Germany is Europe's largest economy, one of the founding members of the EU, and an important member of NATO, the Schengen Convention, G8 , the United Nations and other international organizations.
Germany is a highly developed capitalist country. One of the four major economies in Europe, its social security system is perfect and its citizens have a very high standard of living. It is worth mentioning that Germany is very developed in basic science and applied research, especially scientific research institutions known for science and engineering technology and developed vocational education that support Germany's scientific and technological and economic development. High-end manufacturing industry represented by automobiles and precision machine tools has become an important economic symbol of Germany.
Germany, regardless of industrial products or civilian products, has always been known for its reliability, durability and excellent quality for a lifetime. The Germans' rigorous, punctual, serious, responsible and meticulous character has praised the world.
German automobile industry is very outstanding and famous all over the world. Germany is the birthplace of automobiles, such as Karl Benz and Nikola Otto independently developed a four-stroke internal combustion engine in the late 1870s. Germany's technology is so developed that many people did not expect that the Germans looked very rigorous and rigid, but Germany is the world's leading innovation and invention power. In particular, many inventions and creations of the Germans have so far still influenced the development of the human world.
1. The invention of airbags
inventor: Mercedes - Mercedes - Mercedes
Invention time: 1971
In 1971, Mercedes-Benz successfully achieved a new technological breakthrough, that is, to receive the sensing signal through an electronic sensor, the micro rocket drive device can fill the airbag with gas at a speed of milliseconds.
Because the internal air pressure is very high, the airbag must be tied with a fixed strap. Later, it was found that the gas produced during this process was detected as harmful substances to the human body, so the propellant was replaced with a tablet. The substances released by this tablet when burning are non-toxic and harmless. Soon, the tablet was replaced again by a completely new system that combines compressed air technology and smoke screen technology.
1981, Mercedes-Mercedes-Mercedes-Mercedes-Mercedes-Mercedes-Mercedes-Mercedes-Mercedes-Mercedes-Mercedes-Mercedes-Mercedes-Mercedes-Mercedes-Mercedes-Mercedes-Mercedes-Mercedes-Mercedes-Mercedes-Mercedes-Mercedes-Mercedes-Mercedes-Mercedes-Mercedes-Mercedes-Mercedes-Mercedes-Mercedes-Mercedes-Mercedes-Mercedes-Mercedes-Mercedes-Mercedes-Mercedes-Mer At present, airbags have become an indispensable standard configuration for cars. In the future, 15 airbags may be installed in the car.
2. The invention of magnetic levitation train
inventor: Herman Campbell
Invention time: 1934
German engineer Herman Campbell came up with the idea of inventing a magnetic levitation train in 1922. Because he believes that the wheels of the railway will be replaced by electromagnets. Campbell has enough funds to realize his magical idea thanks to taking over his parents’ meat food processing plant. Since then, his research has achieved a series of delightful results. The weakness of wheel and rail systems is that as speed increases, there will be insurmountable technical problems. In contrast, maglev trains are simply air resistance. Therefore, his research focuses on how to reduce air resistance. So Campbell developed and invented an almost vacuum pipeline system that could enable magnetic levitation trains to reach very fast speeds.
1934, Campbell applied for a patent for this magnetic levitation technology invention.In 1979, Campbell's invention was accomplished because the world's first maglev bus was born.
3. The invention of helicopters
Inventor: Heinrich Focke
Invention time: 1936
Heinrich Focke (October 8, 1890-February 25, 1979): Heinrich Focke (October 8, 1890-February 25, 1979): He is a famous German aircraft designer and pioneer of helicopters. In 1924, he founded the Focke-Wulf-Flugzeugbau AG in Bremen. In 1937, he established the world's first helicopter manufacturer in Delmenhorst-Hoykenkamp in the suburbs of Bremen.
Many people in the world generally believe that the inventor of the first practical helicopter was Professor Heinrich Folk of Germany, one of the founders of the Folk-Wolf Aircraft Company. Because Faulk did not like the Nazis, he forced him to leave the company after he came to power in 1933. Folk began to turn to the construction industry and research helicopters, and he built two Fw 61 helicopters. Its first flight in the spring of 1936 was the first flight of the world's first practical and fully controllable helicopter. Although it was not easy to operate, it could reliably complete all flight actions of modern helicopters.
Fw 61 helicopter already has obvious rotorcraft design characteristics. The Fw 61 retains the engine and propeller of the nose, but this 160-horsepower star engine only drives two pairs of reverse rotors. Although the propeller of the nose is also rotating, it does not generate tension.
At that time, there was a joke among pilots saying that the propeller at the nose of the aircraft was not used to drive the aircraft, but to cool the pilot. The reason was that as soon as the propeller stopped, the pilot began to sweat. And the propeller of the Fw 61 functions as the joke says, and it cools the engine.
When World War II was about to end, France captured some German engineering and technical personnel, including Professor Heinrich Fokker. With his help, the French used scattered parts and design drawings to independently produce German-style Fa223 helicopters after World War II. Czechoslovakia also used the legacy German components to produce two Fa223 helicopters.
In 1952, a pilot came to the United States. When he talked about his experience of flying the Fa223 during World War II, the Americans present were stunned. The reason was that at that time, Americans were still in the research and understanding that "helicopters cannot undertake heavyweight transportation tasks", while the Germans' Fa223 technology was ahead of them for more than eight years.
After World War II, the Fa223 helicopter had a great influence on the development of world helicopters. For example, the former Soviet Union used the Fa223 twin-rotor helicopter as the basis, and the Miri Design Bureau was responsible for developing the "Mi-12" large helicopter; the United States developed an American helicopter with German descent based on the capture of the German Fa223; France used the remains of the helicopter wreckage to develop and produce the SE2000 and SE3000 series helicopters.
4. The invention of the jet engine
Inventor: Hans von O'Hain
Invented time: 1936
The basic principle of the jet engine is based on the principles of rockets and fireworks in ancient China, especially the Chinese Wu Zhonghua made great contributions to the theory of modern engines. The invention of the jet engine was from the British and Germans as early as the 1930s.
early jet engines are undoubtedly British Frank Whitel and German Hans von O'Hayne. And the German Hans von O'Hayen is known as the father of German jet engines. The two of them each designed jet engines that have driven the rapid development of aviation. Although people still argue endlessly about which of these two people invented the jet engine first, it is undeniable that the two completed the research and development and manufacturing of jet engines at about the same time.
In addition, the British SBE Aerospace Engine Company is well-known in the world, and the jet engines produced by the company have been installed on military aircraft such as the H-6. But Britain's glory in the field of jet engines is inseparable from the physicist Wu Zhonghua, born in 1917, and the founder of modern jet engines. In 1943, Wu Zhonghua traveled across the ocean and went to the United States to study. After years of hard study, he published a large number of gas dynamics papers.After obtaining the jet engine paper technology in the United States and the United Kingdom, internal combustion engine experts were very interested in finding a treasure. After more than 10 years of research, the designer finally developed jet engine technology.
At this time, the Soviet Union had lagged behind the United States and the Soviet Union in the field of jet engines. In order to achieve a counterattack in military technology, the former Soviet Union also began to study Wu Zhonghua's paper, and in the end the former Soviet Union became the third country to master jet dynamics.
5. The invention of spark plug
inventor: Robert Bosch
Invention time: 1902
spark plug has a history of more than 100 years since its invention. The earliest internal combustion engine ignition method was the flame ignition method invented by Germany's William Bennett in 1838. This method is: the mixture in the combustion chamber is ignited by a candle-like flame, which is introduced into the combustion chamber from the outside of the cylinder through the rotating hole.
Bosch, founder of Bosch, was born in Germany in 1861. With his father's emphasis on education, Robert High School entered a technical school. But the restless Robert left school at the age of 15 and became an apprentice under a master who works in precision instruments.
