text/Deng Xiaonan Zhang Yi ( Center for Ancient Chinese History Research, Peking University 2016-02-11)
People often say that "care and painting are of the same origin", which is similar to painting, and calligraphy has an aesthetic, entertaining and even game side. Literature and artists of the Song Dynasty integrated different art forms, and both paintings and calligraphy works contained the learning and sentiment of cultural elites at that time. But in terms of function, there are obvious differences between the two.
Compared with painting, calligraphy carries a more direct social function in real life and is an intermediary for people to communicate information. No matter in the imperial examination, no matter who is an official or an official, he cannot leave his writing skills in a moment. As a practical skill since ancient times, calligraphy reflects the basic qualities of scholars and is also one of the means of making a living. It has long been valued in the ancient officialdom and the people.
Most of the calligraphy works of the Song Dynasty that have been handed down from generation to generation are handed down by scholars. In terms of its calligraphy style, there is "Court style calligraphy", which is often used for the writing and copying of official documents; there is also "literati calligraphy", and the ink of literati and his poetry works are often formed as objects of appreciation of "one body and two sides". In terms of its content, it is an original creator, and it is often used for public and private documents, poems, essays, inscriptions and other materials. Most of them can be directly used as original historical materials, some of which are political historical materials themselves.
Sima Guang Handwritten
Below is a few chapters of calligraphy in the Song Dynasty that the author noticed as an example. Focusing on the contents of officials' proclamation, edicts and commands, and imperial writings in the Song Dynasty, we will introduce the possible significance of such materials in the study of the history of political systems in the Song Dynasty.
1
Officials in the Tang and Song dynasties (or "official complaints", that is, a letter of appointment), such as "Zhu Juchuan's complaints", "Sima Guangbai Zuopushe complaints", etc., have long been paid attention to by researchers in institutional history.
In the Song Dynasty, officials reported their rank and magnitude of their positions, and were responsible for the decree of the wording, respectively, based on their rank and magnitude of their rank and magnitude of their rank and magnitude of their rank and magnitude of their rank and magnitude of their rank and magnitude of their rank and magnitude of their rank and magnitude of their rank and magnitude of their rank, respectively. The former belongs to the "internal system" and the latter is the "external system". Among the calligraphy volumes that have been passed down from generation to generation, there are two official reports awarded to Sima Guang in the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty. First, the confession of Sima Guangchong History Museum in the second year of Xining (1069) collected by the Kumamoto Prefecture Art Museum in Japan was a foreign official report before the restructuring of Yuanfeng in the Northern Song Dynasty; second, Sima Guang, collected by the first year of Yuanyou in the first year of Yuanyou (1086), collected by the Taipei Palace Museum in the first year of Yuanyou (1086), was a restructuring of Sima Guang. As calligraphy works, these two materials have long been familiar to the museum community. This article will try to interpret the contents of the two official announcements, and observe the operation process and presentation of the government orders and documents related to the exclusion of personnel in the Song Dynasty.
(I)
In the second year of Xining (1069), Sima Guangchong confessed his life (Figure 1), which was a foreign official report before the restructuring of Yuanfeng, the Northern Song Dynasty.
Figure 1 In the second year of Xining, Sima Guang proclaimed himself (collection of Kumamoto Prefecture Art Museum, Japan) [1]
The whole text of the proclaimer was 59 lines [2]:
1. Imperial: A book of writing, on the job of the profession,
2. You must obtain the beauty of good and straightforwardness, use the wind and gentle
3. I got the name and talent, and I was allowed to choose.
4. He studied as a Hanlin bachelor and a attendant scholastic
5. He was a scholar, , chauvinist , right censor,
6. He was a master of imperial edicts and edited the affairs of the monarchs and ministers of all dynasties. He was
7. He was a minister of the imperial edicts and the ministers of the past dynasties. He was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was jailed, and he was The seal of the ministers, pillars, , river
11. The founding marquis of the inner county, 1,300 fiefs,
12. The hundred households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, 200 households, The monks and the door were held, and the emperor looked at the imperial edict, and the emperor was also in the
16. The emperor was in charge of the painting, and the public also added the
18. I only have a history in the country, and the official
19. It is difficult for others, so I am concerned about the biography of later generations,
20. The ambitions of the four directions.The fate of carrying the pen is
21. It is said to be ok. I can understand the rules of previous works
22. The only way to praise and discredit is to
23. What is good is not false to preach. You can specially teach
24. According to the former right counsel, Hanlin scholar
25. He is also a scholar and a master of imperial edicts, and is a member of the imperial edict. He is a compilation of the history museum, a dispersal official, appointed officials, appointed officials, appointed officials, appointed officials, appointed officials, appointed officials, appointed officials, appointed officials, appointed officials, appointed officials, appointed officials, appointed officials, appointed officials, appointed officials, appointed officials, appointed officials, appointed officials, appointed officials, appointed officials, appointed officials, appointed officials, appointed officials, appointed officials, appointed officials, and appointed officials, and appointed officials, and appointed them as usual.
