Source: People's Daily Overseas Edition
Picture ①: The 2022 graduation ceremony of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Picture ②: The graduation ceremony of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine in 2020.
Picture ③: The scene of the 2022 Peking University graduation ceremony.
"Chang'e" flies into the sky, "Jiaolong" enters the sea, high-speed rail speeds, aircraft carriers enter the fleet... Behind a series of major national projects are the outstanding contributions of China's independently trained graduate students, who have become the main force in scientific and technological innovation.
Postgraduate education is of great significance in cultivating high-level innovative talents. Over the past 10 years, China's postgraduate education has taken "cultivating people with moral integrity, serving needs, improving quality, and pursuing excellence" as its main work line. It has implemented two rounds of comprehensive reforms to accelerate the establishment of a major country in postgraduate education, ensure the overall quality of postgraduate education, and cultivate a phalanx of innovative talents. , providing strong talent support for the development of the party and the country.
Scale highlights
There are more than 800 graduate training units
Data show that since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, my country’s graduate education disciplines and professional structure and talent training structure have continued to improve. More than 800 graduate training units across the country have sent 60 students to the main battlefield of economic and social development. There are more than 10,000 doctoral students and more than 6.5 million masters. Oriented by service needs, the postgraduate education structure type has been more optimized, and the Chinese characteristics discipline and professional system has been more complete. A number of first-level disciplines and professional degree categories have been added, such as cyberspace security, integrated circuit science and engineering, and traditional Chinese medicine, forming a new It has a catalog of disciplines and majors covering 14 subject categories, 113 first-level disciplines, and 47 professional degree categories, covering the main fields of national economy and social development.
classification training system is more complete. While steadily developing academic degrees, we are also vigorously developing professional degrees. The proportion of the number of master's professional degrees conferred has increased from 35% in 2012 to 58% in 2021, and the proportion of doctoral professional degrees conferred has increased from 5.8% to 9%. Degrees are equally important as academic degrees and the concept of classified development is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.
Key subject areas are continuously strengthened. The number of first-level doctoral programs in science, engineering, agriculture and medicine has increased from 1,944 in 2012 to 2,575; in the construction of " double first-class ", science, engineering, agriculture and medicine accounted for 78.5%. The construction of philosophy and social science disciplines continues to be strengthened, and a number of "unpopular secrets" with important cultural value, such as oracle bone inscriptions, have been passed down and carried forward.
According to Hong Dayong, director of the Department of Degree Management and Graduate Education of the Ministry of Education, in the past 10 years, graduate education has innovated mechanisms in the cross-disciplinary field. "New interdisciplinary categories have been added, interdisciplinary setting and management measures have been introduced, and institutional arrangements have been made for the development of interdisciplinary. More than 200 degree-granting units have independently set up more than 700 artificial intelligence , big data, new energy, dual carbon, etc. "Interdisciplinary points." Hong Dayong said, "At the same time, we continue to optimize the regional layout to serve the construction of important talent centers and innovation highlands in the world. Beijing, Shanghai, and the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area account for 27.6% of the country's doctoral programs; The Western Development Strategy , through preferential policy support, will promote the proportion of doctoral-authorized universities in the western region to ordinary undergraduate universities to reach or be slightly higher than the national average. "
It is worth noting that the integration of science and education and the integration of industry and education in graduate training. The model is more mature and has gradually formed a joint training pattern among universities, research institutes, and high-level enterprises. These include: identifying and building 108 joint training demonstration bases for engineering degree graduate students; exploring the "technological courtyard" education model for agricultural master's degrees, driving the construction of more than 300 scientific and technological courtyards in universities across the country; medical and educational collaboration to deepen the reform of clinical medical talent training, " The " four-in-one" training model has been widely recognized by employers and graduate students. In addition, the graduate tutor development system has been continuously improved. The number of tutors has increased from 298,000 in 2012 to 557,000 in 2021. The structure has been optimized and the quality has been improved. It has built a three-tiered system that covers national typical demonstrations, provincial key guarantees, and training units. Level instructor training system.
Improving quality
Injecting motivation for seeking truth and innovation
Yang Wei, president of the China Academic Degree and Graduate Education Society, has many years of management experience in graduate education. In his view, the past 10 years have been a decade of great development for China's graduate education, which has provided a great opportunity for development. The development of a nation opens up a talent pool."The development of China's graduate education in the past 10 years is reflected in the expansion of the scale of doctoral students, especially the expansion of the scale of doctoral students in science and engineering, which has attracted world attention." Yang Wei also pointed out that the expansion of the scale of graduate education is completed under the premise of attaching great importance to quality. , which injects climbing power into Qiushi Innovation. "The quality project of graduate education was launched in 2007, and the number of graduate student enrollments was carefully controlled. The annual growth rate of degree awards from 2010 to 2021 was more than 10 percentage points lower than the growth in the previous 30 years. Promote quality monitoring and review of degrees Gradually, it has evolved from a mentor licensing system that reflects the relationship between mentors and apprentices, to a mentor group licensing system that includes multiple graduate tutors, and then to a subject licensing system with a blind review link. "
Quality is the lifeline of graduate education, and quality failure will lead to graduate education. of blood loss. In fact, with quality improvement as the core, the training reform of postgraduate education has been comprehensively deepened in the past 10 years. "Since 2019, the 'degree squeeze' operation has been carried out in depth, and quality supervision has been strengthened in all aspects for all employees and the entire process. Qualification assessment of degree points has been continuously carried out. From 2014 to 2021, 103 degree authorization points have been revoked and 196 degree authorization points have been rectified within a time limit. Added The quality awareness of supervisors and graduate students has been continuously improved," Hong Dayong said.