10's industrial career allowed Robert to accumulate some knowledge. At the age of 25, he invented the spark plug, solved the ignition problem of internal combustion engines, and founded the Robert Bosch company. In the last century 1902, the German Bosch BOSCH was awarded the invention patent for electromagnetic spark plugs. Bosch was the inventor of spark plugs. So far, there have been 20,000 spark plugs.
The so-called spark plug, commonly known as fire nozzle, is used to discharge the pulsed high-voltage electrical discharge from the high-voltage wire, break through the air between the two electrodes of the spark plug, and generate electric sparks to ignite the mixed gas in the cylinder.
6. Relativity
Inventor: Albert Einstein
0 Invention time: 1905
Albert Einstein ((March 14, 1879-April 18, 1955), was born in Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany, graduated from ETH Zurich, Zurich, and is a modern physicist.
Einstein was born in a Jewish family in Ulm, Germany (both both parents are Jewish). Einstein graduated from , Switzerland, , Zurich, and became a Swiss nationality. In 1905, Einstein received a Ph.D. in physics from the University of Zurich, proposed the photon hypothesis and successfully explained the photoelectric effect, so he won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 ;
In the same year, Einstein founded the special theory of relativity and founded the general theory of relativity in 1915. In 1933, Einstein moved to the United States and worked at the Princeton Institute of Advanced Studies. In 1940, he joined the U.S. nationality and retained Swiss nationality. On April 18, 1955, Einstein died in Princeton, New Jersey, USA at the age of 76. In December 1999, Einstein was selected as the "Person of the Century" by the US Time magazine as the "Person of the Century" of the 20th century by the US Time magazine. Century) ".
Einstein's theory laid the theoretical foundation for the development of nuclear energy. In order to fight against the Nazis, Einstein once wrote a letter to US President Franklin Roosevelt with the assistance of Leo Sillard and others, which directly led to the start of the famous Manhattan Project. After World War II, he actively advocated peace, opposed the use of nuclear weapons, and signed the "Russell-Einstein Manifesto". Einstein opened a new era of modern science and technology, and is recognized as the greatest physicist after Galileo and Newton .
7. Nuclear fission
Inventor: Otto Hahn
Invention time: 1938
Otto ham (1879-1968), a German radiochemist and physicist. Born on March 8, 1879 in Frankfurt.
1905 Hahn went to McGill University in Montreal, Canada to seek advice from Professor Rutherford, the authoritative radium research at that time, and discussed issues with famous radiochemists such as Ballwood. Rutherford trained 12 Nobel Prize winners in his life.
Haen used neutrons to bombard the uranium nucleus during Nazi Germany, causing the uranium nucleus to fission, making great contributions to the development of the Nazi Germany atomic bomb. In 1904, he isolated a new radioactive substance from radium salt, thorium (228Th). After that, actinidine (227Th), neothorium 1 (228Ra), nuclear fission neothorium 2 (228Ac), uranium Z (234Pa), urea (231Pa) and some nuclides called radioacidites were found.
Han's major discovery is - "renuclear fission reaction". After the outbreak of World War II, he worked with another German physicist Fritz Strasman. At the end of 1938, when they bombarded the uranium nucleus with a slow neutron, an unusual situation unexpectedly occurred: the reaction was not only fast and strong, but also released very high energy, but the uranium nucleus also split into some lighter substances with much smaller atomic numbers. At first, Hahn realized that this was not an ordinary radioactive transmutation, but he was not sure that this was fission. He wrote to Lizer Metner about the results of the experiment and his ideas, but received her strong support.
in her reply: "This phenomenon may be a kind of division of the uranium nucleus we had imagined at the beginning." Since then, Hahn finally confirmed that this reaction is the fission of uranium 235 after many tests and verifications. The significance of nuclear fission is not only that neutrons can break a heavy nuclear, but the most important thing is that they can release energy in the process of neutrons breaking the heavy nuclear. The discovery of uranium nuclear fission shocked the scientific community. At that time, the world believed that "the scientific achievements based on this discovery were very amazing, because it was achieved by pure chemical methods without any theoretical guidance." The successful experiment of artificial nuclear fission became a great breakthrough in the history of modern science. It opened a new era for mankind to use atomic energy and has epoch-making far-reaching historical significance. Otto Hahn also won the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
8. The invention of motorcycles
Inventor: Gottlip Daimler
Invention time: 1885
Germany's "father of automobiles" Telib Daimler made a three-wheeled motorcycle driven by a single-cylinder air-type gasoline engine in 1885. On August 29 of the same year, he obtained this invention patent.
Therefore, Daimler is recognized by the world as the inventor of motorcycles. Daimler's first motorcycle was powered by a four-stroke internal combustion engine, with a cylinder working cellar of 264 cubic centimeters. At 700 rpm, the power can reach 0.5 horsepower and a speed of 12 kilometers per hour. Given Daimler's irreplaceable historical status, the Yudenburg Branch of the German Association of Engineers established a monument for him in the Suitat Square in Candes. The reason is that he drove his first motorcycle in this square.
Since Daimler, Germany invented and manufactured the world's first motorcycle powered by gasoline engines, the development of motorcycles has undergone tremendous changes for more than 100 years.
The most primitive motorcycle currently in Munich Museum of Science and Technology in Germany is the world's first motorcycle to which the German Daimler obtained patented invention priority on August 29, 1885.
The motorcycle at that time was not much faster than walking. Since there were no shock absorption and buffering devices such as springs at that time, motorcycles were called "shocking cars". Especially on stone streets in the 19th century, it was even more uncomfortable than being punished. Of course, motorcycles have also undergone earth-shaking changes.
American motorcycles are known for the Harry Davidson Company, and its modern motorcycle industry has introduced a large number of advanced technologies. For example, the FLHRC-1 motorcycle launched by Harley-Davidson in 1998 has adopted the world's top automotive engine technology - oil injection device, which not only improves power, but also is more suitable for the environmental protection requirements of contemporary society, becoming a pioneer in motorcycles in the 21st century.
9. The invention of fluorine-free refrigerator
Inventor: Fulong Household Electrical Appliances Company
Time of invention: 1993
British inventor Faraday discovered in 1822 that when liquids vaporize into gas, they will absorb a large amount of heat and quickly reduce the surrounding temperature. This theory became the main theoretical basis for the invention of refrigerators later.
German Karl von Linde Based on the above theory, he invented the refrigeration machine for ammonia refrigeration. Later, he improved the refrigeration machine to make it smaller, and became the earliest refrigerator in the world. But this type of refrigerator mainly relies on steam power, and more than 12,000 units were sold in Germany and the United States at that time.
Fluorine-free refrigerator, it is difficult for the inventor of this kind of refrigerator to be more specific, because the earliest fluorine-free refrigerator in history was invented by Fulong Household Electrical Appliances Company in 1993, so the inventor of the fluorine-free refrigerator can only be the legal person Fulong Company. The major improvement of
fluorine-free refrigerator is that it does not use R-12 Freon , generally uses R-134a as refrigerant, and has carried out revolutionary reforms on lubricating oil, sealing materials, etc. in the system, and has adopted advanced production processes to ensure the refrigeration effect.
It is worth mentioning that the compressor of the fluorine-free refrigerator uses compressors with different structures than ordinary refrigerators, and there are also big differences in their working conditions. When the fluorine-free refrigerator is running, the low-pressure suction pipe of the compressor is in a negative pressure state, while the pressure of the high-pressure exhaust pipe is greater than that of ordinary compressors, which will cause the compressor temperature to be relatively high. However, as long as you pay attention to strengthening heat dissipation during use, it will not affect the refrigerator's refrigeration effect and service life.
The refrigeration system before ordinary refrigerators often uses R12 refrigerant. When it leaks into the air, it is exposed to sunlight, and it will produce chemical reactions. The large reduction in the amount of ozone will undoubtedly seriously damage the atmospheric environment, causing the ozone layer to disappear and form a hollow, posing a great threat to human health and the healthy growth of organisms.
