That night, four camels mysteriously appeared in front of the cave in Dunhuang Thousand Buddha Cave. Without a sound, Master Jiang greeted him...
Dunhuang County Magistrate Tentally persuaded him to leave Stein, and then conspired with General Lin Gan to use force to suppress the people's struggle against food.
The Dunhuang people’s struggle to fight against food is a long story. When talking about this story, we need to briefly introduce the history of Dunhuang.
Dunhuang, also known as Shazhou , is an oasis located in the Gobi desert in western Gansu, and is nurtured by Danghe , which originates from the southern mountain of Qilian.
In ancient times, it belonged to the three danger area, and the Qiang Rong people lived in it, and they lived a nomadic life.
From the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it was the resident area of the Yuezhi and the Wusun people. These two ethnic groups evolved from the Qiang and the Rong people.
Later, Yuezhi became stronger, plundered Wusun and killed the leader of Wusun. Wusun people fled to Xiongnu .
During the era of Emperor Wen of Han, the Huns attacked the Yuezhi in Hexi, and after the complete victory, most of the Yuezhi moved westward to the upper reaches of the Yili River.
The Huns drove away the Yuezhi and asked Wusun to station in Hexi. After Wusun expanded its power, he asked the Huns to attack Yuezhi together.
The Yuezhi was defeated and was forced to move west again. He traveled thousands of miles from the upper reaches of the Ili River to settle in Daxia in the Amu River basin west of Pamir, and later created the Kushan Empire .
. The upper reaches of the Yili River where the Yuezhi stationed in the pastoral world were occupied by Wusun, while the Huns occupied the entire Hexi area .
The Huns are an ancient nation in northern my country. They are engaged in nomadic activities and are known for their strength and riding and shooting.
Qin Shihuang When the six kingdoms were unified, the Huns became a powerful nation, controlling the areas of Mongolian Plateau , Hetao Plain and Hexi Corridor .
to Han Dynasty , the Huns established a powerful regime and continued to invade the borders of the Han Dynasty, posing a serious threat to the Han Empire.
In 140 BC, Emperor Wu of Han Liu Che ascended the throne. At this time, after seventy years of "rest with the people" policy, the Han Dynasty's national strength increased greatly, and Emperor Wu of had the strength and ability to compete with the Huns.
So I sent an envoy to Western Regions .
When Zhang Qian reported what he saw and heard to Emperor Wu of Han, Emperor Wu of Han became very interested in the Western Regions and wanted to interact with many countries in the Western Regions. So he decided to continue to open up the important transportation route between China and the West that Zhang Qian had already walked through.
The Huns were in control of Hexi, which was the main obstacle to the Western Regions. Emperor Wu of Han sent Huo Qubing to enter Hexi. Huo Qubing, the 20-year-old general of the cavalry, led his troops into the Hexi Corridor by force, defeated the Huns and drove the Huns out of the Hexi region.
After driving away the Huns, the Western Han Dynasty immigrated to enrich the border areas and established four counties: Jiuquan , Wuwei , Zhangye , and Dunhuang. The two military passes of Yangguan and Yumen Pass were also built as gateways to the Western Regions, known in history as "listing four counties and occupying two gates".
After Hexi was returned to the territory of the Han Dynasty, the Han Empire was effectively ruled, and a series of measures such as immigration to military farms, building water conservancy, and building Great Wall were implemented one after another.
By around 100 BC, Han Great Wall had been built to Lop Nur .
The officers and soldiers stationed in
hold multiple positions, guarding the pass while maintaining the smooth flow of Silk Road , and also having to cultivate land and produce wages to prepare for war.
Since Emperor Wu of Han marched into Hexi to establish Dunhuang County , Dunhuang has gone through the sixteen countries of Wei and Jin Dynasties, Northern Wei Northern Zhou, Sui and Tang , Xi and Tang , Xixia , and Yuan and Ming dynasties.
In this long historical process, many heroes and heroes who are not heroes have ruled and dominated Dunhuang, and Dunhuang was also called Shazhou and Guazhou because of its different rule.
Of course, among the heroes who ruled Dunhuang, there were emperors of various dynasties in the Central Plains, and kings who once separatisted one side and dominated the king; there were Han kings, Tubo kings, Xixia party kings , and Mongolian kings.
