miswriting the concubine's surname" .
After contacting the aforementioned information, I learned that the mistake of "miswriting the concubine's surname" has continued to "the concubine's surname... In the process of making the "Golden Book" for the canonization of "Concubine Xi".
Based on the above situation, we will make further analysis, and speculate that there is such a possibility: This time the canonization was dictated by Yongzheng Bei Zi Yunxuan, who was responsible for the affairs of the Ministry of rites. The abbreviation of "", written as "Niu", was handed over to the Ministry of Rites to pass to the cabinet for drafting the imperial decree. Because the shorthand text was not clear, the drafter of the imperial decree mistakenly wrote the word "button" as the word "money", and then drafted the canonization accordingly. The booklet is still in use and written as "Qianshi". Later, when the official booklet is written into the gold book, it is discovered that the writing is wrong. Although it was not that Yunxuan mistakenly wrote the word "money" at first, it was caused by him. It is also possible that he abbreviated "Niu Hulu clan" as "Niu clan" and was identified as "miswriting concubine's surname", because Han people also have "Niu Shi", and he is the highest person in charge of the affairs of the Ministry of Ritual-in charge of the affairs of the Ministry of Ritual, is the person in charge of responsibilities②. Therefore, there were three incidents related to this incident and other mistakes made by Yunxian. On the fifth day of June, the second year of Yongzheng, they were reported by the clan's mansion, and Yunxuan was relegated to handle the affairs of the Ministry of rites, and Viscount Bei was demoted to duke.
The mistakenly written "Qianshi" was changed to "Niuhulushi" when it was made in December of the first year of the Yongzheng year. For this reason, Huang Zhijun, the manuscript drafter who left Beijing to work in Fujian on the first day of November, did not find that the paper manuscript written by him was wrong, and still used the manuscript draft written as "Qianshi" with other "systems". Save all the texts together,His descendants were included in his "(Guangwu) Tang Ji" engraving, which has survived to this day.
Niu Hulu's family was awarded the concubine Xi in December in the first year of Yongzheng, and and the concubine Xigui in the later Jin Dynasty. This is probably also the case of Huang Hongshou's Compilation of Chronicles of Qing History during the Republic of China. The imperial concubine's golden book has the origin of "the wrong story", it was Huang Hongshou who named the concubine Xi at that time and the "concubine concubine Xi" who came later.
The following key issue that needs to be distinguished is that the canonization of "Qianshi" issued in February of the first year of the Yongzheng year was the "decree" and the emperor's instruction. Could it be that the "decree" of Emperor Yongzheng was his birth mother of Hongli Write "Qianshi"? In other words, Hongli's birth mother is Qianshi, and the word "Qianshi" is written by Emperor Yongzheng?
Actually, this drafted "decree" was neither written by Yongzheng, nor did he Glance over. Because, canonization, this kind of official document procedure in accordance with the precedents, Yongzheng only dictated the princes or hall officials in charge of the ceremonial department, and the princes or hall officials of the ceremonial department management department dictated the cursive notes. The text of the decree was transferred to the cabinet, and the decree was drafted by the cabinet, not by the emperor himself. Because even the Military Aircraft Department 's decree to handle military affairs and military affairs was dictated by the emperor, and the official who gave the verbal verbal reply was written as a written decree①, let alone such routine matters. If this encyclopedia was written by Emperor Yongzheng himself or was wrongly written, Yunzhen would not be punished for "miswriting the concubine's surname". As for the content of the decree proposed by the officials, if it is a major military or political matter and there are no old rules to follow, the emperor needs to review and revise the decree he drafted before issuing it, such as the canonization of concubines and other non-national military and political events, and there are cases of canonization. The emperor generally did not need to review the formal decree, because the emperor of the Qing Dynasty personally handled a lot of government affairs, especially the Yongzheng Emperor who had not succeeded in the first year of the Yongzheng period. Many, if Yongzheng reviewed the decree drafted by this official, he would not issue the decree wrongly written with the concubine's surname. It was not discovered and corrected until the gold book was made.