The country has issued rigid regulations on Freon refrigerant, and all refrigerant products with Freon are not allowed to be sold in 2010. Therefore, many manufacturers are now gradually transforming to launch fluorine-free refrigerators. At present, many refrigerators mostly use R134a refrigerant or R600a refrigerant to replace R12 refrigerant, but the main components, sealing materials and lubricating oil of their refrigerators are very different from ordinary refrigerators.
10. The invention of tram
inventor: von Siemens
invented time: 1881
The world's first tram was made in Berlin, Germany in 1881. The inventor was Werner von Siemens. Later, Siemens formulated the development standards for trams in the world. Among them, the static buffer load of Siemens tram is 400KN, with a total of 8 cars. It is the longest tram in the world, with a maximum speed of 80KM/H2 knots. The wider the train, the greater the passenger capacity, and the maximum passenger capacity is 540 people.
German engineer von Siemens paved the world's first tram track in the suburbs of Berlin in 1881. He used one rail to power up and the other rail as a circuit. However, such lines pose great dangers to traffic on the street, so Siemens then used the method of raising the transmission lines to solve power supply and safety issues.
Trolleybus first appeared in the early nineteenth century. Compared with trams, trolleybuses have higher working flexibility because they can bypass obstacles on the road, and they only require wires without investing in laying tracks. Therefore, before World War II, big cities that were once popular in Europe and the United States.
11. The invention of diesel engine
Inventor: Rudolph Diesel
Invented time: 1890
The inventor of the diesel engine was Rudolph, the German. Diesel. Rudolph. Diesel (1858-1913) was born in a poor urban family in Germany and was a refrigeration engineer.
In January 1897, the world's first diesel engine invented by Diesel was officially born. The invention of diesel engines has caused a sensation throughout Europe. After the development of diesel engines is becoming more and more perfect, and it is still the most efficient and economical power engine.
Rudolph Diesel As the inventor, the English name of the diesel engine is named after him, and he is known as the father of diesel engines. The German word diesel comes from his name.
Despite Diesel's great success in technology, his personal life is not happy. His invention was criticized and excluded by his opponents. Although he was a millionaire at the time, due to his lack of business acumen, he lost a lot of money in stocks and gradually fell into trouble in his economy.
1898, Diesel spent some time in a sanitary center near Munich due to severe nerve weakness. On September 29, 1913, when he was only 55 years old, he unfortunately disappeared mysteriously while passing through the English Channel on a boat. The general view is that he committed suicide by throwing himself into the sea. Of course, some people speculate that he was deliberately murdered by people from the oil industry, and none of the above can be verified.
Disier diesel engine is a single-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine. Although the diesel engine has been developed for more than 100 years, its basic principles are based on the principle of constant pressure expansion proposed by Diesel.
12. roentgen rays (X-ray )
Inventor: William Conrad roentgen
Invented time: 1895
Professor roentgen (1845-1923), President of the University of Würzburg, Germany, and Director of the Institute of Physics, Professor roentgen (1845-1923), was engaged in cathode ray research, and discovered the world-famous X-rays.
Roentgen studied cathode rays on the evening of 1895. In order to prevent the influence of external light on the discharge tube, he did not cause visible light in the tube to leak out of the tube, and he blacked the room and used black card to make a envelope for the discharge tube. In order to check whether the envelope was leaking light, he connected the power supply to the discharge tube and saw that the envelope was leaking light. But when he cut off the power, he unexpectedly found a flash on a small workbench one meter away, and the flash was emitted from a fluorescent screen.
In fact, the anode ray can only be carried out a few centimeters in the air, which is a conclusion that has been confirmed by experiments. So he repeated the experiment just now and moved the screen step by step until fluorescence could still be seen on the screen 2 meters away. Rongen believes that this is no longer a cathode ray.
Rontgen after repeated experiments to determine this well-known new ray, which was named X-ray at that time. He surprisingly discovered that X-rays can penetrate 2 to 3 cm thick wooden boards, hard rubber a few cm thick, 15 mm thick aluminum boards, etc. However, lead plates with a thickness of 1.5 mm can almost completely block the X-rays.
he accidentally discovered that X-rays can penetrate muscles to reveal the contour of the hand bone. Especially once when his wife came to the lab to see him, he asked her to put her hands on a photographic negative film wrapped in black paper, and then irradiate it with X-ray for 15 minutes. After development, the negative film clearly shows the bones of his wife's hand, and the wedding ring on his fingers is also very clear. This has become a historical photo, indicating that humans can use X-rays to see through their bones through their flesh.
0000s and one of the three major discoveries of physics in late 19th and early 20th century (such as X-ray-1895, Radiation-1896, and Electronics-1897). This discovery marked the emergence of modern physics.
13. The invention of bicycles
Inventor: Baron Kardules
Invented time: 1817
Heidelberg is a famous German cultural city, the famous Heidelberg Castle, Heidelberg University everyone knows. The invention of the world's first bicycle was also born in the hands of a famous student at the University of Heidelberg. Not only does Heidelberg have a medieval castle that he is proud of, it also owns the University of Heidelberg, one of Europe's oldest educational institutions. For example, famous thinkers who have studied and worked at Heidelberg University include Hegel, hermeneutic philosopher Gadamer, sociologist Habermas and Carl Otto Appel. The most famous student at Heidelberg University is Karl Drais, who invented the bicycle in 1817.
German Baron Kardules is the recognized inventor of bicycles. He made a kicking Trojan bicycle with handles in 1817. He installed a direction handle on the front wheel of the car, making turning or moving directions more convenient. This was the first time people saw a strange car without using a horse, and it was also the earliest impression of bicycles in the world. His invention came from the principle of ice skates. He believed that if people put a seat cushion on two wheels, and people sat on them, their feet were hanging and stomped forward, they could move forward like ice skating.
Kardules' Trojan bicycle officially obtained patents from Germany and France in 1818 and became the founder of bicycles. Of course, this bicycle is made of wood, and this bicycle is pedaled on the ground with two feet of humans. The invention of this Trojan bicycle has made great contributions to mankind.
14. Modern rockets and missiles
Inventor: Werner von Braun
Invented time: 1940s
Weiner von Braun (1912-1977), during World War II, he was a famous German rocket expert, playing a very critical role in the birth of the V-1 and V-2 rockets. At the end of World War II, Braun and his scientific research team surrendered to the United States. In 1955, he became a U.S. citizen. Braun continued to engage in rocket, missile and aerospace research in the United States, and received a series of important medals, medals and honorary titles.
1969, he led the development of the Saturn 5 carrier rocket, which sent the first manned lunar spacecraft, Apollo 11, to the moon. In April 1981, the space shuttle that was successfully tested for the first time was also invented by Braun. Therefore, he is praised as the "father of modern space". In June 1977, Braun died of illness at Alexandria Hospital in Washington.
In 1955, Braun and his colleagues officially became U.S. nationality, and the following year he started to serve as director of the Development Department of the U.S. Army Missile Agency. At the same time, he completed the research and development mission of rockets such as "Cupid". In October of the same year, the Soviet Union successfully launched the world's first artificial Earth satellite before the United States. While the US government was shocked and regretful, Braun volunteered himself and promised to the Department of Defense Special Envoy Neil Michael Roy to send the first American satellite into space within 60 days. In view of the Pioneer Plan, which had been defeated repeatedly, the Ministry of Defense decided to give this so-called "second-class citizen" a chance. As a result, Braun was infinitely close to his space dream for the first time.
In January 1958, the Cupid C launch vehicle developed by Braun Chu led the launch vehicle, which sent the first American satellite, Explorer 1, into the pre-orbit. Braun also became the national hero of the United States. In 1960, he became the first director of NASA and was also selected as one of the 100 best men of the century in Time magazine.
