June 25, 1950 Korean War broke out, and the war once hit our border. The Political Bureau of the Central Committee held an important meeting on this matter in Zhongnanhai . After research and discussion, the Central Committee and Chairman Mao made the decision to " Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea , Defend the country ".
After the decision to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea was formed, Chairman Mao began to study what name should be sent to send troops. If he publicly announced that the People's Liberation Army soldiers would be sent to North Korea to participate in the war, it would be equivalent to publicly declaring war on the United States, which is very unfavorable for the newly established New China. For this reason, Chairman Mao consulted Zhou Enlai many times and finally decided to call it "supporting army".
However, when this plan was temporarily set, Huang Yanpei objected, and he said: "I don't agree with the use of 'support army', we must be famous!"
So what's going on? Who is Huang Yanpei? Why did he say that? How did Chairman Mao respond?
Huang Yanpei
The origins of Chairman Mao and Huang Yanpei
Huang Yanpei was born in 1878 in a private school teacher's home in Chuansha, Jiangsu Province. In 1907, he took the imperial examination in the late Qing Dynasty and passed the imperial examination. However, he was wanted later for "slandering" the Qing court and had no choice but to flee to Japan. In 1905, Huang Yanpei joined the Tongmenghui and participated in the planning of the Jiangsu Uprising in the Revolution . Later, he served as the director of the Jiangsu Provincial Education Department.
1917, after Huang Yanpei founded China Vocational Education Society and the school, he has been engaged in education for 32 years and enjoys a good reputation in society. Beiyang government and the National Government have promised to give Huang Yanpei a salary for senior officials, but he refused them all. Huang Yanpei has also participated in a large number of social and political activities, and listened to Mr. Sun Yat-sen's teachings in person...
Huang Yanpei can be said to be full of students all over the world. Zhang Wentian, who was in charge of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Xu Teli, Chairman Mao's teacher, Chiang Kai-shek's two sons Jiang Jingguo and Jiang Wei-kuo and others were all his students, or had studied in the school he founded.
Later, in order to promote China's democracy and progress, Huang Yanpei actively participated in political activities and successively established the China Democratic League and the China Democratic National Construction Association. During the War of Resistance Against Japan and the War of Liberation, he has been working closely with our party and made very important contributions to the liberation of New China.
In the late 1920s, Zhou Enlai had noticed Huang Yanpei's reputation and influence during his work at the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in Shanghai. He said: "Huang Yanpei is a person who has taken root in society. We must pay attention to uniting and helping him!"
Chairman Mao
and Chairman Mao also had a relationship with Huang Yanpei very early, so what's going on?
1919, the Jiangsu Provincial Education Association welcomed Dewey to visit Shanghai. At that time, Huang Yanpei presided over the meeting and delivered a speech. Chairman Mao, who was staying in Shanghai at that time, listened to Huang Yanpei's speech, so he left a deep impression on him.
In February 1945, the negotiations between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party reached a deadlock. In May, Huang Yanpei read the article " on the United Government " released by Chairman Mao, and believed that the door to peace was not closed. So on June 2, Huang Yanpei sent telegrams to Chairman Mao and Zhou Enlai, two others, with Zhang Bojun, Zuo Shunsheng and others, hoping to resume negotiations as soon as possible and achieve domestic peace.
Central Committee quickly called back, saying that it was agreed to the negotiations and invited Huang Yanpei and others to Yan'an to exchange opinions in person. On July 1, Huang Yanpei and others flew from Chongqing to Yan'an at the invitation of Chairman Mao.
Yan'an is a mysterious and desirable place for Huang Yanpei. Before, he had only heard from others that Yan'an was a place where "no freedom of speech" and "disposition of style and kindness", but he did not believe it, and insisted that hearing was better than seeing at first sight. Now Huang Yanpei is flying to Yan'an at the age of 67. It is not only to mediate the conflict between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, but also to compare through field investigations whether the Kuomintang is more popular or the Communist Party is more popular in the future.
