"Hengduan Mountain, the road is difficult. The sky is like fire, and the water is like silver. Family members send water to quench their thirst, and the soldiers and civilians fish and water a family. Hengduan Mountain, the road is difficult. Chishui has a strange soldier. Wujiang flies through the dangerous sky, and the soldiers are close to Guiyang to force Kunming. The enemy abandons the armor and throws the smoke gun, and our army rides the victory. It is like a god to adjust the tiger away from the mountain and attack the sands. Chairman Mao's army is really like a god." This song was sung for more than half a time. In the century, the red classics that have been popular all over the country vividly reproduce the magic of the Sidu Chishui battle.
The Chishui River originated in Zhenxiong, Yunnan, and flows through 10 counties and cities in the three provinces of Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan, and finally flows into the Yangtze River via the Hejiang River in Sichuan, with a total length of 520 kilometers. Chishui River is a fine wine river, and it is also a red river. 86 years ago, Mao Zedong used this as the stage to direct a wonderful live war drama...
In January 1935, the CPC Central Committee held an enlarged meeting of the Politburo in Zunyi and began to establish that Comrade Mao Zedong was the main one. The correct line of Marxism represented in the leadership position of the Party Central Committee. At this time, Chiang Kai-shek gathered more than 150 regiments of warlords in Hunan, Sichuan, Guangxi, Guizhou and other provinces and the Kuomintang Central Army, with more than 400,000 people, and pressured Zunyi from all directions in an attempt to "gather and annihilate" the Central Red Army. In order to smash the Kuomintang’s encirclement and annihilation plan and strive to take the initiative in strategy and eliminate the enemy in the campaign, the Chinese Revolutionary Military Commission and Mao Zedong decided to concentrate on the Chishui and Tucheng areas at the junction of Sichuan and Guizhou, and cross the Yangtze River north from Luzhou to Yibin in southern Sichuan. The four armies joined together to establish a revolutionary base in northwestern Sichuan. As a result, the brilliant Sidu Chishui battle began.
A crossing of Chishui to avoid the enemy's edge
On January 19, the Central Red Army marched northward to Chishui River in three routes from Zunyi, planning to take Tucheng and Chishui County and then cross the Yangtze River north. Chiang Kai-shek hurriedly deployed heavy troops on the border of Sichuan and Guizhou and blocked the Yangtze River. On January 28, the Central Red Army had a fierce battle with the Sichuan Army in Qinggangpo, Tucheng. Due to an incorrect estimate of the enemy’s situation, the Sichuan Army’s combat effectiveness was underestimated and the Red Army’s strength was scattered.The enemy and the enemy formed an offensive, and once the enemy strengthened, the Red Army would be disadvantaged in fighting again. On January 29, the Chinese Revolutionary Military Commission decided to immediately withdraw from the fighting. Except for a few troops to block the enemy, the Central Red Army crossed the Chishui River for the first time from the monkeys (now Yuanhou) and the north and south areas of Tucheng, and advanced to the Gulin and Xuyong areas in southern Sichuan. On February 5, the Central Red Army marched into a village in the three provinces at the junction of Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou. The Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee divided the work. According to Mao Zedong’s proposal, it was decided that Zhang Wentian would replace Bogu in charge (also called the general secretary). Then, the Red Army concentrated in the Tashi area of Yunnan.
Erdu Chishui and then occupy Zunyi
After the Red Army crossed Chishui, the enemy troops of Sichuan and Yunnan quickly approached Tashi from the north and south. On February 7, the Politburo of the Central Committee held a meeting in Dahetan, summarized the experience and lessons of the Tucheng battle, analyzed and studied the changes in the enemy situation at that time, decided to postpone the implementation of the plan of the Beidu Long March, and adopted Mao Zedong’s "return to the east, and then go east again." "Crossing the Chishui" decision. From February 9th to 10th, another meeting was held in Zhaxi Town, Yunnan Province, and the "Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Summary of Opposing the Enemy’s Five Encirclement and Suppression" drafted by Zhang Wentian, namely the resolution of the Zunyi Conference, was passed and discussed. The route of the Central Red Army and the downsizing of the troops were studied. So the main force of the Red Army suddenly turned eastward. From February 18 to 21, they crossed the Chishui River from Erlangtan, Jiuxikou, and Taipingdu for the second time, re-entered Guizhou, attacked Loushan Pass, and occupied Zunyi City. The enemy’s two divisions and 8 regiments captured more than 3,000 enemies, seized more than 3,000 firearms, and hundreds of thousands of bullets. They achieved the first major victory since the Long March, which dealt a heavy blow to the enemy’s arrogance and greatly inspired the Red Army. Fighting spirit. Chiang Kai-shek lamented: "This is a great shame since the national army pursued it." After the battle at Loushan Pass, Mao Zedong wrote the famous phrase "Recalling Qin'e Loushan Pass": "The west wind is fierce, and the sky goose is called Shuangchenyue. Shuangchen In the month, horses’ hoofs broke and horns swallowed. Xiongguan’s long road is really like iron, and now it’s stepping across from the beginning. From the beginning, the mountains are like the sea, and the setting sun is like blood.” During the Battle of Zunyi, Deng Ping, chief of staff of the Red Army Corps, was investigating the enemy’s situation in the old city of Zunyi Unfortunately, he died, and he slept in Zunyi, Guizhou.