28. August 2, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011, 20111, 20111, 20111, 20111, 20111, 20111, 20111, 20111, 20111, 20111, 20111, 20111, 20111, 20111, 20111, 20111, 20111, 20111, 20111, 20111, 20111, 20111, 20111, 20111, 20 Gong Liang
37. Give to the Ministry of Justice
38. Hanlin Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imperial Bachelor’s Imp The direct scholar of Longtu Pavilion, the servant of the living room, and the lecturer and the judge of power. Wei
45. The Minister of the Shangshu, the editor of the Ministry of Revenue, and the editor of the Chongjixian Palace, and the judge of the power. Dingchen
46. The Minister of the Ministry of Personnel, the envoy
47. The Minister of the Ministry of Personnel, Que
48. The Left Chief, the envoy
49. Report: The Hanlin Bachelor and the envoy sect, the Chaosan Doctor, the Right Advisor
50. The Consultant Doctor, the Master of the History Museum, the editor of the emperor and ministers of the past dynasties, and the editor of the emperors and ministers of the past dynasties. Deeds, detailed seals, and judges of the Shangshu Province and the provincial government. They also recommended Wanshouguan
52. They also recommended the official affairs of the Sitianjian official, and jointly transferred the court of the Liao
53. The seal of the seal, the founding marquis of the Hanoi County, and the fief of 1,300
54. The household, the food was actually sealed with Erbohu, and the purple gold fish bag was given Sima Guang, and the imperial edict was given as the right commander, and the trumpet was carried out. The commander was as follows:
56. The main affairs were que
57. The hall chief, the judge of the direct history museum, Shi Lingshi Liu Yan
58. Shuling Shi Fan Dexuan
59. August 2nd year of Xining
This document started with the word "生", from line 1 to line 27, and was a foreign edict (生) drafted by a foreign edict (生) in accordance with the lyrics issued by the prime minister agency. The opening of the edict, from "books of letters" to "selecting selection", is a phrase that revolves around the newly-appointed appointment of "selecting people for officials"; the subsequent "Hanlin Bachelor and Bachelor of Person" to "giving purple goldfish bags" are the original assignments, scattered ranks, official positions, honors, titles, real titles, and gifts of those who were given the award; "Learning is enough to understand the changes of ancient and modern times, and literature is enough to reveal the glory of the classics" and so on, which are praises and expectations for Sima Guang himself. After "specially granted", the newly granted title should be drafted by the prime minister and approved by the emperor. According to Wang Yinglin's "Guide to the Book of Changes and Learnings, the general form of the external edict is: "The imperial edict: if you have an official position, you can be specially appointed as an official"[3]. The format of this external edict is exactly the same as that.
Line 28 is the date when the wording is completed. Lines 29 to 48 reflect the pattern of signing officials who "circulate" in accordance with the procedures of issuing orders in the three provinces after the formation of the imperial edicts. Among them, lines 29 to 34 are formally the procedures for the official of the Secretariat to "publicize, respect, and execute" and forward the edict to of the edict to ; lines 35 to 38 are the official rank of the officials of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of It is worth noting that most of the three provinces, from the head to the important officials of the department, are not in office, either "entrust" or "deprived"; even those who are ordered to proclaim and follow the "Editor" status in the Secretariat, sign in the Secretariat as "subsidy" status in the Secretariat as "subsidy" status, and sign in the Secretariat as "judgment" status in the Ministry of Personnel as "judgment" status in the Secretariat as "subsidy" status, in fact, are not related to the actual formation and release process of the document [4].
49 to 59 are the words of the "report" issued by the official court. They have fully promulgated all the titles of Sima Guang: Hanlin Bachelor and Bachelor of the Secretariat, Chaosan Dafu, Right Censor, Zhizhizhizhi, compiled the History Museum, edited the "Deeds of Emperors and Ministers of the Past Dynasties", carefully designated the title of the Shangshu Province, also promoted the official affairs of Wanshouguan, and also promoted the official affairs of the Sitianjian, and jointly issued the title of the Secretariat, the Principal State, the founding marquis of the Hanoi County, the fief of 1,300 households, the actual title of Erbo, and the purple goldfish bag. At the end of the official report, the signatures in lines 56 to 58 are officials who serve in the official report. The so-called "Chief of the Palace and the Judgment of the Direct History Museum" was the Su Shi who served as the judge at that time.