After Kennedy came to power, the United States increased its investment in space research, and Braun also launched a grand space program to strive to send humans to the moon within 10 years. In 1969, In July, Braun's space travel finally became a reality. The huge "Saturn 5" rocket carried "Apollo 11" and sent Armstrong and three other astronauts to the moon. Four days after launching, Armstrong took the first step for humans on the surface of the moon, completing the feat of human landing on the moon for the first time. His famous saying: "This is a small step for me, but a big step for humans."
Braun has a legendary life. Weiner von Braun died of colorectal cancer on June 16, 1977 in , Virginia, and was buried in the local Ivy Hill Cemetery. At that time, the V-2 rocket made him the most dangerous figure in the world, and the contribution he made to the human aerospace industry in the second half of his life was unmeasurable.
15. Major discovery of vacuum
Discoverer: Otto von Yulek
Discovery time: 1650
Discovery: 1650
(November 20, 1602-May 11, 1686), a German physicist and official. He served as the mayor of Maddleborg from 1646 to 1676. At that time, he was in politics on the one hand and engaged in natural sciences on the other.On May 8, 1654, a hemisphere experiment was conducted to demonstrate the enormous atmospheric pressure. He invented the piston vacuum pump (i.e., the reciprocating vacuum pump) in 1650.
Grick still did not forget to study natural sciences and made great achievements in vacuum research. In the scientific community at that time, creating vacuum was a very important topic. Grick finally built a piston pump based on the principle of the suction pump and after careful design and testing. In 1663, Gerry completed the manuscript of the work "On Vacuum".
Grick initially filled the barrel of wine with water, and used a brass pump to pump the water into another barrel. The barrel of water was sealed, with only one pumping pipe opening, and three strong assistants pulled the piston hard and slowly pulled out the water taken from the barrel. As the water was pumped out, some sound could be heard, and the remaining water in the bucket seemed to boil violently. As the barrel leaks, the sound gradually stops as the air enters the barrel.
Then he used a copper spherical container instead of the wooden barrel, and continued the above experiment. At first, the piston was easy to pull, but later, as the water in the container became less and less, it became more and more difficult to pull the piston. When vacuum is drawn and the piston is opened, the air quickly squeezes into the goal, and its intensity can almost pull a person close to it into the copper ball.
Grick went through a series of experiments and finally invented the exhaust machine. With the exhaust machine, he did many experiments on vacuum and atmospheric pressure.
He found that the flame in the vacuum will be extinguished. The bird is in a vacuum, opens its big mouth sadly and inhales desperately. It will die in a while, and the fish will die in a vacuum; the grapes can remain in a vacuum for six months, etc.
Grick once put the pig bladder containing air into the bell cover of the air extractor, and then pulled the air in the bell cover away, seeing that the bladder gradually expanded and even ruptured. He put a sound clock into the glass container, and when the air in the container was pulled out, he could no longer hear the sound. This fully proves that sound cannot propagate in a vacuum.
Grick also connected a piece of glass tube to a tube more than ten meters long, injecting water into the glass tube, and then sealing the top, making it into a water barometer, that is, a water column is used instead of the mercury column in the Tori Li tube. He observed that when the weather changes, the height of the water column will change, so he used this instrument to make a weather forecast. He made a small wooden man floating on the water surface of the instrument, and the small wooden man's fingers pointed out the air pressure at various positions.
famous Maddleborg hemisphere experiment. 1 On May 8, 1654, in order to prove the existence of atmospheric pressure, the then Mayor of Madberg, Otto von Grick conducted a scientific experiment on the outskirts of Regensburg, Germany, with the purpose of which was to prove the existence of a vacuum. Grick made two copper hollow hemispheres with a diameter of about 50 cm (20 inches) for experiments, with a layer of oil-soaked leather in the middle to allow the two hemispheres to be fully close. One of the hemispheres has a connecting pipe for connecting to the vacuum pump and has a valve to close it. When the air between the two hemispheres is drawn out, the two hemispheres will be squeezed by the surrounding atmosphere and tightly closed.
Grick divided the 16 horses into two groups, pulling two hemispheres in opposite directions. When the 16 horses tried their best to pull the two hemispheres apart, they made a very loud noise. The onlookers were very surprised, and Grick told the citizens that this was "the power of air". If the valve on the copper hemisphere is unscrewed, air flows into the ball through the valve, and it will be opened with your hand.
According to the theoretical calculation, the magnitude of the force combined with the two hemispheres can be calculated from the diameter of the hemisphere and the pressure difference inside and outside the hemisphere. In Grick's experiment, since it was impossible to know how effective the vacuum pump he used was, it was impossible to accurately calculate the magnitude of the force required to separate the two hemispheres. Assuming its vacuum pump can draw out all the air, it takes 20 kilo Newtons of force to separate two hemispheres, which is equivalent to the force required to lift a young African elephant. In Madberg hemisphere experiments, in order to vacuum the inside of the sphere, Grick designed and invented the world's first vacuum pump.
Since then, the Maddleborg hemisphere experiment has gradually become a well-known experimental method to demonstrate the principle of atmospheric pressure. German Post once issued stamps commemorating this experiment.
16. The invention of automobiles
Inventor: Karl Benz Gottlip Daimler
Invented time: 1886
German engineers Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler invented and built the world's first car. In 1886, Carl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler independently invented gasoline engine vehicles in different places, thus becoming recognized as the inventor of the world's first car.
Mercedes-Benz's car is a three-wheeled car with a single cylinder of 785 ml, a displacement of 0.8 horsepower gasoline engine, and can travel 15 kilometers per hour. Daimler's car was improved on the basis of a two-wheeler in 1885. It uses a single-cylinder air-cooled 1.5-horsepower gasoline engine with a speed of up to 9 miles per hour.
Due to the industrial foundation at that time, the world's first car was very simple, with wooden van-free body, frame and wheels, and no headlights, brake systems, cabs and steering wheels. There was only a steering gear similar to a bicycle handlebar. The engine vibrated very violently when working and the noise was particularly loud. When the car was driving, its sharp and harsh sound would shock pedestrians or even horses.
17. Hyundai Expressway
Hitler was imprisoned in Bluesburg Prison as early as 1923 after failing to instigate the "Munich Riot" and failed. When a friend of his car business came to visit the prison, he brought him a car tycoon Ford's autobiography "My Life and Work". This book triggered Hitler Lenovo to create economical and affordable family cars, so that every company can own cars, and then build highways that are only suitable for cars, connecting major cities to facilitate transportation.
But in Germany, where it was difficult to eat at that time, Hitler's "crazy dream" naturally encountered many oppositions from the German people. In the more than half a year after taking office, Hitler traveled all over Germany, fooled all Germans with slogans, allowed unemployed workers to participate in his highway construction, and established the "Imperial Road Company". On September 23, 1933, Hitler's highway plan finally began to be implemented.
At that time, Hitler also personally formulated standards for the construction of German expressways: for example, the general section is designed to be 34 meters wide in four lanes; there is a 5-meter green isolation belt in the middle; no street lights are set up, but a reflective cement column is set up every 200 meters; in order to prevent the car from slipping, not only is the slope of the road surface required to be small, but the turning radius should be as large as possible, and the road surface is also required to be specially treated to a rough effect.
His appointed director of the expressway project, Dr. Todd, even listed most of the facilities required for modern highways such as emergency parking belts, viaducts, closed overpasses, and service areas with gas stations and restaurants within his design scope.
It is understood that during Hitler's rule, Germany built a total of more than 4,000 kilometers of expressways. To this day, about a quarter of the 12,400 kilometers of expressways in use in Germany were still built during that period.
For example, the construction of highways in the United States was also inspired by the rapid and efficient performance of German highways during combat, and he decided to build highways in the United States.
There is another very important figure behind the construction of German highways, which is Ferritz Tony. He was Hitler's main civil engineer, and later participated in the construction of the Western Wall from 1938 to 1939. Therefore, he also helped to establish the first highway telephone booth.