Not long after, Huang Yanpei and others arrived in Yan'an and were warmly welcomed by Chairman Mao, Zhou Enlai, Zhu De and other central leaders.As soon as Chairman Mao saw Huang Yanpei, he stepped forward and held his hand and said: "We have disappeared for more than 20 years!"
Chairman Mao's enthusiasm shocked Huang Yanpei. He said: "As far as I know, this is our first meeting..."
Chairman Mao smiled and said: "At that time, the education of Jiangsu Province was at that time. The Education Association welcomed Dr. Dewey to China. You presided over the meeting. In your speech, you said that in your speech, there were so many graduates from a middle school in China who went to school and how many unemployed people were. There were many people who listened to your speech at that time, and I, Mao Zedong, were one of them. "
Huang Yanpei couldn't help but exclaim: "The Chairman is really a memory!"
Immediately afterwards, Chairman Mao and Huang Yanpei and others held three and a half days of talks, exchanging their views on the current situation. During his visit to Yan'an, Huang Yanpei discovered that no inch of land in Yan'an was abandoned, no one was idle, the clothes on the people were clean and tidy, and their faces were particularly rosy.
Before he arrived in Yan'an, Huang Yanpei was worried that he would be restricted from freedom, so he was a little cautious, but he soon discovered that the Communists would not restrict their freedom, and even regarded them as guests of honor. The leadership of the Communist Party is not as arrogant and arrogant as the leaders of the Kuomintang, but is simple and steady.
The trip to Yan'an caused a drastic change in Huang Yanpei's understanding and feelings for the Communist Party. Before that, he said that he should be impartial, but now his inner emotional balance is obviously inclined to the Communist Party.
August 10, Huang Yanpei's book "Return of Yan'an" was published. In this book, he enthusiastically praised the Yan'an Anti-Japanese Base Area under the leadership of the Communist Party, and said: "I think the most valuable spirit of the CCP friends is to constantly pursue progress and develop in a better direction. This spirit is worth learning from, and the future is unlimited!"
Extraordinary courtesy and respect
In February 1949, with the help of the underground party of the Communist Party of China, Huang Yanpei successfully escaped the surveillance of the Kuomintang spies and arrived in the liberated area through Hong Kong. On March 25, Huang Yanpei came to Pei , and since then he began a new chapter in his life history.
On the afternoon of the same day when Huang Yanpei arrived in Peking, he went to Xijiao Airport with Shen Junru and other democratic figures to welcome Chairman Mao, Zhou Enlai and others into Peking. Chairman Mao and Huang Yanpei have not met for three and a half years since they parted in Chongqing. Now that the two meet in Peking after liberation, the joy of the two cannot be described in words.
That night, Chairman Mao held a banquet to entertain democrats such as Huang Yanpei, Li Jishen, Shen Junru and others. The next day, Chairman Mao invited Huang Yanpei to his residence, , Shuangqing Villa, , as a guest. It is worth mentioning that Huang Yanpei was the first guest that Chairman Mao hosted during the Shuangqing Villa.
The second day after entering Peking, Chairman Mao was alone in his residence, which was also very high. Among the many democrats, only Huang Yanpei can receive such treatment.
When Huang Yanpei arrived at Shuangqing Villa by car, he saw Chairman Mao waiting at the door from afar. Before Huang Yanpei got off the car, Chairman Mao walked to the car and helped him get off the car. The two of them first chatted, and then sat at the dining table and chatted while eating.
Chairman Mao said to Huang Yanpei: "Old Huang, you are my teacher's teacher. Please do me a favor, okay?" Huang Yanpei said quickly: "Chairman, don't be so polite. What do you want me to do?" Chairman Mao continued: "I know you have been engaged in the education industry for a long time and have run schools for decades, but I hope that after the founding of New China, you can invite you to do industry and commerce."
Before Huang Yanpei could respond, Chairman Mao said again: "I hope you can be the leader of the national business community in the new China. On the one hand, you can reflect the needs of national industrial and commercialists to the Communist Party, and on the other hand, you can convey the voice of our Communist Party to them."