To the 18th year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1539), the Ming government, under the idea of "settled tribute", closed Jiayuguan. Since then, Guasha Prefectures have been built for nearly two hundred years, and the places outside the Pass have once separated from the Central Plains rule.
Qing Dynasty came, Emperor Kangxi began to manage the Western Regions, and the area outside Jiayuguan was gradually restored.
In the fourth year of Yongzheng (1726), the governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi patroled the border to Gushazhou. Seeing that the land was fertile and the water was sufficient, it was suitable for land reclamation. So he asked the Qing government to immigrate to settle down in preparation for military supplies. After the report was approved, he began to immigrate to Dunhuang from 56 prefectures and counties in Gansu.
After immigrating to Dunhuang, he used the government's money to build a house, borrowed the government's oxen, farm tools and seeds for seven months to restore and rebuild his life in Dunhuang.
At the same time, the government also built the Urban Construction Bureau and built a new Dunhuang County.
The struggle against food in Dunhuang in 1907 can be traced back to the beginning of immigration to Dunhuang.
From the fourth year of Yongzheng to the seventh year of Yongzheng, 2,405 households immigrated to Dunhuang and opened 120,000 mu of land.
Due to the hard work of immigrants, the crops have been harvesting year by year. All the daily necessities of immigrants are expected to be exchanged for food after being sold.
Dunhuang was a new county at that time, with a small urban population and low grain prices, making it difficult to sell.
Grain vendors in Jiuquan Gaotai and other places within the Guanjun took the opportunity to buy it at a low price to make a profit.
After hearing this, the Governor of Shaanxi and Gansu saw that it was profitable and reported to the Qing court that the military rations were insufficient outside the pass, and the treasury issued silver to purchase grain on the spot.
Therefore, the Governor of Shaanxi and Gansu stipulated that in addition to 920 kilograms of grain per portion of land, farmers will buy 1,600 kilograms of grain, and the government will pay 1,440 kilograms of grain for each portion of land.
regulations are rigid, while the price fluctuations in high grain owing to abundance are changing.
But the government does not consider whether it is rich or poor or the price fluctuates, so much must be paid every year. It also stipulates that the surplus from purchasing grain is for the public and private expenses of local officials.
This policy of obvious benefits to the government and the people was developed to the extent that even the 1,440 civilian price for purchasing grain was deducted by the government. The farmers invisibly added an additional burden of 1,600 kilograms per serving of land.
By the 30th year of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty (1904), Dunhuang farmers who had endured unreasonable burdens for nearly two hundred years finally launched a large-scale struggle for food resistance.
1904, Dunhuang County Supervisor Zhang Jianming and Wu Ju Zhang Huming, brothers stood up and jointly submitted a joint petition for the Dunhuang County Office to exempt them from purchasing grain.
The county magistrate at that time Wang Zonghan disagreed as "related to the case".
Zhang Huming and others argued, and the county magistrate fabricated the crime and threw several people into prison.
Dunhuang farmers petitioned several times to request the release of the people, without any movement.
1905, Zhang Huming and others mobilized farmers to resist diplomatic relations and "purchase grain", and sent Dai Su to appeal to the Gansu Provincial Government. The Manchu official who served as the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu was urged to irritate greater resistance from the people, so they transferred Dunhuang magistrate Wang Zonghan and sent Huang Wanchun to replace him. After Huang took office, he promised to purchase grain and reduce the amount of 40% of the time, while preparing to hold a big banquet for local gentlemen in various townships to calm the affairs and suppress the people.
Zhang Huming and others refused to attend the banquet and insisted on not accepting the "purchase of grain".
But some gentry went to the banquet and expressed their willingness to persuade farmers to give up their grain resistance, but was besieged by the people.
Huang Wanchun sent troops to hunt down the people, which attracted the higher voice of farmers to resist grain.
Gansu Supervisory Office removed Huang Wanchun from his post and sent Wang Jiayan to replace him. Wang Jiayan was the learned county Wang who Stein had visited. After taking office, he posted a notice saying that "purchase of grain at half", etc., and conspired with Commander Lin to suppress the fight against grain with farmers.
After hearing the news, the leader of the anti-grain took emergency measures to recite scriptures and pray for rain. In the name of the fact, he was preparing to hold a mass meeting secretly to fight against each other by force.