Once, Ferritz Tony went out to participate in an important event. Unexpectedly, his car suddenly broke down on the highway. He was very embarrassed at the time. Ferritz had no way to notify others, so he had no choice but to worry. Ferritz thought at that time that there should be road telephones on national highways, and since then, there have been more telephone booths next to the highway.
Hitler brought great war disaster to the people of the world, but the highway construction standards he set are undoubtedly of great practical significance for the current road construction.
18. Aspirin
Inventor: Felix Hoffman
Invented time: 1897
Aspirin is the most famous chemical drug in the world and has been invented for more than a hundred years. Aspirin was first known for its antipyretic analgesics. Currently, the emergence of antipyretic analgesics such as paracetamol has robbed it of a large market. Since the 1980s, scientists have discovered that aspirin has the effect of preventing cardiovascular diseases and has become one of the most commonly used drugs again. According to statistics, the world consumes 40,000 tons of aspirin every year, which is equivalent to taking 120 billion aspirin pills.
aspirin was originally a trademark name, and the chemical name was acetyl salicylic acid. In fact, it should be called acetylsalic acid because its source is related to willow. As early as the 5th century BC, the ancient Greek doctor Hippocrates recorded that bitter powder extracted from willow bark can be used to relieve pain and reduce fever. Therefore, willow extract has been included in the Western Pharmacopoeia.
By the 19th century, with the establishment of organic chemistry, scientists tried to purify active ingredients from plant medicines. In 1827, salicyside, the active ingredient in willow bark, was isolated and purified. Ten years later, Italian chemists discovered that salicylic acid was hydrolyzed and oxidized, but salicylic acid was extracted from sphingo by German chemists a few years ago, but they were not known about its relationship with salicylic acid at that time.
Salicylic acid has much better efficacy than salicylic acid. In 1859, German chemists invented cheap methods for synthesis of salicylic acid. Since then, salicylic acid has been widely used. But salicylic acid is a medium-strong acid that can make the mouth feel burning, and taking salicylic acid orally can cause stomach pain. At that time, it was mistakenly thought that this was caused by its acidity. To this end, researchers from Germany's Bayer Company turned salicylic acid into acetylsalicylic acid through an esterification reaction.
Bayer first named acetylsalicylic acid aspirin, and it went public in 1899 and became famous. Bayer Company has thus successfully transformed and evolved into Germany's largest pharmaceutical company and the world's third largest.
According to Bayer, aspirin was first synthesized in 1897 by a young chemist Felix Hoffman . It is said that Hoffman's father suffered from rheumatoid arthritis and often took salicylic acid to prevent inflammation and relieve pain, but salicylic acid also caused the old Hoffman to have stomachache. To relieve his father's pain, Hoffman determined to find a drug with less side effects with salicylic acid. In an experiment he accidentally discovered acetylsalicylic acid.
acetylsalicylic acid was not actually discovered by Hoffman. As early as 1853, French chemist Charles Gerhard might have made acetylsalicylic acid, but he called it another name. In 1869, John Claut synthesized purer acetylsalicylic acid. In 1897, a German chemical company was mass-producing acetylsalicylic acid.
At the end of 2000, Walter Snyder, University of Strathclyde, UK, published an article in the British Journal of Medicine to re-mentioned this matter. They believed that Arthur Eisingling, who was the head of the pharmaceutical group of Bayer Company at the time, was the main inventor of aspirin.
is an article written by Eising Green in 1949 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the launch of aspirin. In the article, Eisinggreen claimed that he directed Hoffman to synthesize acetylsalicylic acid, and Hoffman didn't even know what to do with synthesising it.
Eisinggreen sent several salicylic acid derivatives to the pharmacological group of Bayer for preliminary experiments, and believed that acetylsalicylic acid had the best effect. The next step should be to conduct clinical trials, but Heinrich Deriser, the head of the pharmacological team, mistakenly believed that acetylsalicylic acid was harmful to the heart and refused to conduct clinical trials. So Eisingling conducted an experiment on himself. He felt that acetylsalicylic acid was harmless, so he secretly handed it over to his colleague Felix Gouldman in Berlin, who summoned doctors to conduct clinical trials secretly. The test results are very good.
Guldman reports the test results to Bayer management, but Deriser still believes that the product has no value.Only with the intervention of Carl Risberg, the head of research at Bayer, did a comprehensive experiment and evaluation of acetylsalicylic acid begin. Later, Delhiser changed his view and published an article in 1899 introducing the discovery of this new drug, which did not mention Esingling or Hoffman.
Driser later became the only one of the three who profited from aspirin sales. The agreement between Eisinggreen, Hoffman and the company was that they would receive a patent fee from the patented product they invented, but there was no patent for acetylsalicylic acid, so they could not get a patent fee. And the agreement between Deliser and the company is that he can share any product he introduced. So Deriser earned a large share of the sales of aspirin.
Why did you wait so long to tell the truth? Sneed believes this is related to his Jewish identity. The Nazis were in power when the legend of Hoffmann's invention of aspirin to alleviate his father's pain emerged. Because his wife is an "Aryan", Eisinggreen was able to temporarily remain free, but he could only live a very low-key life. At that time, the official statement from Germany was that the inventors of aspirin were Hoffmann and Driser, so Eisingling did not dare to object.
1944, 76-year-old Eisinggreen was eventually thrown into concentration camps by the Nazis. In the concentration camp he wrote a letter and began to write down what he knew about the invention of aspirin. Fourteen months later, he was rescued by the Soviet Red Army. In 1949, shortly after writing about aspirin, Eisinggreen died.
Bayer has been insisting that Hoffmann is the inventor of aspirin. They said that according to company records, Eisinggreen is the same as Hoffman, who is not Hoffman's boss. Sneed speculated that shortly after Delhis joined Bayer on April 1, 1897, Delhis performed preliminary tests on the acetylsalicylic acid sample submitted by Eisinggreen. But there is no record in this regard. Deriser's experimental records began in May 1898. The earliest record of acetylsalicylic acid experiment was written by Hoffmann on August 10, 1897.
At the end of this record, Hoffman wrote a sentence that was not very syntactic, which could be understood as testing the compound, but Snyder believes that it should be understood as testing the compound before, that is, acetylsalicylic acid has been synthesized and tested. But there is no record that proves that Hoffmann or others from Bayer have synthesized acetylsalicylic acid.
experimental records show that Deriser began to retest acetylsalicylic acid on September 27, 1898, 18 months ago in April 1897, four months earlier than Hoffmann recorded his synthesis of acetylsalicylic acid.
19. The invention of the thermos
Inventor: Reinhold Buger
Invented time: 1903
The thermos was invented in 1892. At that time, British physicist Sir James Dewar was conducting a research work to liquefy gas. To liquefy gas at low temperatures, a device that can isolate the gas from the outside temperature is first necessary. Therefore, Sir Dewar asked the glass technician Berg to blow a special double-layer glass container for him - the inner walls of the interlayer are coated with mercury, and then the air in the interlayer is removed to form a vacuum. This vacuum bottle was named after the inventor at that time and was called "Dewar bottle".
can keep the liquid stored in it unchanged for a certain period of time, regardless of whether it is hot or cold or temperature. Because the dewar bottles have this special insulation function, they are still often used to store experimental supplies such as low-temperature liquid gases. Shortly after the appearance of the Dewar bottle, German glass technician Berg realized the commercial value of this container. Holder Berg is also one of the shareholders of a scientific instrument company in Berlin. In 1902, Berg began to sell thermos. In 1904, he obtained the thermos patent in his own name and formulated a market plan. Berg even held a competition to give his thermos a good name. In the end, the winning name he chose was the Greek word "thermos", which means heat, so the thermos is also called a thermos.