After the canonization decree is drafted, it needs to be sent to the Hanlin Academy, and the Hanlin official drafts the specific "documents" of each canonized person, and then forwards it to the Chinese Book Division.In the matter of making the canonized gold book, the official book should be engraved on the gold book. This time the recipients were all wives, concubines and maids (Gege) who had children before Yongzheng’s succession. Those who had no children were not sealed. This draft decree did not make any mistakes for those who should be sealed, and sealed the concubine Xi. He is the biological mother of the fourth son of the emperor Hongli, but the surname is wrong. If the person who should be sealed was mistakenly sealed to another person, it should have been discovered long ago. It is precisely because the person who should be sealed is correct, so when the ceremonies are required to make the gold book and the official is sent to issue the recipient, it is discovered that the surname of the person who should be sealed, that is, the recipient of the gold book, is wrong. This also shows that the so-called "Qian" is actually Niu Hulu himself, not someone else, but the original "Qian" in the official document is a wrong word, and later corrected to Niu Hulu.
So, how did the original "Niu Hulu clan" become "Qian clan" by mistake? Xiao Shi’s "Yongxian Lu" (written in the seventeenth year of Qianlong) provided an association for this matter. Clues:
On February Wuwu in the first year of Yongzheng of Emperor Sejongxian's imperial reign, the emperor's empress dowager's decree was passed: Fu Jinnian was a noble concubine, Li was a concubine, Ge Ge Niu was a concubine, Song and Geng were concubines. ②
One of the sources for the compilation of "Yongxianlu" is the copied Dichao, court newspaper, edict, memorial, etc. ③, then, is this possible: the original ritual minister Yun Xian received Yongzheng dictation At the time of the decree (or later), the "Niu Hulu family" was simplified and shorthanded as "Niu Shi", because it was not uncommon for Manchus to take the first character of the Chinese name as their surname at that time, such as the Fu Cha family. The names Fu Jizu and Fu Heng are based on the translation of the first Chinese character "Fu" as the surname. Others of this clan are written as "Fucha clan" in Chinese, and the names of Fulton and Fu Lunqi are all this way of surname. It is very possible to substitute "Niu Shi" for "Niu Hu Lu Shi" for the abbreviation of Yunxuan's shorthand. The shorthand words were scribbled, and Yun Xi forwarded the shorthand scribbled decree to the cabinet officials to draft the decree. The scribbled "button" was then mistaken for "money". ), the next step is to hand over to the Hanlin Academy, and the Hanlin official will write a pamphlet based on this, and it will be possible to write "Qianshi" for the concubines of Xi. This may indeed be the case. Therefore, in the copy of "Yongxian Lu", the first copy of the concubine named "Niu Shi", and then the copy appeared: "Ding Mao" in December of the first year of Yongzheng Nian Shi is an imperial concubine,The Li family is the Qi concubine, the Qian family is the concubine Xi, the Song family is the Yu 嫔, the Geng family is the Mao 嫔"①, "Niu family" has become the "Qian family" situation. This may be based on the author Xiao Xi twice Dichao, Chaobao copied from different documents.
Based on the above analysis, this article believes that Qianlong’s biological mother left over in the aforementioned archives and anthologies is the text of the “Qian family”, which is quite questionable and unreasonable. , Reason. The official announcement of Qianlong’s birth mother is Niu Hulu, which should be credible. Other data can also be used to further support this. See the next section for details.
2. Seen from family tree and local chronicles Information about Qianlong’s birth mother being Niu Hulu clan
In addition to Qing dynasty records and political records, genealogy and local chronicles, there is also some information about Qianlong’s birth mother "Chongqing Empress Dowager" as the value of Niu Hulu clan and her family The information of, is listed as follows, and a comprehensive analysis is made. Pay attention to the part in boldface.
