October 24 in history
Main events:
1: October 24, 1844—Qing Dynasty Governor-General of Guangdong and Guangxi Jianying on the French warship "Ajimot" signed the first unequal treaty between China and France " Huangpu Treaty "
2: October 24, 1860—Qing government signed the " Sino-British Treaty " with the United Kingdom
3: October 24, 1923— Zhang Zuolin Northeastern University officially started
4: October 24, 1945—The United Nations was founded
5: October 24, 2007—The Chang'e-1 lunar exploration satellite successfully launched
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On October 24, 1844—The Qing Dynasty Governor-General of Guangdong and Guangxi Qiying signed the first unequal treaty between China and France with Laeni on the French warship "Ajimot". The Treaty of Huangpu
"Treaty of Huangpu (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu) (Treaty of Huangpu of Whampoa, also known as the "China-French Five Trade Charter: Customs Tax Rules", was an unequal treaty signed by the Qing Dynasty and France in Huangpu, Guangzhou on October 24, 1844 (the 24th year of Daoguang). It was also the first unequal treaty between France and China.
Before the Opium War , France's trade with China was not large, far below Britain and the United States.
After the end of the Opium War, France saw that Britain seized a series of privileges in China through the " Treaty of Nanjing " and " Treaty of Humen ", and then took action.
1844 (the 24th year of Daoguang), French Minister La Eni came to Macau and drove 8 military ships to show their force.
Starting from October 1, La Eni held talks with the Qing Dynasty imperial envoy and Governor General of Guangdong and Guangxi Qiying in Macau. Based on studying the Sino-British and China-US treaties, La Eni took intimidation and blackmail to propose the request to invoke precedents of Britain and the United States.
On October 24, the coerced Qing imperial envoy Qiying and French minister Laeni signed the Sino-French "Five-Port Trade Constitution: Customs Tariff Rules" on behalf of the Chinese and French governments on a French military ship "Ajimert" in Huangpu, Guangzhou. Because the treaty was signed in Huangpu, it is also known as the "Huangpu Treaty".
The Huangpu Treaty allowed France to enjoy all the privileges obtained by the United States in the " Wangxia Treaty ". It also stipulates that French Catholics are allowed to freely preach and build cemeteries at trading ports. The local governments of the Qing Dynasty are responsible for protecting churches and cemeteries. Through the Sino-French Huangpu Treaty, France obtained the privileges in the Sino-British Treaty except for land cession and compensation in the Sino-US Treaty, which had a catastrophic impact on China. This treaty also laid the first cornerstone for foreign invaders to use their missionary rights to conduct open activities of invasion of China. Like the Wangxia Treaty, the Huangpu Treaty further undermines China's judicial, tariffs and territorial waters.
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1October 24, 1860—The Qing government and the United Kingdom signed the Sino-British Beijing Treaty
The Sino-British Beijing Treaty is an unequal treaty signed by the United Kingdom and the Qing Dynasty in Beijing on October 24, 1860. The treaty forms the subject of the " Beijing Treaty " and the " China-Russia Beijing Treaty ".
The Sino-British Beijing Treaty was originally called the Sino-British Continued Treaty. Britain forced the Qing government to enter into an unequal treaty on ending the Second Opium War in . On October 24, 1860 (the tenth year of Xianfeng), the Qing imperial envoy Yixin signed the British plenipotentiary representative Erjin in Beijing. A total of 9 items. In addition to confirming that the " Sino-British Tianjin Treaty " is still valid, the UK has expanded the following rights and interests infringement of China: (1) The compensation stipulated in the Sino-British Tianjin Treaty increased by 8 million taels, plus a bonus of 500,000 taels; (2) The addition of Tianjin as a commercial port; (3) Foreign merchants are allowed to recruit Chinese workers to work abroad and act as cheap labor; (4) The Kowloon Peninsula (Kowloon Division) in Xin'an County, Guangdong (now south of Hong Kong's Boundary Street) was cedeed to the UK.
The Sino-British Joint Statement signed on December 19, 1984 did not declare the abolition of this treaty, but stated that the Hong Kong region (i.e., Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and New Territories ) is Chinese territory. The British government transferred Hong Kong's sovereignty to the People's Republic of China on July 1, 1997, and the Government of the People's Republic of China resumed its exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong on July 1, 1997.
