In the feudal era, the inferiority of men and women was far more serious than the distinction between concubines and concubines. Although there are some special cases where the status of individual concubines is higher than that of brothers, such as and Princess Taiping. My brothers all lived arrogantly, but in history, there was also a town princess who was more respected by men than women and inferior by women than men. In the face of feudal patriarchs, the concubines who can inherit the blood must be more valuable than the daughters who were born. .
Especially in terms of family inheritance, even the prostitutes do not inherit as much as the prostitutes. Some superstitions like to use special cases to represent the mainstream, which is ridiculous.
If a special case is used to represent the mainstream, can Huo Xian be used to represent the Han Dynasty's wife inferior to her maid? Does the concubine Chang clan represent that the concubine in the Northern Dynasty is inferior to the concubine? Does Lei Shangshu, who dare to accept bribes to do things for others by relying on her husband's favor, does it mean that the concubine of the Southern Dynasty is more noble than the concubine? And that Li Sier, can it mean that the concubine of the Qing Dynasty is not as good as a concubine?
Those are special cases. Although they have replaced their concubines and were spoiled by their husbands, they cannot be used to prove that the ancient concubine is more dignified than the concubines, because using special cases to represent the mainstream is not a matter of discussion. The correct way, that is the leverage.
Since the previous article was accused of using the royal family as an example,Then this article takes the family affairs of ordinary people as an example, and the following is a practical case to illustrate the inferiority of men and women in ancient times and the inferiority of men and women.
The first case of "Bing Ji Broken Cai", from the Western Han Dynasty, this case was also a well-known case in ancient times, it was criticized by "Juan Zhe Jie Jian" " Customs and Common Meanings" lost literary prison method, "Quanhou Hanwen" volume 38 included.
Speaking of Bingji, readers with a historical basis will never know who he is. This Bingji is also called 邴吉 , a famous minister of the Great Western Han Dynasty.
Bingji studied the laws when he was a boy. From the initial prison history of Lu Guo, he moved to the imperial prison. His most famous incident was to protect the emperor’s great-grandson Liu’s sickness. Yushi doctor, Guanneihou, was named Boyanghou and Prime Minister by Xuandi, and was named Qilin Pavilion.
When he was a court lieutenant in Bingji, he had accepted a property dispute case. The case went like this: Chen Liu is a rich man who is over 80 (some say 90) and has no children. , His wife only gave birth to a concubine. The old man was not reconciled, so he took Tian’s daughter as a concubine. In the bridal chamber, "the moment he passed, he would lose his breath", cough cough cough,However, the Tian's female was still pregnant and she was a man in one fell swoop.
At this time, the rich man’s married daughter was reluctant to do so. She claimed that it was Tian concubine who had an illicit relationship with others and gave birth to children. The reason was "My father was so old when he died, how could it be all night long? Can Tian be pregnant?"
Tian's daughter naturally has to refute, just like this, the two sides have been fighting over the rich man’s industry for several years, but the axiom has not been resolved. Talking about the mother-in-law, if so, I went to Tingwei here, and Bingji handled it.
Bingji said to his subordinates: I heard that the children born to the old man are very cold-tolerant and there is no shadow in the sun. You can try this case.
It was August. Bingji found a few children who were the same age as the rich man’s concubine and asked them to take off their clothes. The other children were not too cold, only the rich man’s concubine. Shout cold.
Bingji let a few of them stand in the sun again, and the other children have shadows, but the concubine has no shadow. Bingji concluded the case and sentenced the wealthy family's property to his concubine for inheritance, and the concubine also pleaded guilty to frame the concubine's biological mother.
Although the way Bingji settled the case is seen by people todaySome are irresponsible and too light, but the ancients did not have a paternity test, and they all believed this statement. " Southern History" Xiao Yingchuan also recorded that Zhang Yuanshi was born in Shangjin, Jingzhou at the age of 97, and there is no shadow, so Although this method of judging a case is a bit mysterious, it also belongs to the basis of the ancients.
What can we see from this case? Naturally, in the feudal era, in terms of property management, there was a habit of inheriting males over females. Before the distinction between men and women, who would tell you about the concubine?
The second case, "He Wu Seizing Money", is similar to the previous case, and it is also the three-year book of the concubine who was bullied by the concubine. Falsified, Juan 8 Yan Ming, "Fun Su Tong Yi", "Quan Hou Han Wen" Volume 38 included.
He Wu, who presided over this case, was also a famous minister in the Western Han Dynasty. He served as the county magistrate, Yangzhou governor, Qinghe county governor, Sili school lieutenant, Jing Zhaoyin, court lieutenant, Yushi doctor, Da Sikong_ span6span, Feng Baoxiang County Hou.
In the words of Peijun has a rich man with assets of more than 20 million. His concubine only gave birth to a daughter, and the concubine gave birth to a concubine when he was a few years old, The concubine died suddenly, leaving only the concubine.
This rich man faced the death of his concubine, his daughter-in-law was arrogant, and his son-in-law was greedy.Seeing that he was unable to protect the younger son, he called the tribe to disclose his will: all the property was inherited by the prostitute, and only one saber was inherited by the younger prostitute, but this saber was also temporarily kept by the prostitute. When the concubine was fifteen years old, The prostitute gave him the sword again.
In this way, the concubine was begging for life under his sister's hands. When he was fifteen years old, when he asked his sister for the sword his father had left him, the greedy sister refused to give him. Besides, the concubine asked the county government for help, hoping that the government would get his sword back for him.
At that time, He Wu happened to be the prefect of Pei County. Hearing the concubine's appeal, he summoned the concubine's concubine's sister and brother-in-law, and also read the rich man's will.