"Genealogy of Huangqi Niuhulu Family Hongyi Gong" built in the twelfth year of Qianlong, in which "the grandnephew of the ninth Hongyi Gongtang" is under the heading. The grandfather of Emperor Qianlong Hongli Lingzhu, has the following content.
In November of the 13th year of Yongzheng, he was ordered to: ……The fourth grade of ceremonies Lingzhu, is the father of the empress dowager of Chongqing, honorably serving his office, loyal and loyal. , The ceremonial chapter of the Su Palace, the favor of the Hetian family, the thick streamer, the mother of the Virgin, should be customized, and the tin is commended...Ling Zhufeng is the first-class father, and his wife is the first-class lady.
( Cheng'en Gong Ling lived) married the Peng family, the daughter of Peng Wugong, a resident of Baodi County, born on March 28th in the 11th year of Kangxi. In the sixth year of Qianlong, his wife had her seventieth birthday. She received the emperor’s grace, special gift. Guxirenrui" plaque... Four children: Chang, Yitonga; Second, Yisonga; Three, Yisantai; Fourth, Yishentai. Three females: Chang, Empress Dowager of Chongqing; Second, Shizheng Zheng Tingfu, a student of the Lanqi Han army; Third, suitable for inlaid with a white flag Manchuria penal mother Jintai.
According to the genealogy, the biological mother of Qianlong's biological mother, also the grandmother of Qianlong, was a Han from Baodi County (about 80 kilometers southeast of Beijing) The Peng family is the daughter of the county's resident (commonly known as Xiucai) Peng Wugong, who is the "Chongqing Empress Dowager" of Niu Hulu, the mother of Qianlong who was born in Ling Zhu. When the genealogy was compiled, both Ling Zhu and Peng were alive. (Ling Zhu died in the 12th year of Qianlong, Peng died in the 17th year of Qianlong),In the sixth year of Qianlong, Emperor Qianlong also gave his grandmother, the Peng family, a plaque for congratulating his 70th birthday. Could this specific and clear record of Emperor Qianlong’s blood relationship with the Hans be false? If it is not true, forcing Qianlong to have a Han blood relationship, would you not be afraid of committing the crime of “great disrespect”? If Yongzheng (or Qianlong) ) For the political purpose of concealing Qianlong’s birth in the mother of the Han surname, his biological mother’s Han surname was changed to the Manchu Niu Hulu clan of his family. Then the Niu Hulu clan will also reveal that Qianlong’s grandmother is Is this sensitive information about the Han surname Peng?
Looking at the records of Qianlong’s "Baodi County Chronicles", this aspiration was completed in the tenth year of Emperor Qianlong, not too long before Hongli succeeded to the throne. The major was Hong Zhaochu, the county magistrate, and the prefaces included Wang Youdun, the Shangshu of the Criminal Ministry, Nasutu, the Governor of Zhili, Fang Guancheng, the Chief Minister of Zhili, and Yin Jiangbing of the Shuntian House. . The "Tomb Tomb" in this book records the tomb of Wu Lu, the grandfather of the Chongqing Empress Dowager Niu Hulu, who is the father of Lingzhu. The contents are as follows:
Guochao Chengen Cemetery, in the county Twenty miles southwest, the empress dowager ancestor Chengen taboo Wu Luzhiqian. In the first year of Qianlong, special officials were sent to pay tribute, built a sleeping garden, and established two imperial inscriptions.
This tomb is "twenty li in the southwest of the county", it is said to be 20 li in the southwest of Baodi County. It was built a few months after Qianlong's succession and built a "imperial" inscription②, Qianlong Yuan An official was sent to make sacrifices in the year. The author of the chronicle also expressed the following emotion in the form of a note:
Press: Since the dormitory has been built, the people who live in the same place have been surprised and said: "The air is good! It is lush and green, and it should be bigger afterwards!". But when he was buried, he knew what happened today. Fu read the imperial text, saying that it is simple and sincere in nature and loyal to filial piety.