Huang Yanpei was a little silent after hearing Chairman Mao's words. After thinking for a while, he said, "Chairman, don't worry, I will definitely complete this task smoothly! ”
On March 28, Huang Yanpei sent telegrams to business friends in Shanghai, Hong Kong and other places according to the results of his negotiations with Chairman Mao. He first explained the CCP’s policies to Amen, and then invited them to Peking to attend the political consultation meeting and discuss the plan for the founding of the country with the CCP.
Chairman Mao not only treated and respected Huang Yanpei, but also cared and attached great importance to the China Democratic National Construction Association he founded and led. Because the Democratic National Construction Association had close contacts with Shanghai's business circles, Chairman Mao specially invited Huang Yanpei and the comrades of the Democratic National Construction Association to have a dinner and chat on the evening of April 15. Zhu De, Rao Shushi and others were accompanied at that time.
After the founding of New China, Huang Yanpei and Chairman Mao often wrote letters. According to incomplete statistics, in the first seven years of the founding of New China, Chairman Mao wrote as many as 39 letters to Huang Yanpei, and he wrote five or six letters almost every year. Chairman Mao wrote very few to other democratic figures, usually only a few.
For example, only 2 letters were written to Li Jishen; Zhang Lan only 4 letters; Shen Junru only 1 letters; even the good-family Soong Ching Ling has only 3 letters.
It is enough to see the friendship between the two from the frequency of Chairman Mao’s letters to Huang Yanpei. Of course, in addition to discussing national affairs with Huang Yanpei, Chairman Mao is also very concerned about his health. Whenever Huang Yanpei feels uncomfortable, Chairman Mao will be very enthusiastic. Inquired, and then sent him supplements.
In addition, Chairman Mao and Huang Yanpei both like to write poems and write lyrics, and their calligraphy art has reached a relatively high level, so they will also give each other poems and ink. Huang Yanpei is very grateful for Chairman Mao's respect, which is also one of the important reasons why he accepted the leadership of the Communist Party of China and consciously devoted himself to the revolution and construction of the New China.
On September 21, 1949, Huang Yanpei, as one of the representatives of the Democratic National Construction Association, attended the first plenary meeting of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference . htmlOn October 1, on the day of the founding of New China, Huang Yanpei was extremely excited to stand on the Tiananmen Gate Tower. He witnessed with Chairman Mao, Zhou Enlai and others A historic moment of the founding of New China.
Chairman Mao proposed the "support army", Huang Yanpei opposed
Huang Yanpei was straightforward and sincere. After the founding of New China, he supported the leadership of our party and supported the various work of the Party and the people's government. Huang Yanpei would also bluntly report to Chairman Mao and other leaders about those problems in his work, so he was often called a "faith friend" of the Communist Party of China.
On June 25, 1950, the Korean War broke out, and with the continuous burning of war, our country's border was in danger. The issue of sending troops or not sending troops was placed in front of the Central Committee and Chairman Mao, and Chairman Mao advocated sending troops.
At that time, many people opposed sending troops. First, the new China had just been established and its economic development was not very good. Second, the enemy was too strong. If it sent troops, it was very likely that there would be no return. So Chairman Mao talked to the members of the Politburo one by one and did their ideological work one by one:
"We cannot stop saving you from death, although many comrades still have opinions on sending troops to North Korea, and what they say makes sense. However, when others are in danger of the country, how can we, as neighboring countries and socialist partners, not save you from death? If we only watch from the side, we will feel very uncomfortable."
Chairman Mao's conversation finally convinced those comrades who did not agree to send troops. In the end, the Central Committee and Chairman Mao made the decision to "resist U.S. and aid Korea, defend the country." The matter of sending troops to
has been solved. Next, another question is facing Chairman Mao, that is, what name should we send troops?
If the Chinese People's Liberation Army soldiers are publicly announced to enter North Korea to fight and support North Korea, they will participate in the war in the name of the country, which is equivalent to declaring war on the United States, which is very unfavorable to our country. Chairman Mao spent a lot of thought on this issue and sought opinions from democrats.
