There are many works about the Forbidden City, but among them, there is a set of classic reading books that are regarded as the "reference books" of the Forbidden City. This is the classic work "Three Books of the Forbidden City" created by Commercial Press (Hong Kong) more than 40 years ago, using precious first-hand information. This set of books consists of "The Palace of Forbidden City", "100 National Treasures of the Palace Museum" and "The Palace Museum and the Royal Life". They focus on the three aspects of Forbidden City architecture, national treasures of the museum, and royal life. They fully unveil the secret corners of the 600-year-old Forbidden City architecture, carefully select 100 treasures from the more than 900,000 collections of the Forbidden City, and disclose the live life of the Qing Palace Garden for three hundred years.
Among them, "100 National Treasures of the Forbidden City" was led by an expert in cultural relics with 60 years of experience in the Forbidden City. It led an expert team to select 100 of the more than 900,000 cultural relics treasured in the Forbidden City, covering five categories from the Shang and Zhou dynasties to the Ming and Qing dynasties, including bronzes, calligraphy and paintings, ceramics, arts and crafts, and weaving and embroidery, and analyzes the details of cultural relics from multiple angles. So, what are the national treasures of the Forbidden City that are included in this book?
The following content is the introduction part of Zhu Jiaqing for "100 National Treasures of the Forbidden City". It has been deleted and modified from the original text. The pictures used in the text are all from this book. It has been authorized by the publisher to publish.
"100 National Treasures of the Forbidden City", written by Zhu Jiaqing, movable type culture丨 Guangxi Normal University Press November 2021 edition.
The Forbidden City was originally the imperial palace of the Ming and Qing dynasties. The palace buildings themselves are important relics in the history of culture and art.
1911 Revolution overthrew the Qing Dynasty. In 1914, an antique exhibition hall was established in the front of the Forbidden City of Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the rear palace was still lived by Puyi of the Qing Emperor. After Puyi left the palace in 1924, the Qing Dynasty's aftermath committee was established. In October 1925, the Palace Museum was established in the rear. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the antiquities exhibition hall was revoked and merged into the Palace Museum and has been opened to this day.
The Palace Museum now has more than 900,000 cultural relics, most of which are artworks left over from the palaces of the Ming and Qing dynasties, and a few are collected in recent years. These artworks include famous paintings, calligraphy, inscriptions and calligraphy, bronze ware, ceramics, weaving and embroidery and other arts and crafts works of history.
There are many precious cultural relics collected in the imperial palaces of all dynasties in China. "Xuanhe Calligraphy Book", "Xuanhe Painting Book" and "Xuanhe Bo Gu Tu" are catalogs that record the treasures of calligraphy, painting, tripod, Yi and other treasures collected by Xuanhe's inner palace in the Song Dynasty. "Ancient Archive of the Western Qing Dynasty", "Xi Qing Dynasty Successful Archive", "Ningshou Archive of the Ancient Archive", " Shiqu Baoji " (Chapter, Chong, and San), "Secret Palace Zhulin" (Chapter, Second, and Third), "Tianlu Linlang" and "Siku Quanshu General Catalogue" are catalogs of ancient bronzes, calligraphy, paintings, and books collected in the palace edited by Hanlin officials during the Qianlong and Jiaqing periods of the Qing Dynasty. Many ancient cultural relics found in the records have long been lost, and now they can only see names from the documents. But there are also many treasures that have been gathered and dispersed several times, and have been preserved to this day.
Tianlu Linlang. (Inside page illustration of "100 National Treasures of the Forbidden City")
For example, stone drum , it turned out to be found in the wilderness of Chencang , with a total of ten drums. Tang Dynasty When Han Yu was a doctor, he asked to move the stone drum to the Imperial Academy, but he did not get permission. Later, Zheng Yuqing moved the stone drum to the Confucius Temple in Fengxiang. After the wars in , the five generations of were in chaos, and the ten drums were separated. In the Song Dynasty, when Sima Chi was an official in Fengxiang , he collected Jiugu and placed it in the prefecture. The ten drums were collected in the fourth year of Huangyou (1052). In the second year of Daguan (1108), he was moved to Kaifeng, Kyoto at that time. The emperor ordered the words of stone drums to be filled with gold, first in the Biyong of , the Taixue , and later moved to Baohe Palace .
Jinren broke Kaifeng , transported the stone drum to the north, and placed it in Daxing Prefecture School (now Beijing). During the 2nd year of Emperor Qing html (1312-1313), he moved to the Jimen Gate of the Confucian Temple. The Ming and Qing dynasties successively displayed stone drums in the Imperial College and the Dacheng Gate of the Confucian Temple. After the Xinhai Revolution, it was still displayed in its original location and allowed to visit it. During the Anti-Japanese War, some antiquities in Beijing moved south, and the stone drum was transported to Nanjing, and later transported to Sichuan through Wuhan. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, it was transported back to the Beijing Palace Museum via the original route and kept to this day.