Southern Song Dynasty reported local
Under the two-official system in the early Northern Song Dynasty, the signing procedures listed in the official report under the name of "three provinces" were not the actual process of not granting officials; in the Song Dynasty's past documents, there is a lack of clear records of the way the edict issuance. The real official reports of the existence of the world give researchers the opportunity to see the operation mode of the "dual-track system" in the early Northern Song Dynasty [5].
We see that under the foreign order, there is a pattern of official signing arranged in accordance with the procedures for issuing orders of the three provinces and six ministries. In fact, in the early Northern Song Dynasty, the actual duties originally under the responsibility of the three provinces and six ministries in the Tang Dynasty had long been under the developed and mature dispatch system. Most officials in the three provinces and six ministries said that they were only used to mark the identity and rank of officials. Against this background, the signing of officials from the three provinces and the Ministry of Personnel in the Central Government has nothing to do with the procedures for issuing the edict. The format of signing and detention that was reported by the official in the early Northern Song Dynasty was a continuation of the three-provincial system, reflecting the compromise between the traditional three-provincial procedures and the actual dispatch system.
Sima Ji of the Southern Song Dynasty reported to his local
Song Shenzong The official system reform during the Yuanfeng (1078-1085) changed the system of the original government center "Zhongshumen-- Privy Council " to the "Three Provinces--Prince Council" system. The split and reorganization of the prime minister's agency has given the government operation a different way than the previous one. The three provinces of the Secretariat, the Menxia and the Shangshu returned to the front stage of the operation of the government orders, making the operation process of the ex-authorized edicts "unified". In other words, the central government affairs in the early Northern Song Dynasty were actually operated under the system of the two governments, but the signing form reflected in the official lawsuits showed the appearance of a three-provincial system like the Tang system. After the Yuanfeng reform, the responsibilities of statutes and execution of orders returned to the three provinces, and the actual departments that issued the documents of officials were basically consistent with the presented situation.
(II)
In the first year of Yuanyou (1086), Sima Guang, who was in the collection of the Palace Museum in Taipei, bowed to the left to the Pushe (Figure 2). It was an internal official notice after the reform of Yuanfeng of the Northern Song Dynasty.
Figure 2 In the first year of Yuanyou, Sima Guang worshipped Zuo Pushe (collection of the Palace Museum in Taipei) [6]
This long scroll of confession is also composed of word making, signing procedures and "report" text. The lyrics are composed by Deng Runfu, the master of the Hanlin scholar, and are the same as the texts of "Sima Guang, the Minister of the Men's Secretariat, Become the Left Prime Minister" [7] and Xu Ziming's "Chronicle of the Song Dynasty" Volume 9 of "Sima Guang, the Left Pushe System" [8] included in the "Collected Collection of Song Dynasty III".
In his article "Research on the Book of Sima Guang's Left Pushe" [9], Mr. Wang Jingxiong pointed out: "The book of Sima Guang's Left Pushe" in this institute is a system of prosecutors. It was issued in the first year of Yuanyou (1086). At the time of the implementation of the new official system, we can briefly see the official document operation situation at that time." It also proposed that after the Yuanfeng reorganization, the operation process of the document of prosecutors should be operated by the three provinces, and should be signed and announced by the Secretariat in order. This article is the same as the third year of Yuanyou, Fan Chunren's Right Pushe's Right Pushe [10]. After the lyrics were made, he was followed by the Ministry of Publication and reviewed the signature records, so there are doubts. In fact, the system of the preacher who was appointed as the prime minister was originally an "internal system" in the Song Dynasty (this was the case before and after Yuanfeng). It was not drafted and edited by the Minister of the Central Secretariat, but was a decree by the Hanlin scholars who were worshipped in the inner court. Yuanfeng's restructuring "follow the name and responsibility" should be consistent with the actual dismissal procedure in principle. After the promulgation of the term "internal system" is formulated, it does not require the "propaganda" of the Secretariat to be directly issued and sued to the Secretariat to be implemented. Therefore, officials of the Secretariat do not include the title.
年多年多年多年多年多年, you can refer to the book-making style of the Tang Dynasty Kaiyuan (713-741) restored by Japanese scholar Yuichi Nakamura:
The official vassal of the Shizhong is named
The Huangmen’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s servant’s name
8 The book-making is as right. Please implement the system outside the
system. Be cautious.
year month day
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Yuanyou April 5, 3rd year
made [12]
Fan Chunren and Sima Guang both bid for each other, and the "Shizhong" are both "miss" and their positions are empty. This is because at that time, the left servant and the minister of the disciple were the governor of the disciple, and the minister of the minister was not eliminated.