As a result, the traitor sued the secret.
County Magistrate Wang took the lead. In the early morning of June 14, twenty soldiers were sent, led by the sect, and rushed into Zhang Huming's residence. Zhang Huming was shot and arrested, his family was beaten and humiliated, and his property was robbed.
Zhang Huming died on the way to escort.
After the news came out, the farmers in Dunhuang were angry. In less than two hours, the people from all over the world gathered more than 3,000 people.
They held wooden sticks, knives and axes, shouted "Avenge Zhang Juren" and "Catch the stolen official Wang Jiayan" and rushed into the county town.
Although the patrolman shot, the masses were not afraid of it, and the sound of killing was thunderous.
Some farmers climbed to the ridge of the county government to crack down on the alert. The masses immediately broke through the county government gate, beat fourteen soldiers to death with random fists and sticks, and destroyed the county government government instruments.
Minister Wang Jiayan fled from the back door under the cover of the soldiers and went to the commander-in-chief Lin in the palace to hide. After hearing the news, the Governor of Shaanxi and Gansu Province, he urgently ordered Suzhou General Chai Hongshan to go to suppress it day and night.
After Chai arrived in Dunhuang, he learned that the people of Dunhuang were actually officials who forced the people to rebel, and did not suppress them. He was threatened by Sheng Yun's "suppression and Yan Guan".
liter Yun again instructed Lin Taiqing to use his troops to search for the leaders of the anti-food movement.
At that time, the grain-resistant leaders could not bear to the people's victimization, so they stood up and demanded the release of the people.
Later, sixteen people were arrested for trial in Jiuquan.
After arriving in Jiuquan, he was promoted to the Zhangye County Magistrate to interrogate.
After fourteen trials, some people were suppressed and some were sentenced to eternal imprisonment.
Although the grain resistance movement was suppressed, the Qing government also made concessions to exempt each household from the "purchase of grain" that must be paid.
Return to Anxi Stein wrote in a letter to his friend Allen on October 14 that the riots occurred in Dunhuang. He said: "I have told you that in the local riots in Dunhuang about a month after I left, did the office office office be looted and burned? The uprising was purely the local cause, and there was no trace of anti-foreigners. I did not hesitate to work on the secrets of Thousand Buddha Caves again. The secrets we searched for were not known to outsiders. I knew that this would arouse the new courage of my timid guardian..."
In the letter, Stein also told his friend how he obtained Dunhuang suicide note again. He first sent a messenger and sent a letter to Taoist Wang. The letter stated that he also wanted to donate some money to the temple, and said that the donation was to help Taoist Wang complete the murals about Tang Monk the West to obtain the scriptures as soon as possible. At the same time, he also hoped that he would bring some scriptures that Tang Monk had retrieved and translated personally, etc. After listening to the messenger's message, Taoist Wang said to the messenger: It's okay to donate some more money, but please "Master Si" stay away and send someone to come.
got the reply brought back by the messenger, and Stein was very happy.
After a night of Ji Liu, the next morning, he called Master Jiang into his small tent and settled in this way.
Then he announced to his expedition: winter is coming soon. We will dig in the desert next winter. We have to do some preparations, so I sent Mr. Jiang and Ibrahim Burke to Dunhuang City to buy some things for winter. We'll take a break here for a while.
A few months ago, and many days of long journeys, no one objected to rest.
So Master Jiang set out, and he rode a fast horse and had a silver in his arms.
In the morning, Mr. Jiang was sent away, and Stein immediately arranged for Ibrahim Burke to set off in the afternoon.
He told Ibrahim not to appear in front of Qianfo Cave and Taoist Wang with Master Jiang at the same time, but he must keep in touch with Master Hua.
Camels can only wait and receive them near the Thousand Buddha Cave, but can buy some winter supplies in advance and return quickly after getting the documents. Ibrahim patted his chest to ensure that there was no mistake, and then led a small transportation team composed of the Four Peak Camels heading towards Dunhuang.
Master Jiang went to Qianfo Cave first, and Taoist Wang was waiting for him. Since it was the second time and not the first time when everything was difficult, Taoist Wang no longer went back on his word because of fear, and the transaction went smoothly.