At the beginning, Chairman Mao asked Zhou Enlai to discuss what name should be sent to the army. After research and discussion, they believed that it should be called the "support army". It was simple and clear, after all, it was to support the Korean people. Then the "Support Army" was decided as a preliminary opinion, and when the plan was formulated, Chairman Mao also began to use the words "Support Army".
But the preliminary opinions are preliminary after all, and once they are to declare the world, Chairman Mao is very cautious. Therefore, before it was made public, Chairman Mao deliberately found elderly and senior democrats and asked them about the opinions of the "supporting army".
Chairman Mao believes: "Most of these democrats are knowledgeable and knowledgeable. The most important thing is that they have a lot of experience and can give the best opinions. Listen to the opinions of these democrats more, and things will be more thorough."
Chairman Mao instructed to widely solicit opinions from democrats on the issue of the name of sending troops. Many people think that "supporting troops" is good, not to mention that the time for sending troops is getting shorter and shorter, so don't worry about the issue of names, and think about how to win the war. But Chairman Mao disagreed, and said, "It is good to listen to other people's opinions more."
didn't expect that someone would really raise his own opinions in this question. He is Chairman Mao's friend Huang Yanpei. On that day, Huang Yanpei decided to visit Chairman Mao and interview him about the matter in the name of sending troops. Chairman Mao was very happy when he found out, so he immediately greeted him at the gate of Zhongnanhai and listened to Huang Yanpei's opinions with Zhou Enlai.
After a greeting, the three of them began to get to the point. Huang Yanpei took the lead in speaking: "There is a problem we need to consider!" He looked at Chairman Mao, then looked at Zhou Enlai, and said sincerely: "The division must be famous. If the reputation is not correct, the words will not go well. This battle is not that easy to fight."
Zhou Enlai had different opinions. He said: "We are called the support army, to support the Korean people. Isn't this just right?" Huang Yanpei shook his head and said: "It's not like that." Zhou En said: "Why do you have any great ideas? How can you say that the teacher is unknown?"
Chairman Mao also looked at Huang Yanpei, wanting to know what his opinion was.
Huang Yanpei said: "The 'Support Army' is obviously an army that supports the Korean people, and that is sent out. So who sent it? Not the country yet? That is not the same as we publicly declare war on the United States?"
Chairman Mao frowned after hearing this and said: "Old Huang is right. Supporting the military is sent out by us. Isn't it still the intention of declaring war on the United States!" Chairman Mao thought for a while, then spread his eyebrows, wrote the "volunteer army" on the paper, and then said:
"What about that? It's called the 'volunteer army'? It's the people who volunteered to participate, and the people who volunteered to help the Korean people. They don't want to see the war and participate independently. In this way, it's not a matter between the country!"
Zhou Enlai nodded and said, "The Chairman is right. The Volunteer Army is all volunteered to participate, so it's not a confrontation between the country!"
Huang Yanpei also said happily: "Okay, okay, if the division is famous, it will be invincible. The Chairman's opinion is very precious, and I agree!" Then Huang Yanpei stood up and said goodbye, and Chairman Mao and Zhou Enlai sent him out.
A few hours later, on October 8, 1950, Chairman Mao issued an order: "Appoint Comrade Peng Dehuai as the commander-in-chief of the Chinese People's Volunteer Army , and meet with the political commissar..."
With the issuance of Chairman Mao's order, hundreds of thousands of People's Liberation Army soldiers who had previously gathered in the northeast quickly changed into volunteer uniforms, and then secretly went to the side of Yalu River . Therefore, the title of "Chinese People's Volunteer Army" was mentioned in the history of war.
Peng Dehuai
On the night of Chairman Mao's order, Peng Dehuai came to Shenyang and drank the wine on the expedition with some generals who accompanied the expedition. Peng Dehuai raised his wine glass and said:
" From the time of Jinggangshan to today's North Korea, we are still the old people. Although we are called volunteers, I actually do not support it.If they hadn't hit the Yalu River, I wouldn't have volunteered. But now they have reached our doorstep. I volunteered to take charge of the battle. Do you volunteer? "
The soldiers shouted in unison: "Volunteer! volunteer! "
On November 8, the Chinese government officially announced: "The Chinese People's Volunteer Army, led by Commander-in-Chief Peng Dehuai, crossed the Yalu River and participated in the Korean people's War of Resistance Against the United States! "
Coexist for a long time, mutual supervision, mutual trust, and honor and disgrace
At the end of 1953, the country began to implement a policy of unified purchase and sale of grain. However, since farmers have always had the habit of freely controlling grain, many farmers are somewhat unaccustomed to this new policy. In addition, some areas have made some minor mistakes in the purchase work, so there is a trend of "grain making trouble" in many places.