The officials of the ministry who were appointed as prime minister of Sima Guang, including the minister Zuo Pushe and the minister of the ministry, Sima Guang (the person who was expelled from the imperial examination was not yet approved), and the minister Zuo Chengquan, the minister Lu Gongzhu and the minister of the ministry, Fan Chunren. The officials who are also under the Menxia Province have been intercepted into two sections. The emperor's instructions are intercepted between the Minister of the Menxia and the Secretary of the Ministry of Justice. It can be seen from the above document style that there are problems with the order this time. This is probably because the person who should have been reported to be broken during the circumstance. When re-mounted, it was because he was not familiar with the Song Dynasty system and was reversed. As Mr. Wang Jingxiong pointed out, according to the normal documentary process, the emperor's "system" should be completed and marked after the "leap February day of the first year of Yuanyou" [13].
In the Song Dynasty, they all regarded it as the best calligraphy
Sima Guang and Fan Chunren's confession, both followed the official announcement of the Song Dynasty, using "five-colored gold-flowered silk-paper 17 sheets" [14]. Various types of official reports reflect the solemnity and strictness of the bureaucratic hierarchy system based on the texture of paper, size, color patterns, color and white back, number of sheets, etc.
2
There are some imperial edicts and documents in existing calligraphy works of the Song Dynasty. Among them, some are given to individual ministers as instructions, awards or sympathy; some are also issued to specific departments as "command" government affairs. The existing physical objects of the former category of edicts include "The Imperial to Given Mao Yingqiu", "The Imperial to Cai Xinghuang" and "Answer to Yu Yunwen "; those belong to the latter category include "The Imperial to Fang Qiu" and several imperial handwritten edicts.
(I)
Let’s first look at the edicts and documents given to the ministers.
Generally speaking, it is called "edict" or "edict", which has a distinction between levels and levels. The so-called "a fifth rank is given to the upper edict, and a sixth rank is given to the upper edict" [15]. As far as the document itself is concerned, there are differences in ratings and ratings, wording, printing and paper. These distinctions can be roughly observed through the following books.
Figure 3 The Imperial Exaltation of Mao Yingqi (Collection of the Palace Museum in Beijing) [16]
"The Imperial Exaltation of Mao Yingqi" (Figure 3) is collected in the Palace Museum in Beijing. After the imperial edict, there was an inscription written by Zhang Yu in the second year of Zhizheng (1342) of Emperor Shun of Yuan Dynasty, saying that the post was "a genuine work of Mao Yingqian, the Emperor Ming of Tang Dynasty, who ordered Mao Yingqiu to be the emperor." According to this title, "HTM5 Ancient Chinese Calligraphy and Paintings and Pictures, "There is no seal in the Tang Dynasty, and Mao Yingqiu, the running script, is instructed to express his conscience to the imperial edict." By the late Ming Dynasty, Zhang Chou had speculated that the edict was issued during the period of Emperor Taizong of Song Dynasty [17].
However, neither of the above two inferences can reasonably explain the semantics of the first sentence of the imperial edict, "I remember the love of the Three Saints to cultivate the steaming of Guizhou". In fact, the so-called "Three Saints" refer to Song Taizu, Taizong and Zhenzong. This imperial edict should be issued during the period of Song Renzong . In the article "The Magazine of Du Xing" in the Southern Song Dynasty, "The Emperor Mao should guard Douzhou in the Heavenly Saint, and the imperial court granted a prisoner to him", the full text records this imperial edict [18], which can be used as evidence.
Huizong's "Cai Xinghuang" (i.e. "Cai Xinghuang Imperial" in Liaoning Provincial Museum is a letter issued by Huizong when Cai Xing resigned from his position as governor in the palace during the Xuanhe (1119-1125).
Figure 4 Cai Xingzhao (collection of Liaoning Provincial Museum) [19]
Sichuan Provincial Museums "Answering Yu Yunwen" (i.e. "Imperial Reply to Yu Yunwen" by Xiaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty (Figure 5), which is also a denied edict. Judging from its content, the award of the edict should be in the spring of the fourth year of Qiandao (1168). Yu Yunwen was appointed as the Grand Secretary of the Zizheng Hall, the Minister of the Privy Council, and the Sichuan Xuanfu Envoy [20].