20. The invention of tea bags
inventor: Adolph Ramboldt
Invention time: 1929
A very early European tea drinker was to put tea leaves into small packaging bags for brewing. It has stimulated the taste nerves of tea drinkers since the early 20th century. The reason is that the annoying taste comes from the materials used to produce tea bags: gauze bags and bonded paper bags.
Adolf Rambold, a young German engineer, envisioned removing this annoying smell. In his research experiments, he found two materials that were used: Manila hemp and thermoplastic silk, and used them to make small bags. He made the 15 cm long material into a tubular shape, then used a carefully designed folding method to make it into a small bag, and finally sealed the mouth with a paper clip. This new packaging method allows the tea fragrance to be fully utilized and there is no odor when drinking. This convenient packaging has achieved great success worldwide.
21. The invention of radio wave watch
Inventor: Ronghans Watch Co., Ltd.
Invention time: 1991
The so-called radio wave watch, the body consists of an atomic clock and a radio reception system, and the accurate time is emitted by the National Timer Center, and the time is displayed through the radio reception system and processed by the CPU. The 300,000-year error of the radio wave watch does not exceed one second. Simply put, it is a watch that can automatically proofread the time after receiving radio waves of standard time information.
radio wave clock is the fifth generation timer in the development of world chronograph technology, following hourglass, sundials, mechanical clocks, and quartz clocks and watches. The emergence of radio-wave watch technology and products is another revolution in human timekeeping history.
In 1985, the first radio-controlled clock was launched, and Ronghans laid the foundation for the possibility of making accurate watches. In 1991, the radio wave watch, inventor: Junghans Uhren GMBH, is still the patent owner of the radio wave watch.
radio wave meter has a built-in high-sensitivity small antenna, which can automatically adjust the standard radio waves, so it can achieve time accuracy. Internationally, Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States and Japan have already sent standard radio waves. In July 2007, a new radio wave tower built in Shangqiu, Henan, China has begun to send radio waves.
Ronghans Watch Co., Ltd. is the largest watch manufacturer in Germany. Founded in 1861 by E. Ronghans. Located in the city of Schlemberg in the southern part of the Federal Republic of Germany. At the beginning of the 20th century, it developed into the world's largest watch manufacturer. In 1967, the first quartz clock was first released in the Federal German market.
22. MP3 playback format
Inventor: Fraunhofer Institute, Germany
Invented time: 1987
MP3 format, once popular all over the world. The inventor of this technology is Fraunhofer IIS, located in Erlangen, Germany. The institute has jointly established the Erlangen Audio Laboratory Research Center with Erlangen- University of Nuremberg , which has brought together more than 100 researchers. The main topic is to study the new generation of lossless audio and video compression technology to replace lossy compression MP3. According to researcher Stefanie Frank, they are working on scalable lossless compression systems based on HD AAC technology.
Of course, this is not the only project of Erlangen Audio Lab, they are also working on multi-channel surround sound technology for digital broadcasting, as well as CD-level audio compression technology suitable for telephone and conference systems, as well as medical applications. It is reported that the laboratory's research association will last for ten years, and its funds will mainly come from MP3 patent licensing fees.
23. The invention of linkage dual elevators
Inventor: Thyssenkrupp Elevator Company
Date of invention: 2002
Thyssenkrupp Elevator is one of the largest elevator manufacturers in the world. ThyssenKrupp Elevator Company has excellent product quality and has won a good reputation for providing world-class products. ThyssenKrupp AG was formed by the merger of ThyssenKrupp AG and Krupp AG in March 1999.Both Thyssen AG and Krupp AG were founded in the early 2000s and have made outstanding contributions to the European steel industry and machine manufacturing industry, and are a microcosm of Germany's heavy industry. Thyssenkrupp Group is a German industrial giant,
24. Football shoes with replaceable studs
Inventor: Adolph Dasler
Invented time: 1953
In the mid-20th century, two German brothers changed the definition of football shoes and created two world-renowned sports brands Adidas and Puma. These are the Dasler brothers. Because they have created replaceable shoe studs that separate the shoe body and shoe studs of football shoes. The shoe studs can be screwed into the shoe body and tightened, allowing players to replace shoe studs of appropriate length and material according to different venue conditions during the game, improving the help of sneakers to players.
1929, Adi Dassler, the founder of Adidas Company , invented the first pair of football shoes. The shoes weigh 500 grams, use a leather outsole and shoe studs, and are equipped with "spike trim".
In 1954, Adidas, a company far ahead of other brands in the research of football shoes, designed the first pair of low-waist, soft and light football shoes in history. It has rotating embedded shoe studs made of nylon. This football shoes have become a major breakthrough in the history of football shoes.
From then on, the appearance of football shoes has been basically finalized, and the latest football shoes on the market are often modified in this mode. In 1958, most players in the world wore Adidas football shoes to participate in the competition, especially Puma was successful by sponsoring world-class stars , Bailey , and Eusebio. Puma King, which was launched in 1968 and Adidas Copa Mundial, which was launched in 1979, are the world's largest football shoes, which fully demonstrate the contribution of the Darsler brothers to football shoes.
25. Recording tape
Inventor: Fritz Pofilum
Date of invention: 1928
1898, Danish inventor Valdemar Paulson invented the magnetic wire recorder—the first time he turned mechanical methods into electromagnetic methods. He also showed off this recorder at the 1900 World's Fair in Paris. After 1924, electroacoustic recording method was introduced.
In 1928, German-born engineer Fritz Pofrom invented the tape, and he also collaborated with AEG (Electrox) to create a tape recorder. At the 1939 Audio Expo, this new product named "Cat Recorder K1" - the originator of all tape drives, was launched.
In 1936, the German inventor changed Paulson's highly demanding steel wire to paper tape and invented a magnetic paper tape recorder that is more convenient and cheap.
26. The invention of the refrigerator
Inventor: Karl von Linde
Invented time: 1879
Technical University of Munich , is the oldest technical university in Germany, a world-renowned top German university and a stable "Nobel Prize manufacturing factory". It is also the alma mater of world-renowned scientists and celebrities such as "father of diesel engines", Diesel, "father of refrigerators", Linde, "father of fluid mechanics" Plant, and Wenhao Thomasmann.
Since Lin De, a professor at the Munich Institute of Technology in Germany, in 1877, designed the first refrigerator with ammonia as the refrigeration fluid, its refrigeration technology principles and process methods have been passed down to this day, and there have been almost no principled improvements or changes. The difference is that the refrigeration fluid is changed, from ammonia to freon, and from freon to non-fluorine refrigeration fluid.
Although some people have invented semiconductor refrigeration, magnetic refrigeration, the mainstream technology of existing refrigeration technology in the world is still the vapor compression refrigeration technology invented by Linde, Germany.
27. The invention of harmonica
inventor: Christine Friedreich Louis Bushman
Invented time: 1821
Harmonica invented in 1821, invented by the German Christine Friedreich Louis Bushman, and it has been more than 100 years. Harmonica was introduced to Asia in the late 19th century.During the Chinese New Culture Movement, harmonica was introduced to my country. In 1931, Shanghai produced the first batch of harmonica made in my country. One day in 1821, German musician Bushman was walking in the small town of Tosen and accidentally found a farm girl sitting at the door and playing. Her little hand was holding a wooden comb with a piece of paper stuck to her mouth and blowing it. Bushman's heart lit up. After returning, he carved it into a "pill-like harmonica"-like harmonica based on the pronunciation and playing principles of ancient Chinese Sheng and Roman flutes. This is the earliest harmonica in the world.
1857, Bushman and Tosn founded a company that authoritarian harmonica, made the world's first batch of harmonica, and soon sold it to Europe and the United States. It was not until 1885 that the harmonica had modern characteristics after continuous improvement.
harmonica is actually a tool for tuning, and is a free spring qi jingling instrument, which is a small blowing instrument. There are chromatic harmonica, polyphonic harmonica, bass harmonica, chord harmonica, etc. The harmonica originated from the early Chinese sheng. It was an instrument that was made of bamboo vocals and was popular in Asia at that time. In the late 18th century, Sheng was introduced to Europe and became popular in the entire music industry, forming a contemporary harmonica structure.