The meaning of the word is: I thought that Wu Lu's family chose this place to bury him. How can I think of today's prosperity, now the daughter of the family has become the empress dowager, and the family member has been named duke. This is a huge news. After hearing the news, Mr. Feng Shui was surprised that this place was a treasured place of Feng Shui, which was a post-comment commentary. In fact, it should be praised by the imperial text: it was the result of his ancestor's honesty, loyalty, filial piety, and virtue.
We don’t have to worry about the empty rhetoric of the above note. The phrase “when the burial was buried, I know what is happening today” reflects that we were living in Baodi County at that time (garrison,(See below) The Wu Lu family is indeed very ordinary status, no one noticed his family at all, let alone such a fortune in the future. This also makes us think, if Yongzheng changes the Qian family to the Niu Hu Lu family in order to improve Hongli and his birth mother’s family status, what is the point of choosing such an ordinary home? It is true, Wu Lu and Ling The Niu Hulu family, who lives with his father and son, is far from being compared with the Niu Hulu family, whose blood is not too close. Ling's grandfather, Er Yiteng, is also the same ancestor. (Aling Abayan)'s grandson's cousin①, Qianlong's biological mother and the Eryidu family have been out of five clothes. Moreover, the Lingzhu family does not have the same flag as the Eryi family in the upper three flags, but the white flag in the lower five flags. In the first year of Qianlong after Qianlong succeeded to the throne, the inlaid white flag carried the flag to the inlaid yellow flag (see below).
From the analysis of the Eight Banners enfeoffment and related systems, the Niu Hulu family also has the possibility of becoming the "Gege" of the Prince Yinzheng Yong's mansion.
According to the "Genealogy of Huangqi Niuhulu Family Hongyi Gong": The family of Niuhulu Ling lived "originally inlaid with a white flag, and in the first year of Qianlong was ordered to change the yellow flag inlaid"②. That is to say, before the first year of Qianlong, the Lingzhu family belonged to the Xiangbaiqi. After Qianlong succeeded to the throne, the emperor’s birth mother’s family was raised as a rule. According to the author’s previous textual research, Yinzhen was also sealed with the inlaid white flag in the 38th year of Kangxi, and the Manchurian, Mongolian, and Han army leaders who had the inlaid white flag were entrusted with the inlaid white flag. In Kangxi forty-eight years, they were appointed as the Prince Yong, and these three kinds of auxiliary leaders were allocated ③ . The Manchurian Zuoling, where the Ling lived and his family lived, should have been assigned to Yinzhen during this period, and became his own as the Zuoling. Ling Zhu and his father Wu Lu’s family were stationed in Baodi County, southeast of Beijing. They were also stationed in Baodi County. They were also inlaid with white flags and had Manchurian leaders. They were recorded in Qianlong’s "Baodi County Chronicles · Officials · Supplementary Garrison" by Qianlong. The Eight Banners garrisoned officers and soldiers in this county are "defensive imperials" (also pronounced yu as "lieutenants"), and they are garrisoned with white flags in Manchuria. Yongzheng's "Eight Banners General Records · Official Officials · Eight Banners Garrison Officials" also recorded: "Baodi County, inlaid with white flags, a member of the defensive lieutenant, established in the twelfth year of Kangxi." ④ The clan princes of the Qing Dynasty, and the banners they held Subordinates have a master relationship, that is, the relationship between master and slave. Although not as strong as a slave servant, it also has certain personal attributes. His family members include children and serve the master. The duties of the prince’s house are revealed in many official documents of the Qing Dynasty. If such persons go to other provinces to serve as magistrates and bring their adult children to the post,You need to get the permission of the lord and prince, the lord’s family has a happy event, to celebrate, and the lord’s family has a funeral, to wear sackcloth and filial piety. The lord and prince can also be appointed as the official in charge of the affairs of the prince’s mansion ⑤. The "ceremonial rites" held by Ling's residence is such an official. It is the official official in charge of royal ritual system, ritual festivals and other miscellaneous affairs. "The ceremonial chapter of the palace" should refer to this ministry in the Yongwang palace in Yinzhen. His daughter, Niu Hulu, is the "Fan Di Gege", and she should be a maid serving the family of the Yongwang Mansion. According to reports, she had served the sick master Yinzhen and gained a favorable impression. Although she had a relationship with Prince Yong Yinzhen and gave birth to a prince, she never had a formal husband and wife status with Prince Yong. Therefore, after Yinzhen succeeded to the throne, she will be the three feudal residence Gege Niuhu Lu who had children. The Song clan, the Geng clan were all named concubines or concubines, so that they all have the status of the emperor’s official concubine. The crown prince, so although the three of them are all feudal lords, only the Niu Hulu clan was named "concubine", while the Song clan and the Geng clan were both named "concubine" at a lower level.