Figure 5 Answer to Yu Yunwen's edict (collection of Sichuan Provincial Museum) [21]
The above three edicts and edicts all start with "Edict So-and-so", which is also the main basis for similar books to be usually named "Give So-and-so Edict". However, if you carefully observe the wording in the text, it is not difficult to notice the detailed distinction between the procedural expression of "公" and "公". For example, in the "Edict of Mao Yingqi" called Mao "Ru", the end of the lyrics says, "I am here to express the edict, and I should know it." However, in the "Cai Xingzhao" and "Answer Yu Yunwen Zhao" call the recipient of the edict "Qing", and the end of the lyrics says, "I am here to express the edict, and I should know it."
In addition, the commendation imperial edicts will say "I will be awarded here, so I should know it", such as the "Imperial Edict under the Imperial Edict of Anxin Army" [22] attached to Volume 9 of "Bao Xiaosu Memorial". The king's imperial letters often concluded with the conclusion of "Therefore, this letter should be told, and I would like to know it."
From a formal perspective, the beginning of the imperial edicts has “六” (“六”) written in larger fonts, and the characters “六” that are “六” and “六” are deployed at the end. Judging from the "Edict of Mao Yingqi" and "Cai Xingzhao", the character "六" at the end, the main text of the edict and the day of the edict are on two sheets of paper spliced together, with a cavalry seal in the middle. The word "生" is missing at the end of "Answering Yu Yunwenzhao", which may be due to the breaking and loss of the circulating process. The seals stamped in "The Imperial Exemption of Mao Yingqi" and "Answering Yu Yunwen's Edict" are "the treasure of the letter of the edict"; the "Cai Xingzhao" is used as "the treasure of the imperial calligraphy", indicating that the edict belongs to the emperor's "handwritten" to increase the work.
(II)
The "Fangqiu Imperial" (Figure 6) collected in the Liaoning Provincial Museum is an imperial edict used to announce the measures of the court.
Figure 6 Fang Qiu Imperial (collection of Liaoning Provincial Museum) [23]
In addition to the postscript at the beginning and end, the book consists of two parts: the main part is the imperial edict to Fang Qiu to prepare to "add tin" to concubines after sacrifice. The edict ends with "Therefore, I will know about it if I want to know it"; the date of the article at the end of the article, no matter the year or month, and there is an independent and huge character "王", which is consistent with the form of the edict given to the ministers and their personal edicts.
Another document is attached to the back of this book, with the imperial edict "according to the memorial" in front of it and the seal of "Treasure of Imperial Books" is stamped. Its main body is a letter submitted in December of the fourth year of Daguan (1110). Judging from the content, there is no direct connection between the edicts in the front and the letters approved by the imperial treasures later. They should have been framed by later collectors.
The imperial edicts of the Song Dynasty have been recorded in many documents. However, even those who are familiar with the rules and regulations and even handle relevant procedures rarely record the document styles that people are familiar with at the time. If you discuss this type of issue and pay attention to its evolution, you can only rely on the physical original. The categories and situations in reality are of course relatively complex, and the implementation and title of the document style are also flexible; judging from the four different types of calligraphy materials in the successive periods, the basic styles of ordinary edicts should not have changed significantly before and after the restructuring of Yuanfeng in the Northern Song Dynasty and until the Southern Song Dynasty.
In Song Dynasty literature, "the words before the emperor" is a relatively special concept [24]. The orders issued by the inner court in the name of the emperor are broadly written in the imperial court. In the political life at that time, the imperial writing was widely used and became a relatively fixed and institutionalized documentary style. The most eye-catching ones are the so-called "Imperial Pen" and "Word Edict".
Wu Zeng "Neng Gaizhai Manlu" says: "The emperor's personal letter is called imperial pen." [25] Zhao Sheng's "Prince and Country" says that the hand edict "is either very classic or show a clear intention" [26] is the one who carries the emperor's personal majesty and the postures of the emperor. As we all know, the "Imperial Pen" or "hand edict" in the Song Dynasty did not necessarily come from the emperor's handwriting. Perhaps the words and sentences were neither written by themselves nor written by themselves.As stated in "Miscellaneous Notes of the Court and the Country since Jianyan" in "Miscellaneous Notes on the Court and the Country":
The imperial pen and imperial system of this dynasty are not necessarily the one who is the master of the calligraphy and calligraphy. During the time of our ancestors, those who punished things outside the ban were called internal criticism; after worshipping, it was called imperial pen. Later, the wife of Nei replaced her. The so-called imperial treasure criticism in modern times, either the previous one or the introverted wife criticized it, all use imperial treasures. There is also the so-called author who writes in person, and there is no need to use treasures. [27]
The imperial texts predecessors issued by the emperors of the Song Dynasty have many names, different formats and prints, and many types can be distinguished. The imperial seal (referred to as "Imperial seal") is one of the typical documentary styles. Unlike the general edicts for individuals that start with "Imperial So-called", the letters in front of the imperial court are expressed as "Fu X-key" at the end of the article. The two have the same functions but different forms. Compared with ordinary edicts, the latter is usually also called "hand edicts". For example, the "Huayang Collection" contains the "Handichou of Give the Prime Minister Fu Bi to Retreat the Retreat" drafted by Wang Gui emperors. The last sentence says: "What you want is not to allow. Pay Fu Bi." [28]
The imperial texts that have been passed down to this day, such as the imperial handwriting edict given to Liu Jiji by Huizong (rubbings of the inscription, Figure 7), the imperial edict given to Yue Fei in the seventh year of Shaoxing (1137), and the manual letters given to Yue Fei by Gaozong in the eleventh year of Shaoxing (Figure 8), should be all imperial letters, with the words "Fu Moumou" at the end of the document, followed by the letters and seals. Unlike the general terms such as "I am here to tell you, and I want to know it", before "Fu Moumou", the letters in front of the imperial court sometimes use words such as "Fu Moumou" that seem to be friendly and direct, "You must understand this letter" (as shown in Figure 8), "I should know it by hand" [30], "I should know it by hand" [31].