"Xuanhe Bo Ancient Picture".(Inside page illustration of "100 National Treasures of the Forbidden City")
is also like " Boyuan Title " by Jin Wang Xun , which was once published in "Xuanhe Book Book", and Qing Dynasty is also published in "Shiqu Baoji"; famous paintings such as Zhan Ziqian from Sui Dynasty, "Han Huan " by Tang Han Huan , and "Han Xizai Night Banquet Picture " by Gu Hongzhong are also all recorded in "Xuanhe Painting Book", and in the Qing Dynasty they are also recorded in "Shiqu Baoji". This type of famous calligraphy and paintings were lost from the Song Xuan and the inner palace. Some were collected by private institutions, while others were collected by Yuan and Ming dynasties. During the 2nd year of Longqing in Ming Dynasty (1567-1572), some of the calligraphy and paintings of the Tang and Song dynasties collected in the inner palace were owned by the Duke of Chengguo Zhu Xizhong and Zhu Xixiao brothers. After Zhu Xizhong died in the first year of Wanli (1573), the best collection of his works belonged to Zhang Juzheng . After Zhang Juzheng's death in the tenth year of Wanli (1582), his home was confiscated, and this part of the calligraphy and painting was taken back to the palace.
"Xuanhe Calligraphy Book" and "Xuanhe Painting Book". (Inside page illustration of "100 National Treasures of the Forbidden City")
is also like Song Zhang Zeduan " Qingming River During the Qingming Festival ", which was collected by many people. During the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, it was obtained by Quan Xiang Yan Song . Yan Song and his son were convicted and were confiscated and their homes were confiscated. Many famous calligraphy and paintings were included in the palace. "Along the River During the Qingming Festival" is also one of them, but they were soon stolen by eunuch Feng Bao for his own possession. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, many of the old cultural relics collected in the palace were left over from Ming Dynasty . Qianlong loved ancient calligraphy, painting and artifacts and paid attention to collecting them. For example, the famous calligraphy and paintings collected by the great collectors An Yizhou, Liang Qingbiao, Gao Shiqi , Bi Yuan , etc., were later collected in the palace through many channels. This is how the vast number of calligraphy and paintings recorded in "Shiqu Baoji" and "Secret Palace Zhulin" were collected.
After Qianlong and Jiaqing, the palace did not pay much attention to ancient calligraphy and painting, but it continued to collect it. Foreign troops invaded Beijing twice in the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860) and the twenty-sixth year of Guangxu (1900), and many precious cultural relics in the gardens such as Yuanming and Qingyi were plundered and destroyed. From the thirteen years after the Revolution of 1911 to the thirteen years before Puyi left the palace in 1924, many precious cultural relics in the palace were lost.
After the establishment of the Palace Museum, it checked the remaining calligraphy and paintings based on the "Shiqu Baoji" and compiled a "Catalogue of Lost Books and Paintings in the Palace Museum". After 1949, the Palace Museum vigorously purchased the book according to this catalog and collected it from multiple sources. Most of the lost calligraphy and paintings have been successively reclaimed, including famous calligraphy and paintings from the Jin, Sui, Tang and Song dynasties. Among them, " Mid-Autumn Tie ", "Boyuan Tie", and "Five Ox Pictures" were purchased from Hong Kong at a high price.
"Shangyangtai Post" collected by Liang Qingbiao (after processing). (Inside page illustration of "100 National Treasures of the Forbidden City")
In addition to the above-mentioned rare cultural relics that were lost and regained, and were finally preserved in the Forbidden City, the famous calligraphy and paintings that have been safely collected in the palace without being displaced still account for the majority. As for precious cultural relics such as furniture, furnishings and utensils that belong to the field of arts and crafts, there are countless people who have never left the Forbidden City. Some utensils have never been moved since they were made and presented. For example, "Dayu Yushan Water Control" was installed in the Leshou Hall of Ningshou Palace in August of the 52nd year of Qianlong (1787), and has not moved its location until today.
In addition to the ancient jade , , the existing jade artifacts from the Qing Dynasty were also made and kept in the palace after being presented. Some were made of "jade" from the Yangxin Hall Creation Office. The porcelain body " enamel colored pheasant and peony pattern bowl", "painted enamel flower and bird vase", "ivory carved fishing pen holder", " treasure embedded flower lacquer hanging screen" published in this book is made of "enamel", "tooth work" in the manufacturing office. After it was submitted to the emperor, it has been stored in the palace. The number of such handicrafts is quite large. There are more than 100,000 porcelain pieces left in the palace after being fired from Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Province.
The palace also contains a large number of whole fabrics such as brocade, satin, silk, yarn, silk, crepe, etc. presented by Jiangning, Suzhou , and Hangzhou San Weaving, as well as works specially designed and handed over the years, including kesi , embroidered clothes, as well as works designed and handed over by the Yangxin Palace Manufacturing Office.The scrolls of "The Stone Green Land and the Pure Land" in this book are selected from the scrolls of "The Peacock Feathers Wearing Beads and Beads Embroidered Cloud Dragon's Auspicious Clothes", and "The Brocade Picture of Kesi and Embroidered Nine Yangs Embroidered Cold" and "The Story of Kesi and Embroidered Nine Yangs Embroidered Cold" are selected from them.
The Forbidden City Treasure Museum. (Inside page illustration of "100 National Treasures of the Forbidden City")
book contains arts and crafts left over from the palace in the Ming Dynasty, including Yongle , Chenghua , Wanli period porcelain; Xuande , Jingtai period copper cloisonné enamel; waxing black lacquer mother-of-pearl large book case, etc. These objects were made for use and were stored in the palace in the Ming and Qing dynasties.
Author丨Zhu Jiaqing
excerpt丨Anye
edit丨Qingqingzi
introduction proofreading丨Wang Xin
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