III. Emperor Qianlong’s Han ancestry
Although Qianlong’s biological father, Yong, was a Manchu, and his biological mother was Niuhulu, who was also a Manchu, Qianlong was a mixed man of Han and Manchus. The details are as follows.
Let's first look at the blood of Emperor Qianlong's father, Emperor Yongzheng.
Emperor Shunzhi, the grandfather of Yongzheng, is a mixed blood of Manchurian blood 1/2 + Mongolian blood 1/2. Yongzheng's father, Emperor Kangxi, had Manchu blood 1 /2 + Han blood 1 /4 + Mongolia blood 1 /4. Yongzheng's birth mother, Wuya, was a Manchurian. Zeyong was a man of Manchurian-Mongolian-Han mixed blood. The specific blood points are: Manchurian blood 3 /4 + Han blood 1 /8 + 1 /8 Mongolian blood. This is the result of research by Mr. Zheng Tianting①.
Let's look at the blood of Qianlong's birth mother Niu Hulu.
Qianlong’s "Baodi County Chronicles" records: On September 12th of the first year of Qianlong, Emperor Qianlong sent Zhili Cheng to announce the political envoy Zhang Mingjun to sacrifice to his maternal grandfather Eyiteng, maternal grandmother Longshi, and the decree said: " The enchantment to enshrine the spirit of Cheng'en Gong Yi Teng: ……The grand grandfather E Yi Teng, endowed with simplicity and honesty… The grand grandmother Long Shi, Zao Pei Nu Zhen, Su Xian Nei… The third pass and the Madonna of Zhong... ”
on the same day,Qianlong ordered the same person to worship his great-grandparent Wu Lu, his great-grandmother Qiao, who is also the grandparents of Qianlong's biological mother, Wu Lu and his wife. The decree read: Great-grandfather Wu Lu, self-improvement... the great-grandmother Qiao, endowed with a gentle personality...specially in the reincarnation of the mother's rites, and enshrined in Wanfang..."②.
The wife of the above Yiteng (or Zuo Yixian) "Long" and Wu Lu's wife "Qiao" are all Chinese surnames. Looking at the situation of the Eyiteng family belonging to the family of ordinary bannermen, it is unlikely to accept concubines, so Wu Lu should be born to the Long family, and Ling Zhu should also be born to the Qiao family. The "Long clan...Three Biography and the Madonna of Zhong" and "Qiao clan...specially in the reincarnation ceremony, Long Shi in Wanfang" should also show that they are related to Qianlong's biological mother.