Figure 7 Rubbings of hand edicts from Huizong to Liu Jiji (collection of Peking University Library) [32]
Figure 8 The letters given by Emperor Gaozong of Song Dynasty (partial) (collection of Lanqianshan, Taipei) [33]
"Imperial pen" and "hand edicts" are often not written by the emperor. The stone carvings inscribed by Huizong Dynasty with the "Imperial pen hand edict" are all written in thin gold style. In connection with the imitation of "Kui painting" by the good calligraphy officials in the inner court, the criticism of "Imperial pen is not similar to the characters" [34] made us notice that the so-called "Imperial pen" was reflected in a specific calligraphy style (brushing style) at that time [35].
The lag in theoretical construction and the lack of first-hand information have always been prominent issues that plague the research on political history in the Song Dynasty. It is required to make a practical breakthrough in research, which is inseparable from the re-exploration of the scope of materials and the re-interpretation of historical materials. Specifically, we must not only make full use of official history and other documents, but also deeply explore and carefully face the information that may be provided by the existing calligraphy volumes and paintings.
Wang Chong said in his " Luheng " Volume 13, "Bietong Pian": "The reason why the Han Dynasty can control the nine states is the power of documents. Use documents to control the world." [36] If scholars focus on the methods and realities of the operation of ancient government orders, then documents such as official announcements and edicts, as the carriers of official government orders, are undoubtedly the key objects of political history research.
, the documents that convey civil information are more or less related to various events, characters, and public opinion at that time. The historical materials of the Song Dynasty we are currently exposed to are still lacking new discoveries that are enough to impact the previous research system. The original documents that have been passed down to this day, except for some stone carvings and steles, have been basically preserved as calligraphy by hand. This situation has made the multiple meanings of calligraphy works increasingly fully demonstrated.
( This article was originally published in Taipei "Forbidden City Academic Quarterly" Volume 29, Issue 1, October 2011 )
[1] The picture is taken from the website of Kumamoto Prefectural Art Museum in Japan, with the URL http://www.museum.pref.kumamoto.jp/common/UploadFileDsp.aspx?c_id=15id=483set_pic=1gzkbn=0
[2] For the recording, please refer to the editor of [Japan] Xia Zhongguo: Volume 15 of "Complete Works of Books" "China 10. Song I", pages 163~164, Tokyo, Ordinary Society, 1954; [Japan] Kazuo Kubota: "The Song Dynasty's Manufacturing System: Before the Yuan Dynasty's Reform", see the editor of the Japanese Song Dynasty History Research Association: "Song Dynasty Society", pages 201~202, Tokyo, Jigu Book Academy, 1998. This article has been slightly revised based on the picture.
[3] See Wang Yinglin: " Yuhai " (combination version) Volume 202 "Guide to the Lecture of the Scholars·Edict", page 3810, Kyoto, Chinese Publishing House, 1977.
[4] related discussions, see Zhu Ruixi: "Song Dynasty's "Imperials" and Reading of Books", published in "Chinese Literature and History Theory Collection", 2008 (1), pages 101~120; Zhang Yi: "Imperials and Implementation of the Northern Song Dynasty's Decree", pages 31~38, Ph.D. thesis of the Department of History, Peking University, 2009.
[5] The academic community has paid attention to and started to discuss related issues and the reasons behind them. See Liu Houbin : "Realizing Names" and "Realizing Reality" - Looking at the Three-Provincial Concept of the Song people from the Yuanfeng Reform", published in Journal of Peking University, 2011 (2), pages 122~130.