He Wu said to his subordinates: This old man is really smart. Seeing that his daughter has a strong personality, he will leave his son-in-law and greedy son with his little son. Unable to keep it, I'm afraid it will kill the youngest son, so leaving a will to let the daughter inherit the property is actually letting the daughter be the manager of the property and guarding the family property for the youngest son.
If the old man sincerely let his daughter inherit the property, he would not leave the saber to the younger son, because the sword represents the decision, and then he limits the age of his son to fifteen years old. , Because fifteen years old is enough to be self-reliant.
The old man inferred from the personality of his daughter and son-in-law,They will definitely not give the sword to the younger son. The younger son who can’t do anything else can only sue the officer. If he is lucky and meets an officer who is observant, his painstaking efforts will definitely be broken by the officer. Then his real property distribution plan It will inevitably be stretched. Even if you encounter a confused official, at least his son is already an adult, and he always has a saber in his hand.
After finishing speaking, He Wu couldn’t help admiring the rich, “How can you think about the strongest as it is!” So he judged that the son-in-law inherited all his son-in-law’s ills The rich man’s wealth has been enough for more than ten years, and since she is raising her younger brother, she will no longer be held accountable for embezzling family wealth.
When people talked about the case after a meal, they were very convinced by the rich man’s dedication and He Wu’s decisiveness. Because he met He Wu, he didn’t let the rich man die and fear him. There is only one sword.
Although from another perspective, the rich man seems to be a little loyal to his prostitute, but don’t you know that it was the prostitute who forced the prostitute to deal with . Property inheritance ?
No matter what era, ancient or modern, you, the eldest sister, shouldn’t monopolize property, right? Even if your father announces that, you will not consider the existence of the younger brother? Don't you doubt if your father is testing you with a brother in his heart? You didn’t even shy away from accepting it,In this way, how dare your father give his youngest son a share? Therefore, the fate of the prostitute is that the poor person must be hateful, and the ancients are not deceived by me.
The third case of "Sanfen and Son-in-law" occurred in the Northern Song Dynasty. This case was included in both "Quotations from Zhongding Public" and "Guardian of Tortoises".
Zhang Yong, who presided over this case, is a famous minister in the early Northern Song Dynasty. He is a tired official, a clerk and a scholar of the Ministry of Etiquette. The earliest paper money in Shanghai, Jiaozi, was invented by this Zhang Guiya, so he is known as the "father of paper money." This Zhang Guaiya has a lot of allusions to the case. If you are interested, you can go to "Zhe Yu Gui Jian".
The case of "Three Points and Son-in-law" is more similar to the content of "He Wu Seizing Fortune": a rich man in Hangzhou is dying of illness, his wife is married, and there is only a three-year-old child beside him. The family business did not know how to arrange it.
After consideration, the rich man left a will to let his daughter and son-in-law manage the property. When the younger son grows up, he can give him three-tenths, and the remaining seven-tenths go to his daughter-in-law.
When the youngest son grew up, the daughter and son-in-law went to the government as scheduled and asked to divide the wealthy industry. At that time, Zhang Guaiya knew Hangzhou and accepted the case.
After reading the rich man’s will,Zhang Guiya laughed and said to her son-in-law: Your old father-in-law is really a "homo sapiens". His son is young. If you don't distribute this way, he might die in your hands if he doesn't grow up. The son-in-law was sweating with fright.
So Zhang Guaya divided the rich man’s family property into ten, seven to his son-in-law, and three to his son-in-law, and the son-in-law, “thank you to the son-in-law and the uncle.”
Why did Wu inherit the wealthy industry by his younger son? Zhang Yong still let his daughter and son-in-law inherit three points? He Wu's behavior is to observe the principles of the law carefully, to observe the human relationship, and to award all the property to the children and not to the daughter and son-in-law, because it is better to punish them than to give the sword to the younger brother. Zhang Yong is also obsessed with legal principles, but at the same time, he also considers favors, giving his daughter and son-in-law a third of the industry, in order to reward them for raising their younger brothers, and to divide the production as agreed.
Whether it is He Wu or Zhang Yong, they all saw the expediency of the father’s in order to preserve the life and family property of the youngest son. That’s why the case was decided. Of course, this was also because of the ancients. In his mind, the reason that men’s inheritance rights are superior to women’s is in line with the prevailing social consciousness at the time.
From these three cases, it can be clearly seen that in the eyes of the ancients, a concubine is not as good as a one with a handle. For example, a reader left a message saying " is an old . , Laozi has a part in giving birth, and doesn’t pay attention to the identity of his mother. "This is the mainstream consciousness of the old clan,How many Patriarchs can sit back and watch their concubine being despised by the concubine?
. After all, for the ancients, a male was wealth and could shine in the lintel. No matter how capable his daughter was, it was her husband’s family, and her husband’s family did not care about the family. Where's the daughter?
Of course, there may be people who say that when there is no son, the concubine must have a higher status than the concubine, otherwise the status of the concubine will not be higher, because of the status of the concubine.
Faced with this kind of cognition, it is really speechless. I can't understand what gives them the illusion that the status of concubine can be higher than that of husband? How many men are willing to succumb to their wives? Are feudal men raking their ears? Feudal women are mostly husbands, you are the private property of your husband, not to mention other things!
So, if a woman wants to cross, she should wear it before the Tang Dynasty. At any rate, she has such a loss of freedom and rights. In fact, don't dream of crossing in the novel. Ancient times are not as good as modern times. What is there to wear in the evil feudal society where men are inferior to women?
is just that.
The picture comes from a network invasion.
Reference materials: as shown in the text.
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