Of course, Taoist also understood that the government was worried about the people's rebellion, and did not care about his little Taoist priest Wang and the ancient documents he discovered, so he opened the cave this time more easily.
Within the scope of the permission of Taoist Wang, Mr. Jiang selected some Chinese papers for Stein and also took some Tubo scriptures, a total of 3,000 pieces and 230 bundles.
The silver was handed over to Taoist Wang immediately, but not a lot, Taoist Wang accepted it without saying anything.
After picking the ancient scriptures, Taoist Wang asked Jiang Xiaowan how to take . He didn't want to see someone take away the cultural relics that were sealed and kept on the spot from the Thousand Buddha Cave.
Jiang Xiaowan said, don’t worry, “Mr. Si has already arranged it. He will send someone to get it tonight.
Taoist Wang asked in surprise: “Mr. Si” is here too?! If I don’t let him come, why did he come again? If people find out, they will doubt me.
Master Jiang hurriedly said, “Mr. Si” didn’t come, it was the person he sent. Taoist Wang then felt relieved again.
In the middle of the night, the moon was hanging in the sky, with four peaks. Camel appeared quietly in front of the Thousand Buddha Cave. Without a sound, Master Jiang greeted him. Ibrahim Burke took eight big bags from his hunchback. Master Jiang hugged his pocket and walked to the secret cave.
Taoist Wang helped Jiang Xiaowan pack, and 230 pieces filled with eight large pockets.
After loading, Master Wang was afraid that Master Jiang would still need documents, so he quickly locked the door.
He stood in front of the cave and watched Ibrahim and Jiang Xiaowan hunchback. Put the pockets on the shelves, and the eight pockets are settled and disguised. It is already midnight.
Taoist priests of the king urged them to go quickly, the faster the better, it is best to leave Dunhuang before dawn, it is best not to meet people on the road, especially Tibetan pilgrims.
Those Tibetan pilgrims will come to Qianfo Temple to incense. If they find someone taking the Tibetan Buddhist scriptures in Chinese from Qianfo Temple, then Taoist priests will not be able to stay there. Does he still have the grand ambition to restore Qianfo Temple? It's done.
Jiang Xiaowan and Ibrahim Burke were urged by Taoist Wang to go on the road all night, and they didn't even come in a hurry to say goodbye and thank Taoist Wang.
What's so bad is that they didn't go far, and there was a man in a robe in front of them. It was dark and it was hard to see whether it was a Tibetan pilgrim or a Mongolian pilgrim.
Ibrahim tried hard in secret, the camel accelerated his pace, the pilgrim greeted them, Ibrahim responded randomly, they listened I don't understand, so there is no trouble.
In fact, people who walk are not particularly identifiable and generally do not turn over other people's pockets for no reason. Some people are guilty and fearless.
After being frightened, Jiang Xiaowan said, go quickly and leave quickly, and leave Dunhuang before dawn.
But it's dawn, but it's not the sun, but the big and round moon emerges from the clouds.
Moonlight gives Gebi The desert is covered with a bright metallic color, which makes people frightened. When you meet someone again, the big pocket on the camel's back will be clearly seen.
says it is not an ancient document, but only for robbing money, and they will also be exposed.
Why can't you walk during the day and go to night? This is not summer, what should you do if you ask this?
Shi Ye Jiang fights alone on behalf of "Master Si" for the first time, Without support, I felt even more panicked than the timid and afraid of troubles.
Fortunately, the people's customs are simple and the world is relatively peaceful. Master Jiang successfully transported the treasures to Anxi, which was praised from the heart of Stein.
Stein received seventeen boxes of ancient manuscripts and artworks he sent to Anxi in June in Anxi. Now he has received 230 bundles of documents. There are so many treasures, he has only It cost 130 pounds.
In his letter to his friend, he said: "Sanskrit Palm leaf manuscripts and some other 'antiques' are worth this price. I used Xinjiang to buy a Sanskrit manuscript and some statues and wood carvings to exchange for such a huge number of documents...
is very cheap to get dozens of boxes of well-preserved and precious ancient documents and art collections in the secret library of Thousand Buddha Caves in Dunhuang. Stein himself felt that it was a bit too cheap.
Fortunately, every volume, every piece, every documentary painting he took was preserved in national museums in the UK and India.
Please stay tuned for the subsequent