The Sino-British Beijing Treaty not only fully confirms the aggression rights obtained by the UK through the Sino-British Tianjin Treaty, but also conducts new blackmail on China. Through this treaty, Britain once again seized territory from China, extorted large amounts of compensation, and once again undermined China's territorial sovereignty. The rights of the British minister to be stationed in Beijing were confirmed, so that Britain could interfere with the Qing government nearby. Tianjin was designated as a trading port, allowing Western capitalist countries to expand into China's political center. At the same time, the treaty allowed Chinese workers to go abroad, legalizing the trafficking of Chinese workers by Western invaders since the Opium War.
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October 24, 1923—Northeast University founded by Zhang Zuolin officially started
1922 In the spring of 1922, Zhang Zuolin appointed the then governor and director of finance Wang Yongjiang to prepare for Northeast University. In the same year, the Preparatory Committee of Northeastern University was established, and the former National Shenyang Higher Normal School was reorganized into the Science and Engineering Department of Northeastern University, and the original Literature School (formerly Fengtian Law and Political School) was reorganized into the Legal Affairs Department of Northeastern University. The principal is Wang Yongjiang and has more than 480 students. The literacy department has the Department of Chinese Literature, English, Russian Literature, Law, and Political Science Department; the science and engineering department has the Department of Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Civil Engineering, and Mechanics Department, and Northeast University Preparatory Committee.
On April 19, 1923, the Fengtian Provincial Office issued the "Seal of Northeastern University", which was officially opened on April 26, and Northeastern University was established, and Wang Yongjiang, the then governor of Fengtian Province, was the first president.
On October 24, 1923, Northeastern University officially started. The school imitates , , the University of Berlin, Germany, and President Wang Yongjiang personally wrote "Unification of Knowledge and Action" as the motto of Northeastern University. A Northeastern University factory is opened near the school, covering an area of 200 acres for students to practice. Dr. Yang Yuzhen, who has returned from studying in Germany, was hired as the factory director. The newly born Northeastern University has begun to use modern educational methods and means to inspire students' thoughts and enrich academic culture.
In September 1925, the Polytechnic Building, professor's residence, student dormitory and corresponding ancillary facilities were completed. On campus, the White Building of Science and Engineering University, the Chemistry Museum, the Textile Museum, the Library, the Auditorium, the Laboratory, the Hanqing South and North Buildings, the East-West New Village, and the largest stadium in Asia at that time were lined up, with magnificent and magnificent buildings.
In November 1927, the governor of Fengtian Province, Liu Shangqing, also served as the president of Northeast University, and his work has increased and his history has been established.
On August 16, 1928, the Huanggutun incident that shocked China and the world for more than two months, General Zhang Xueliang, who had just succeeded his father Zhang Zuolin to preside over the military and political affairs of Northeast China, succeeded as the third president of Northeast University, and proposed the school-running purpose of "studying advanced academics, cultivating professional talents, responding to the needs of society, and seeking cultural development". He successively donated most of the inheritance left by his father about 1.8 million silver dollars for expansion of school buildings, hiring scholars at high salaries, purchasing foreign countries, advanced experimental equipment, and sending outstanding students abroad. At that time, the school established relatively complete disciplines such as science, engineering, literature, law, and education, and the scientific associations of various disciplines developed rapidly. The Department of Literature and Law established the Autonomous Association, Xiasheng Society, and Social Science Research Society; the School of Engineering established the Mining Society; the Preparatory Department of Science and Technology established the English Research Society; the School of Science and Technology established the College of Science and Technology established the Association for Science and Technology; the Dean of the School of Science and Technology, Sun Guofeng launched the Association for Science and Education in order to promote scientific progress. During this period, scholars and experts from Britain, France, the United States and other countries flocked to Northeastern University to give lectures and exchanges.
In August 1928, Liang Sicheng and Lin Huiyin, who had ended their European travel inspection, came to Dongda at the invitation of President Zhang Xueliang to Dongda and set out to create China's first architectural department.
In September 1928, because President Zhang Xueliang strongly advocated co-education, a total of 50 girls from all subjects entered Northeastern University.
In March 1949, Shenyang Institute of Technology was established based on the School of Engineering and School of Science (partial) of Northeastern University; in August 1950, it was named Northeast Institute of Technology. In October 1960, it was identified by the central government as a national key university . In March 1993, it was renamed Northeastern University. In 1987, the Qinhuangdao Branch of Northeastern University was established in Qinhuangdao City, Hebei Province. In 1997, the former Shenyang Golden College was incorporated into Northeastern University.