28, 35mm camera
Inventor: Oscar Barnack
Invented time: 1925
Oscar Barnack (1879-1936), a German camera designer, born in Renov Town, Brandenburg, Germany. In 1911, he was hired as a camera designer by Ernst Leidz Optical Factory. In 1912, Barnack studied the use of 35mm film to design small cameras. In 1913, it was successfully manufactured as the originator of a 24×36mm prototype Leica camera (Ur-Leica)-35mm camera.
1925 Leica camera type I was officially produced at Ernst Leiz Optical Factory in Wetzlar, Germany. Oscar Barnak himself was the earliest Leica photographer. In 1920, a flood disaster occurred in the city of Wetzlar. He used a prototype Leica camera to take a series of photos of the Wetzlar flood.
To commemorate the great achievements of Mr. Oscar Barnack (1879-1936), the founder of the camera and the inventor of Leica camera, the German Leica Company founded the "Oscar Barnack" Photography Award in 1979, aiming to reward photographic artists who have achieved outstanding achievements in the field of photography.
"Oscar Banac" Photography Award is selected once a year, and a single picture and group photo can be participated in the competition. The prize is worth 10,000 marks (or a Leica camera of the same value), and the "Oscar Banac" Photography Award Certificate. A jury consists of world-renowned photographers to strictly select entries. This competition has a wide influence in the international photography community (especially European photography community), and many photographers around the world are proud of this honor.
29. The invention of coffee filter paper
Inventor: Meritta Benz
Date of invention: 1908
Inventor Melitta, the inventor of conical filter paper, is a housewife from Dresden, Germany. He is an aggressive, roasted apple pie, mother of two and inventor of coffee filter paper. The filter paper was born under Bentz's worries and anger because she was tired of the inconvenience caused by using related alternative products - such as stained filter cloth, which needs to be washed and wrung out again and again, and scraped off the coffee grounds at the bottom to make coffee in a coffee pot.
Bentz invented a simple, disposable filtering system by placing a plain old piece of paper on the bottom of a perforated copper pot. It can make the coffee in the cup relatively clean and relieve the hard work of the housewife. Two years later, Bentz applied for a patent for the design (formally established in 1908) and opened a retail store with his husband and sons to provide coffee filters for Germans who like to drink coffee.
To the 1830s, the initial design of filter paper changed considerably, from a metal pan suitable for deformation to a conical ceramic sheet suitable for a conical ceramic sheet, thus becoming the triangular folding filter paper and other types of conical coffee filter paper that are well known today. Melitta is named after Ms. Melitta Bentz, a leader in the manufacturing of conical filter papers.
30, the invention of jeans
Inventor: Levi Strauss
Invented time: 1873
Levi's, the Chinese name Levi's , is a famous jeans brand and was founded by Jewish businessman Levi Strauss (Levi Strauss). Levi Strauss, known as the father of jeans, is originally from Germany. In 1847, 18-year-old Levi immigrated to San Francisco, USA and made a living by selling canvases to make tents.
1853, Levi took advantage of the California gold rush to San Francisco . He found that gold rushers needed a tough pants, so he made a batch of unsold canvas into hundreds of pairs of pants and took them to the construction site to sell them. Unexpectedly, they became very popular. The miners called these pants Levi's and became the first batch of jeans in the world.
1855, Levi's switched to using twill cheesecloth imported from France with "warp yarn is blue and weft yarn is white". In 1873, Levi adopted the suggestion of another company member Jacob Davis, to put copper willow nails on the corners of the jeans' pockets to improve the fastness and appearance of the pockets. This design was patented and became one of the logo designs of jeans.
1890, Levi's coded jeans for the first time and launched the 501 model jeans, which are loose and comfortable to wear on the body. They are the most classic among Levi's jeans, the oldest and best-selling jeans product, and are the first choice for collectors. In 1936, Levi's first introduced the red flag logo on the back pocket to make it easier to identify, which made other jeans brands compete to imitate.
31. The invention of postcards
Inventor: Lightsmus
Invented time: 1865
Postcards have a history of more than 130 years. According to historical records, one day in October 1865, a German painter drew a very exquisite painting on hard cardboard, preparing to send it to his friend as a wedding souvenir, but when he went to the post office to mail it, none of the envelopes sold by the post office could hold the picture. When the painter was in a dilemma, a post office clerk suggested that the painter write the recipient's address, name, etc. on the back of the picture. Unexpectedly, the picture without an envelope was sent to a friend like a letter. As a result, the world's first homemade "postcard" was born.
In fact, postcards were jointly invented by artists and postal staff. In the same year, on November 30, at a congress of the Deutsche Postal Federation, someone suggested that in order to facilitate writing letters, a letter could be used - a letter - which does not require a seal. However, due to the disagreement of the representatives, the proposal was not adopted.
1869, a doctor of Austria published an article suggesting that postcards should be invented and listed as printed mail to reduce the price of postage. The Austrian Post adopted his suggestion. On October 1 of the same year, the postcard was officially released at the Vienna Post Office. Therefore, Austria became the first country in the world to publish postcards.
Because postcards are easy to use and cheap postage, they are very popular. Austria sent more than 3 million copies in just 3 months. After hearing the news, the German Postal Department beat his chest and stamped his feet, regretting it, and officially released a postcard in July 1870. Later, postcards from Britain, the United States, France, Switzerland and other countries were also released one after another.
32. The invention of the glider
Inventor: Otto Lilintal
Date of invention: 1894
German glider expert Otto Lilintal is a civil engineer. In the early days, he worked with his brother to study the flapping wing flight of birds and conduct experiments on flapping wing aircraft. He once said: "Every bird is a peculiar performer." "Whoever wants to fly must imitate the bird." Li Linthal
put two big wings on himself and glided successfully for the first time in 1891. In the same year, the Russian Zhukovsky published the book "The Bird's Soaring", and in theory, he explained the principles of making gliders.
Li Lintal continuously improved his glider and flew more than 2,000 times in the air, of which the maximum distance of one flight was 350 meters.Unfortunately, on August 9, 1896, he drove his own designed glider on a hillside near Sturun, Germany, and ran and took off with his legs. A strong wind caused him to fall from a height of 15 meters and was seriously injured. He died the next day at the age of 48. He was the first person to be killed in an air aircraft crash.
Before Li Lintar invented gliding, someone had developed and tested the glider. For example, from 1799 to 1811, the British D. Carey made and tested the kite-type glider, and in 1868, the Frenchman Lebrier also studied and tested the glider led by horses, but none of them reached the perfect level of the glider developed by Li Lintal.
glider is an aircraft that uses the wings to generate lift in the airflow. It has no power device and cannot take off on its own. When gliding down at a high place, it can still rise when encountering the upward airflow.
33. The invention of electron microscope
Inventor: Ruska
Invention time: 1938
Ruska, a young researcher at the University of Technology Berlin, Germany, made the first electron microscope in 1932: it is an improved cathode ray oscilloscope, and successfully obtained a magnified image of a copper net. The first image formed by an electron beam was formed at 70,000 yuan, and the initial magnification was only 12 times. Although the magnification is trivial, it is confirmed that using electron beams and electron lenses can form the same electron image as the optical image.
1926, Ruska developed the first magnetic electron lens. In 1931, Ruska and Max Knoll developed the world's first perspective electron microscope. The use of this microscope is not a perspective sample, but a metal grid. In 1986, Rusca won the Nobel Prize in Physics. In 1938, he developed the first commercial electron microscope at Siemens.
1934, osmic acid was proposed to enhance the contrast of images. The first scanning transmission electron microscope was launched in 1937. Initially, the main purpose of developing electron microscopes is to display pathogens such as viruses that cannot be distinguished in optical microscopes.