Huang Yanpei was very anxious after hearing about these things, and hurriedly gave it to the Mao Master. Xi wrote a letter, reflecting that the food problem was very serious and the people were complaining constantly. I hope Chairman Mao could deal with it seriously.
April 26, Huang Yanpei wrote another letter to Chen Yun, hoping to solve the problem of food in rural Hunan. In order to understand the truth, Huang Yanpei took advantage of the opportunity to inspect various places and went south to investigate again. Before he left, Chairman Mao sent a telegram to Huang Yanpei, instructing: "Mr. This time he went to the countryside for inspection, I hope to fully analyze the situation and understand the truth. "
From June 2 to 20, Huang Yanpei visited Wuxi , Suzhou and other places, and listened to the feedback from local comrades and learned about the situation from farmers. After investigation and understanding, it was found that this "grain turmoil" was caused by landlords, rich peasants, etc., who were deliberately making trouble. In fact, people from all over the country agreed with unified purchase and sales. At this point, the stone hanging in Huang Yanpei's heart finally fell.
After returning to Beijing, Huang Yanpei first wrote a "Jiangsu Inspection Report" to Chairman Mao, and then took the initiative to review. He said: "I came up with the view on food shortage some time ago without understanding the actual situation. Now after investigation, I found out that it was wrong. I must learn from this experience and lessons, study and analyze comprehensively, and be ready to correct past mistakes and methods at any time..."
Huang Yanpei's open mind is a reflection of his high sense of trust in our party and a high sense of responsibility for the people. Therefore, Chairman Mao repeatedly called on non-party people to learn about Huang Yanpei's spirit and be honest friends of the party.
At a party in Zhongnanhai, Chairman Mao once asked Huang Yanpei with interest: "Old Huang, the Beijing government asked you to be the chief of education for a period of time, why didn't you go? "Huang Yanpei said: "My belief is that 'not seeing clearly is' the truth, and we will never blindly follow it. "
On the evening of May 1, 1954, Huang Yanpei attended the gala at Tiananmen Square . When he saw the changes in New China over the years of liberation, he was very excited. After returning home that night, he hurriedly wrote a letter to Chairman Mao:
"Chairman, as a cadre under your leadership and an elderly student under your leadership, I am indeed not qualified to be a party member, but I have accepted this fact. I am now receiving the education of the Party and my thoughts have also changed. I should state it honestly to you..."
In November 1955, Huang Yanpei's health was getting worse and worse, and he was admitted to Beijing Hospital many times. Although he was in the hospital bed, he did not forget to care about national affairs, and even wrote to Chairman Mao: "When I recover from my illness, I hope the Chairman can agree to me to continue to devote himself to work..."
Chairman Mao was very moved after receiving Huang Yanpei's letter and immediately replied: "The transformation work of the business community has made progress, which is gratifying. I hope Mr. Huang can recover from illness and recover as soon as possible. ”
In September 1956, Beijing held the Eighth National Congress of our Party, and Huang Yanpei also attended the meeting. The most important thing is that he was invited to sit on the rostrum. This made Huang Yanpei feel very honored and could not help but write 4 poems entitled "The Red in the East is Around the Ying". It fully demonstrates Huang Yanpei and the Communist Party's noble sentiment of working together and unswervingly.
1956 After the basic establishment of China's socialist system, our party has developed the policy of "long-term coexistence, mutual supervision, mutual trust, and sharing honor and disgrace". Chairman Mao and Huang Yanpei are role models of this policy.
1965, Huang Yanpei died of illness in Beijing at the age of 87.