Sandu Chishui, adjust the enemy westward
After the Red Army crosses Chishui,Chiang Kai-shek once again mobilized his troops to implement a new round of siege on the Red Army. On March 2nd, he personally flew from Hankou to Chongqing to "supervise and suppress", command all the troops stationed in Sichuan and Guizhou to encircle Zunyi and Yaxi, formulating the "south defense and north attack" and "bunker advance" operations. The policy, in a vain attempt to encircle the Red Army once again in the narrow areas of Zunyi and Yaxi. On March 4, 1935, the Central Military Commission set up a former enemy headquarters in Yaxi, with Zhu De as the commander and Mao Zedong as the political commissar. On March 12, 1935, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee and the Central Revolutionary Military Commission decided in Gouba to establish a new "three-person regiment" composed of Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, and Wang Jiaxiang, with Zhou Enlai as its head, responsible for commanding the military operations of the entire army. In search of a new strategic maneuver, the Central Red Army quickly jumped out of the encirclement of the enemy and moved westward again. It launched the Luban Field Battle on March 15 and won. From March 16 to 17, the Red Army crossed the Chishui River for the third time from the Moutai Ferry and reentered southern Sichuan. The main force was hidden in the nearby forest and ravine. It dispatched a regiment of troops to pretend that the main force was advancing in the direction of Gulin, in order to confuse and reconcile. Contain the enemy, let the Kuomintang army think that our army will cross the Yangtze River north again.
Sidu Chishui jumped out of the encirclement
After the Red Army crossed Chishui three times, the Kuomintang army was investigating the Red Army advancing in southern Sichuan. Chiang Kai-shek thought that the Red Army was going to cross the Yangtze River again, and hurriedly mobilized heavy troops in Yibin and Luzhou. When the Kuomintang army once again rushed to southern Sichuan and had not yet implemented the encirclement, the Chinese Revolutionary Military Commission decisively decided to return to the east and return to Guizhou to get rid of the siege of the powerful enemy. From the night of March 21st to the morning of March 22nd, the Central Red Army crossed the Chishui River for the fourth time from Erlangtan, Taipingdu, Lintan, Jiuxikou and other ferry crossings, and threw the Kuomintang chasing troops around Gulin in southern Sichuan and on both banks of the Chishui River. area. After the Four Crossings of Chishui, the Chinese Revolutionary Military Commission continued to send the Red Ninth Army to the Changganshan and Fengxiangba areas to pretend to be the main force of the Red Army in order to achieve the strategic goals of our army. enemy. Then, the main force of the Central Red Army quickly crossed the Wujiang River south, pretending to attack Guiyang, and divided the troops into the east of Guizhou, luring out the Dian army to assist. At this time, Chiang Kai-shek mobilized the nearest Dian army to Guiyang to "success". When all enemy troops marched east of Guiyang,The Red Army was unexpectedly advancing at a speed of 120 li a day toward the empty-powered Yunnan of the enemy, and approaching Kunming, forcing Long Yun to mobilize the Yunnan army from Yunnan and along the Jinsha River to Kunming. The Red Army only flicked a shot near Kunming, and then the main force marched to the northwest with great speed, hit the Jinsha River, and crossed the Jinsha River from May 3 to 9. At this point, the Central Red Army got rid of hundreds of thousands of enemy forces, shattered Chiang Kai-shek's plan to encircle and annihilate the Red Army at the borders of Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan, and achieved a decisive victory in the strategic shift.
The victory of Sidu Chishui was achieved after the Zunyi Conference changed the leadership of the central military. It fully demonstrated Mao Zedong's superb military command art. It was a key battle for the Central Red Army's Long March to win more with less and become passive.
In May 1960, British Field Marshal Montgomery visited China. He told Mao Zedong that the three major battles of Liaoshen, Pingjin, and Huaihai under your command are comparable to any great battle in the world. Mao Zedong said, there was nothing in the Three Great Wars, and crossing the Chishui River was my proud touch. In the Four Crossings of Chishui Campaign, Mao Zedong commanded the Central Red Army cleverly interspersed among the Kuomintang heavy forces in accordance with the changes in the battlefield, flexibly changed the direction of combat, took the initiative to create and search for fighters, wiped out a large number of enemy troops in mobile warfare, and firmly grasped it. In the history of the battlefield initiative, the Chinese Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army has written a glorious example in the history of the Chinese Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army’s warfare, in which the few defeated the more, the weak defeated the strong, and the passive became active.
The Sidu Chishui Battle is a military practice of the correct line of the Zunyi Conference. It is a true portrayal of "Chairman Mao's use of soldiers is as good as a god". It saved and preserved the core backbone of the Party and the Red Army in the military and opened up Mao Zedong's invincible military thought The first of its kind, laid a solid foundation for the great victory of the Long March. Without the victory of the Sidu Chishui Campaign, there would be no great victory for the Chinese revolution.
Source: "Guizhou Daily" (formerly titled: Siduchishui: Central Red Army in the key battle)
Author: deputy director of the CPC Guizhou Provincial Party History Research Center, Guizhou Communist Party History Institute Executive Vice President Yu Furen
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