[6] Pictures See Wang Jingxiong: "A Brief Introduction to Calligraphy of Sima Guang's Calligraphy of the Left Pushe", published in "The Palace Museum Cultural Relics Monthly" No. 284, November 2006, pages 14~15.
[7] Anonymous editor: "Collected Imperials of Song Dynasty" Volume 57 "Sima Guang, the Minister of the Men's Secretariat, is a member of the Left Prime Minister", page 287, Beijing, Zhonghua Book Company, 1962.
[8] Edited by Xu Ziming, Wang Ruilai’s compilation: Volume 9 of "Chronicle of the Prime Minister of Song Dynasty", Gengyin article in the first year of Yuanyou, pages 542~543, Beijing, Zhonghua Book Company, 1986.
[9] published in "Chinese Calligraphy", 2008 (1), page 89 (the article was originally published in "Daguan - Taipei Palace Museum Calligraphy and Painting Special Exhibition".
[10] Fan Chunren confessed to him. Currently, three copies are still alive, one is Suzhou Museum, one is Nanjing Museum, and one is Fujii Youyou Hall in Kyoto, Japan. For the writing of the lyrics, please refer to Volume 57 of "Collected Imperials of Song Dynasty" "Fan Chunren, the Tongzhi Privy Council, is appointed as the Right Prime Minister", page 289. Calligraphy and painting appraisers Yang Renkai and Fu Xinian pointed out that Fan Chunren, the collection of Suzhou Museum, should be a copy, not an original (see Chinese Ancient Calligraphy and Painting Appraisal Group : "Catalogue of Ancient Chinese Calligraphy and Painting (VI)", page 339, Beijing, Cultural Relics Publishing House, 1988). There should be only one of the other two copies that is the original one.
[11] [Japan] Yuichi Nakamura: "Research on the King's Words of the Sui and Tang Dynasties", pages 43~44, Tokyo, Jigu Bookstore, 2003.
[12] See Zhang Yi: "Implementation of Imperials and Implementation of Government Orders in the Northern Song Dynasty", page 43.
[13] Wang Jingxiong’s previous article, page 89.
[14] See Xu Song's compilation: "Song Huiyao Edited Manuscripts·Jobs" 11:61 to 62,65 to 66, photocopying of Shanghai Dadong Book Company edition, pages 2653 and 2655, Beijing, Zhonghua Book Company, 1957; Song Minqiu, Chenggang edited: "Records of the Spring and Ming Dynasties", pages 19~21, Beijing, Zhonghua Book Company, 1980; Sun Fengji: "Jobs' Compilation Records" Volume 9 "Official Announcement Yuan", "Jingyin Wenyuan Pavilion Siku Quanshu" (hereinafter referred to as "Siku Quanshu") Volume 9, 247~250, Taipei, Taiwan Commercial Press, 1986.
[15] by Yang Yi, Li Yumin compilation: "Yang Wengong Tanyuan·Bachelor's Grass Text", 7 pages, Shanghai, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House , 1993.
[16] Editor of the Ancient Chinese Calligraphy and Painting Appraisal Group: "Catalogue of Ancient Chinese Calligraphy and Painting (19)", page 42, Beijing, Cultural Relics Publishing House, 1999.
[17] Zhang Chou: Volume 3 of "Qinghe Calligraphy and Painting Boat", Volume 817 of "Siku Quanshu", page 75.
[18] See Zeng Minxing, Zhu Jierenbiao: "Du Xing Magazine" Volume 4, pp. 37~38, Shanghai, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1986.
[19] See "Selected Calligraphy and Painting Collection of Liaoning Provincial Museum", published in "Chinese Calligraphy and Painting", 2004 (10), page 23.
[20] See Volume 17 of the "Chronicle of the Prime Minister of Song Dynasty", articles on the Xinsi month of the third year of Qiandao and Jiyou month of the fifth year of Qiandao, pages 1194, 1204.
[21] Editor of the Ancient Chinese Calligraphy and Painting Appraisal Group: "Catalogue of Ancient Chinese Calligraphy and Painting (17)", page 12, Beijing, Cultural Relics Publishing House, 1997.
[22] Bao Zheng: "Bao Xiaosu's Memorial" Volume 9 "Add to Zhang Tianbian" attached to "The Imperial Letter of the Imperial" Zhang Tian, the Chief Secretary of the Hall of the Anxin Army under the Imperial Letter", "Siku Quanshu" Volume 427, page 167.