According to the above records, Wu Lu, the great grandfather of Emperor Qianlong, was a hybrid of Manchu Yiteng and Han Longshi, with Manchu blood and Han blood each accounting for 1/2. Qianlong’s grandfather Lingzhu was a hybrid of Manchu and Han Wu Lu and Han Qiao. His blood score was: [( Manchurian blood 1/2 + Han blood 1/2) ÷ 2] + Han blood 1/2 = Manchu blood 1 /4 + Han blood 3 /4. Qianlong’s birth mother, Niu Hulu, was a man of mixed blood between Manchu and Han and Han Peng, whose blood score was [( Manchurian blood 1 /4 + Han blood 3 /4) ÷ 2] + Han blood 1 /2 = Manchurian blood 1 /8 + Han blood 7 /8.
Combining the above calculations, the blood of Emperor Qianlong born from the combination of Yongzheng and Niuhulu is divided into: [( Manchuria blood 3 /4 + Han blood 1 /8 + 1 /8 Mongolia blood) ÷ 2] + (Manchuria Blood 1 /8 + Han blood 7 /8) ÷ 2, is: Manchu blood 7 /16 + Han blood 8 /16 + Mongolia blood 1 /16. In short, the blood of the Han people of Emperor Qianlong accounted for half, slightly more than Manchurian blood, and a small amount of Mongolian blood.
The following is a brief analysis of the Manchu and Han blood fusion problems reflected in the marriage between the Manren Eyiteng family and the Han people.
Eyiteng married the Long clan before the Qing Dynasty entered the customs. This Long clan may be a Han Chinese who entered the banner. "Eight Banners Manchu Clan Genealogy" Volume 78, there are two "long clan", divided into Li Zheng Yellow flags and blue flags inlaid with them are all coated Han people. Whether the long clan of Eyiteng’s wife comes from these two families,wait for verification. In the same book and the same volume, there is also the "Qiao family", which coats the Han people with a yellow flag. Wu Lu married the "Qiao family". It may be this Qiao family, or it may be the Han female Qiao family of Baodi County that he married when he was stationed in Baodi County. . Ling's residence married the Peng family, the biological mother of Qianlong, who was clearly the daughter of Peng Wugong, a member of the Han Dynasty in Baodi County. The wife of three generations of ancestors and grandchildren, whether in Qi Han or Qi outside Han, belongs to Han descent. The Manchu rulers had laws prohibiting intermarriage between Manchu and Han people, but intermarriage between Manchu and Han people in the Eight Banners is not prohibited. It is strictly forbidden that the daughters of Qi people, especially the daughters of the Eight Banners Manchus and the Eight Banners Mongols, marry Qiwai Han people. They take a tacit attitude to the Manchus marrying Han women who are not in the banner as their wives. It is not forbidden to accept Han Chinese women as concubines. Therefore, it is not uncommon for people from Manchuria, especially those from Manchuria garrisoned by local provinces, to marry local Han women as their wives. It is not uncommon for people from Manchuria to marry Han women as their wives. many. The garrison of bannermen in Baodi County is a decentralized garrison in the Jifu area. Bannermen and Han people live together, so there are many intermarries between Manchu and Han people. There was a popular saying in the past, "I cannot help one's birth." Although the emperor of the Qing Dynasty banned intermarriage between Man and Han, Qianlong strengthened the prohibition of intermarriage between Manchu and Han and tried his best to maintain the purity of the blood of the Manchus, but the objective facts are uncontrollable. As far as his subjective will can do, he himself already has half of Han blood. This is an important example of the integration of Manchu and Han nationalities in the Qing Dynasty.
This article analyzes the imperial decree of the archives and Huang Zhijun’s collection of concubine Xi as the "Qianshi" text, puts forward the possibility of mistakes, speculates on the actual situation, and uses genealogy and local chronicles to support Qianlong’s birth mother. Niu Hulu hopes to deepen the research of the problem and bring our understanding closer to objective historical facts. The viewpoints of this article are still inconclusive, for academic discussion. However, Emperor Qianlong has Han ancestry, and the composition is not small. This is the result of the current investigation.
Notes and references are omitted, source: "Researches in Qing History", Issue 2, 2016
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