As of December 2021, including branches, the school covers a total area of 2.646 million square meters and has a construction area of 1.837 million square meters; it has 22 colleges (departments) and offers 104 undergraduate majors.
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October 24, 1945—The United Nations was founded
The name "United Nations" was first seen on January 1, 1942. After the outbreak of the Pacific War, the US President Roosevelt and the British Prime Minister to strengthen the unified actions of all anti-fascist countries, Churchill formulated a principle that all countries would abide by, and obtained the approval of the Soviet Union. On January 1, 1942, 26 anti-fascist countries including the United States, Britain, China and the Soviet Union signed this document, namely the " Joint Declaration on Joint Countries, ", laying the foundation for the establishment of the United Nations. On October 30 of the following year, China, the Soviet Union, the United States and the United Kingdom issued the "Universal Security Declaration" in Moscow, formally proposing to establish a universal international organization.
From August 21 to October 7, 1944, the United States, Britain, the Soviet Union and the United States, Britain and China successively held meetings at the Dumbaton Rubber Garden near Washington, USA. In accordance with the spirit of the "Universal Security Declaration", the charter for the establishment of a new international organization and passed the "Proposal on the Establishment of a Universal International Organization". In February 1945, the Yalta Conference, attended by Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin , further discussed the issue of establishing the United Nations. The conference communiqué announced that in order to maintain world peace and security, the anti-fascist allies will establish a universal international organization as soon as possible, and decided to convene the United Nations Constitutional Conference in San Francisco, USA on April 25 of the same year.
According to this decision, the United Nations Constitutional Conference, initiated by the United States, Britain, China, the Soviet Union and France, and invited the signatories of the Joint Declaration of the United Nations to attend, was grandly held in San Francisco, USA on February 25, 1945. More than 280 representatives and more than 1,700 consultants, experts and journalists from 50 countries gathered together. The Chinese delegation consists of 10 people, including Dong Biwu, the representative of the Communist Party of China . The meeting was based on the recommendations of the Dumbatton Rubber Plantation Conference. After more than two months of discussion, the " United Nations Charter " was drafted.
On June 25, deputies unanimously passed this charter at San Francisco Opera . On the 26th, the Constitutional Conference held its last item in the San Francisco Veterans Memorial Hall, and it was also the most solemn agenda of the conference - the delegates signed the charter. In accordance with the procedures agreed upon by the conference, the Chinese delegation was the first to sign. At noon, Dong Biwu wrote his name on the charter with a brush. Representatives of various countries signed this charter, and subsequently, , Poland, was also re-signed on the charter. The 51 countries that signed the charter became founding members of the United Nations.
On October 24, most signatory countries including the United States, Britain, China, the Soviet Union, France and other countries submitted their letter of ratification, the Charter came into effect, and the United Nations was officially established. According to the Charter, the purpose of the United Nations is to "maintain international peace and security", "develop friendly relations between the international community based on the principles of respecting the equal rights and self-determination of the people", and "engage international cooperation". All member states of the United Nations enjoy equal voting rights. The permanent core body of the United Nations is Security Council , which has the right to take necessary measures and actions in accordance with the UN Charter. The United States, Britain, China, the Soviet Union and France are permanent members of the Security Council . When deciding on major issues, the Council adopts the principle of unanimousness of the five permanent members, that is, all five permanent members enjoy the veto power.
1947, UN General Assembly decided to " UN Day " on October 24.
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October 24, 2007——Chang'e-1 lunar exploration satellite successfully launched
Chang'e-1 is China's first lunar orbiting artificial satellite. Named after ancient Chinese mythological figure Chang'e. At 18:05 on October 24, 2007 (UTC+8:00, the same below) it was successfully launched on the Long March 3A launch vehicle at the Xichang Satellite Launch Center. The total weight of satellite is about 2350 kg, the dimension is 2000 mm x 1720 mm x 2200 mm, and the expansion length of solar cell windsurfing plates is 18 meters and the life of more than 1 year. The main exploration goals of this satellite are: obtaining three-dimensional images of the moon's surface; analyzing the content of useful elements and distribution characteristics of material types on the moon's surface; and detecting the thickness of lunar soil and the spatial environment from the earth to the moon. Chang'e-1 is the first phase of China's Chang'e project. It has been launched in January 2004 and the first phase costs 1.4 billion yuan.