[23] Ancient Chinese calligraphy and painting identification group: "Catalogue of Ancient Chinese Calligraphy and Painting (15th)", page 33, Beijing, Cultural Relics Publishing House, 1997. Judging from the ending terms of its fixed procedure, it seems to be called "Fangqiuzhao".
[24] There have been many academic achievements in the study of the imperial characters in the Song Dynasty, including their role and form. For example, Wang Yuji : "On the "On the Acts of Imperial Pens" in the late Northern Song Dynasty", published in Journal of Shandong University, 1987 (1), pp. 54-62; [Japanese] Toyoyo Yoshi: "Imperial Pen Hand Edict of the Song Dynasty", published in Vol. 57, No. 3, 1998, pp. 1~34 (393-425); Yang Shili: "On the Inner Surrender, Hand Edict, and Hand Edict of the Imperial Pen in the Northern Song Dynasty", published in "Zhongzhou Journal", 2007 (6), pp. 186-188; Fang Chengfeng: "Imperial Pen, Hand Edict of the Imperial Pen and Hand Edict of the Northern Song Dynasty and the Ruling Methods of the Huizong Dynasty in the Northern Song Dynasty", published in Vol. 31, Issue 3, September 2013, pp. 3, pp. 3, pp. 3, pp. 3, 2013, pp. 3, pp. 3, pp. 3, 2013, pp. 3, pp. 3, pp. 3, 2013.
[25] Wu Zeng: "Nengbianzhai Manlu" Volume 2 "Imperial Bi", page 26, Shanghai, Zhonghua Book Company Shanghai Editorial Institute, 1960.
[26] by Zhao Sheng, Wang Ruilai proofreads: "Essentials of the Court and the Country" Volume 4 "Classics • Handwritten Edicts", page 83, Beijing, Zhonghua Book Company, 2007.
[27] Li Xinchuan, edited by Xu Gui: "Miscellaneous Notes on the Court and the Country since Jianyan ·B" Volume 11 "Story", page 671, Beijing, Zhonghua Book Company, 2000.
[28] Wang Gui: Volume 18 of "Huayang Collection" "Granting the Prime Minister Fu Bi to Retreat the Handicap", "Siku Quanshu" Volume 1093, page 127.
[29] is now in the collection of the Palace Museum in Taipei. See He Chuanxin, editor-in-chief: "Literature and Art Shaoxing: Art and Culture of the Southern Song Dynasty (Calligraphy and Painting)" I-7 and explanation (written by He Chuanxin), page 339, Taipei, "National" Palace Museum, 2010.
[30] Zhao Qimei edited: "Zhao's Iron Net Coral" Volume 2 "Imperial Letters of the Song Dynasty: Emperor Gaozong", "Siku Quanshu", Volume 815, page 293.
[31] Zhou Bida: Volume 148 of "Wen Zhong Collection" "Records of Imperial Imperial Releases by Imperial Releases by Imperial Releases by Wu Ting", "Siku Quanshu" Volume 1148, page 620.
[32] "The Hand Edict of Huizong of Chongzhen Palace for Liu Jiji", collected by Peking University Library (old collection of Miao Quan and Sun Yifengtang). See also Beijing Library Jinshi Group: "Compilation of Rubbers of Chinese Stone Carvings in the Beijing Library" Volume 43, page 53, Zhengzhou, Zhongzhou Ancient Books Publishing House, 1989, titled "A Book of Gift to Xiang Ju".
[33] The original is collected in Lanqianshan Pavilion in Taipei. The picture is taken from Liu Zhengcheng, editor-in-chief: Volume 40 of "Complete Collection of Chinese Calligraphy", "Selected Pages of Original Colors and Calligraphy", pages 1 to 2, Beijing, Rongbaozhai Publishing House, 2000. This imperial letter is recorded in , Yue Ke, : "Episode 3 of the E Kingdom Jin Tuo" Volume 3 "Volume 2 of Emperor Gaozong Chenhan, Shaoxing Eleventh Year" (Profile of Wang Zengyu, 44 pages, Beijing, Zhonghua Book Company, 1989).
[34] Yue Ke: "Praise of Baozhenzhai Dharma Book" Volume 2 "Positions of Emperors of All Dynasties: Emperors of Huizong's Graves of the Imperial Brushes of the Pavilions" quoted Cai Lingyu's "Supplement to the National History", "Siku Quanshu" Volume 813, pages 579.
[35] See Fang Chengfeng: "Imperial Pen, Imperial Pen Hand Edict and the Ruling Methods of the Huizong Dynasty of the Northern Song Dynasty", pages 50~51.
[36] Wang Chong, Huang Hui explained: Volume 13 of "Lunheng", "Bie Tong", page 591, Beijing, Zhonghua Book Company, 1990.