To improve the quality of graduate training, universities are at the forefront. At Peking University , through the solid implementation of projects such as the strong foundation plan, mathematics elite class, and physics outstanding talent training plan, we have designed a "3+X" undergraduate and graduate training program. Students with excellent academic performance and remarkable scientific research training results can At the end of the third year of undergraduate studies, students will directly enter the postgraduate training stage. At the same time, we will increase resource investment and strengthen support for basic disciplines. At Tsinghua University , the school focuses on strengthening exchanges and cooperation with internationally renowned universities in the field of engineering to improve its ability to independently cultivate high-level talents. In the past 10 years, Tsinghua University has cooperated with well-known universities around the world to establish 25 joint training degree programs. Among them, 7 training programs with universities such as Yale University in the United States have been supported by the China Scholarship Council’s “International Cooperation Training Project for Innovative Talents”. In 2017, Tsinghua University cooperated with three major nuclear power groups to launch the "Nuclear Power Engineering and Management International Talent Training" project, cultivating a group of outstanding engineers with global competency.
"Scientific research contributions have become more prominent. In recent years, among the newly added academicians and the first recipients of the three national science and technology awards, my country's independently trained doctors account for about two-thirds; among the members of the key project of the National Natural Science Foundation, more than 50% They are graduate students, and more than 30% are doctoral students," Hong Dayong said.
Pursuing excellence
Accelerating the construction of a first-class university system
"Double first-class" construction universities are the first phalanx of China's higher education, the main force in cultivating basic research talents and the new force in scientific and technological innovation talents. "Double First-Class" universities are responsible for training more than 80% of doctoral students and nearly 60% of master's students nationwide. In the past 10 years, the system structure of postgraduate education has been further improved, with the goal of pursuing excellence, and the construction of a first-class university system is accelerating.
has introduced and cultivated a group of world-class scientists and leading talents. The proportion of full-time teachers with doctoral degrees increased from 60% in 2015 to 72% in 2020. It continues to improve its ability to attract overseas talents and has introduced a group of top international scholars.
's ability to support high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-reliance has been significantly enhanced. "Double First-class" construction universities have continuously made important breakthroughs in original innovation in basic research, research on key core technologies, and serving the country's major strategic needs. They have achieved the world's first modular high-temperature gas-cooled reactor for grid-connected power generation and independently developed the country's first offshore offshore reactor. A series of important achievements such as large-scale cutter suction dredging equipment. The Construction College has won the first prize of the National Natural Science Award for three consecutive years. Among the 23 major supporting units of the National Science and Technology Progress Award, 11 of the innovation teams are from the Construction College.
The leading role of the prosperity and development of philosophy and social sciences has become more prominent. We have built 47 bases for the inheritance of excellent Chinese traditional culture in general universities across the country, and a number of major academic research projects have made substantial progress.High-level foreign cooperation and exchanges have been continuously deepened, with 71 cooperative education institutions and 276 cooperative education projects at the master's and doctoral levels, and dozens of international cooperation joint laboratories with foreign universities and scientific research institutions in the fields of , biomedicine, , environment and ecology.
leads the overall development of higher education in China. The "double first-class" construction has led various regions to build 410 local high-level universities and 1,387 local advantageous and characteristic disciplines. A high-quality first-class university and first-class discipline construction system is taking shape. Hong Dayong said that after unremitting efforts, the first round of "double first-class" construction has generally achieved phased goals. Several universities have gradually become among the world's first-class universities, and several disciplines such as materials science and engineering have entered the forefront of world-class disciplines, laying the foundation for the construction of higher education. A strong country has laid a solid foundation.
"Learning and reference are the only way to build a world-class university, but reflection and creation are the foundation of the construction of first-class universities." Hong Dayong emphasized that in the new round of "double first-class" construction, we are committed to optimizing Discipline layout, deepen evaluation reform, resolutely get rid of the "five onlys", resolutely not run schools around various popular rankings, resolutely highlight contribution, innovation, quality and effectiveness, and give full play to the role of the main force in building basic research in universities and the new force for major scientific and technological breakthroughs. Efforts should be made to build an independent knowledge system. (Our reporter Sun Yahui)
"People's Daily Overseas Edition" (Page 09, July 14, 2022)