1960, the acceleration voltage of the projection electron microscope was getting higher and higher, and it could see more and thicker and thicker materials. During this period, electron microscopy reached the level of resolving atoms.
1980, people were able to observe wet samples using scanning electron microscopes. In the mid-1990s, computers were increasingly used to analyze images of electron microscopes, and using computers could also control increasingly complex lens systems, while the operation of electron microscopes became easier and easier.
34. The invention of computer
Inventor: Conrad Chuze
Invention time: 1941
Americans Mochelle and Ekatki. They invented a computer called "ENIAC" in 1946. Actually, this is a misunderstanding. The authentic inventor of the computer should be a German named Conrad Chuze. June 22, 2010 is the anniversary of Chu Ze’s 100th birthday. In his birthplace, , Berlin, Germany, there is a Chuze Museum for the public to visit and learn about the entire process of his invention of the computer.
Conrad Chuze was born on June 22, 1910 in Berlin, and is a German engineer. He proposed the basic concept of computer program control, and in 1941, Zuse first designed and completed the program control computer using relays. He died on December 19, 1995.
In 1945, shortly after the Allied forces captured Berlin, the capital of fascist Germany, a shocking news came from the remote town of Hintstein in the Alps: an advanced computer developed by Germany was found in a granary cellar.
British intelligence officer opened the door to the granary cellar. There is indeed a machine stored in the cellar. After a long time, the Western computer industry finally realized that this not-stunning machine was indeed the most advanced computer in the world at that time, and it was successfully developed earlier than similar inventions in the United States and Britain. Its significance is also that it is the first digital computer to adopt program control. The name of this machine is Z-4, and its inventor, Chu Ze, a civil construction engineer who started his own money.
Chu Ze, the computer was invented as early as 1938.His patent application for the Z-3 computer in 1941, and by 1967, the judge still refused to accept it, citing "lack of creativity." It was not until 1962 that he was recognized as one of the inventors of computers, and received eight honorary doctoral titles and the German Grand Cross. Later, the Berlin Museum also rebuilt the Z-1 computer.
In the early 1960s, Chuze Computer Company had developed into a company with thousands of employees and sold nearly 300 computers of various types. In 1966, his company was acquired by the famous Siemens company, and Chuze served as an advisor to Siemens. Chuze lived to the age of 85 and lived with his wife in a simple house near Fulda. He died on December 19, 1995. It is gratifying that the whole world has recognized him as the "father of digital computers".
35. Bacteriology
pioneer: Robert Koch
pioneer time: 1876
Robert Koch (1843.12.11-1910.5.27), he is the founder and pioneer of world pathogenic bacteriology, and is a master in the field of world medicine that makes the Germans extremely proud.
1905, the great German medical scientist and famous Robert Koch won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine with his world-renowned pioneering achievements.
Infectious diseases are the enemy of human health. From ancient times to the present, many terrible diseases such as plague, typhoid fever, cholera, tuberculosis, etc. have taken countless lives of human beings. The first person in the world to discover that infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic bacteria infection is German scientist Robert Koch, who can be regarded as the founder and pioneer of the world's pathogenic bacteriology.
1883, Koch was appointed chairman of the German cholera committee and was sent to Egypt to investigate the epidemic of cholera outbreaks there and found Vibrio cholera.
Robert Koch has scientific achievements
1) Koch invented the first culture method of bacterial culture in solid culture base to culture and isolate Bacillus anthrax for the first time. Bugnus tuberculosis was also discovered, and it was believed that this bacteria is the pathogen that causes various types of tuberculosis. 2) On March 24, 1882, at a meeting of the Berlin Physiological Association, he read his paper on the discovery of tuberculosis, and no criticism or objection was made by all participants. This day became an important milestone in the history of human medicine.
3) He discovered Vibrio cholerae and found the pathways and treatment and control methods for cholera disease cross-infection.
4) He also revealed the secret of rat flea spreading bubonic mice and quickly controlled the epidemic of bubonic plague.
5) In 1890, he discovered tuberculin. He was respected as the founder of bacteriology by later generations, was awarded the German Crown Medal, and won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for Tuberculosis Research.
6) Koch proposed an important criterion for determining pathogens - Koch's theorem.
36. The invention of DC generator
Inventor: Wilner von Siemens
Invented time: 1866
Wilner von Siemens, the inventor of DC generators and DC motors, and he was the pioneer of the power era who invented elevators and trams a century and a half ago.
He is not only an indelible milestone entrepreneur in the history of world science and technology, but also a great scientist who has been almost completely forgotten by the younger generation this year.
Werner Siemens is famous in the history of science for his outstanding contributions to electrical science. He will immortalize with the "Siemens" as a physics unit.
1866 In the autumn of 1866, Siemens developed a novel idea in its research, namely whether the induced current can be enhanced without using additional current. To this end, he conducted in-depth research. He knew that the working efficiency of an electromagnetic machine would be greatly weakened when the countercurrent current generated through its coils, because this reverse current significantly reduces the energy of the battery with an effective force; on the contrary, when the electromagnetic machine is rotated forcefully in the opposite direction by external forces, the energy of the battery will be enhanced because the direction of the induced current will also turn through the inverted motion.
Siemens founded the principle of generator: a fixed magnet with a suitable electromagnetic machine must always be maintained. The current generated by this magnet gradually increases, and a strong current can be created in the reverse motion.
The generator principle explained by Siemens has been reflected in the disc machine he invented in 1854. Siemens' paper entitled "Don't use permanent magnets to convert power into current" was presented by his former teacher, Professor Magnus, to the Academy of Natural Sciences in Berlin.
In the paper, Siemens called the machine it invented "dc power generation machine". He emphasized that the technology industry can now generate the required voltage and current intensity through labor, which is equally important for other departments.
37. The invention of laser meter
Today's popular laser meter was first developed and put into production by Germany in the late 1970s. Laser record players do not require tone arms, vocals and needles, eliminating the mechanical noise generated by traditional record players when playing records. It uses laser scanning to replace the needle, connect it to the high-fidelity amplifier and you can hear the speaker. Laser meter player is a new type of meter player that integrates computer, laser and digital technology.
38. The invention of the scanner
German engineer Nipkov invented a mechanical scanning device using selenium photocells in 1884. This device was used in later early television systems, and by 1939, the mechanical scanning system was eliminated. Although there is no necessary connection with the scanners operated by computers more than 100 years later, from a historical perspective, this should be the earliest scanning technology used in human history.
scanner is an optical-mechanical integrated product that appeared in the mid-1880s. It consists of scanning heads, control circuits and mechanical components. The resulting digital signal is saved in the form of a dot matrix by using the file editing software to edit it into a standard format text on the disk.
39. The invention of homeopathy
Inventor: Samuel Hahneman
Invented: 1797
Homeopathy, also known as similar therapy, is an alternative therapy. It was founded by German doctor Samuel Hahnemann in the 18th century. He found that after taking a small amount of cinchona bark to treat malaria under healthy conditions, he could have fever similar to malaria. Haneman was extremely disgusted with the treatments used at the time. He continued to test other substances on himself and his healthy friends, recording the types of symptoms they cause, so he believed they could cure them too.
000s at the end of the 18th century, German doctor and pharmacist Samuel Hanemann proposed a new treatment method. At that time, hair-inducing treatments such as bloodletting, leeches, air pumping tanks, laxatives and arsenic were prevalent, and other drug treatments were still rare. Haneman wants to give up these horrifying remedies. So he asked some healthy people to take cinchona cream (quinine), and these people quickly developed the same symptoms as those of people with malaria, such as fever, rapid pulse, and chills in their limbs.
At that time, Haneman believed that the reason why these drugs could have therapeutic effects was because they could produce the same symptoms "fight poison with poison", so he constructed the treatment theory of "same type to cure the same type".
