After entering the 20th century, the rule of the Qing Dynasty was already in turmoil, and revolutionary concepts in various places had become trends, and its destruction was a foregone conclusion. However, when 
Revolution really broke out, the Qing Dynasty almost did not make effective resistance. On October 10, 1911, the first rebellion of Wuchang was only 12 days later. However, half a month later, the entire south was independent, and in the north, Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces, a total of 14 provinces declared liberation. The Qing Dynasty almost lost most of its territory in just over a month.
In the past month, the attitude of these local governors and governors in the independent provinces is intriguing. It cannot be simply said that they are in decline. However, in this unprecedented major change, they did not make any effective resistance. In most provinces that declared independence, the uprising only took less than a day, or even only a few hours. It can be said that this was the collective defeat of the local governors and governors.
First of all, Huguang Governor Borjigit Ruicheng , Wuchang Uprising Eve, Ruicheng arrested Liu Fuji and other 32 revolutionaries, Liu Fuji and Peng Chufan , Yang Hongsheng , Just as he wanted to ask for credit to the Qing court again, the Eighth Battalion of the Engineering Fired the first shot of the Wuchang Uprising, took down the Chuwangtai Ordnance, and thus mastered a large amount of ordnance and ammunition. Immediately afterwards, the Revolutionary Army began to attack the Governor's Office and the Eighth Town Command. After the headquarters was captured, Ruicheng followed his wife Liao Keyu's advice to break the back wall of the Supervision Bureau and fled from the Yangtze River . After a night of fierce fighting, the Revolutionary Army successfully occupied Wuchang. Ruicheng's retreat also made him the target of ridicule and scolding for the people of the times. "For the past three hundred years, Ruicheng is the first to escape." In " Qing History Draft ", Ruicheng shared the name of "the first evil" with Sheng Xuanhuai , which nationalized the railway. However, in the following time, Ruicheng was not the only one who did this.
In Hunan, which first responded to the Wuchang Uprising, Hunan Governor Yu Chengge almost repeated Ruicheng's behavior. When the uprising occurred, Yu Chengge only took office for more than a month. In order to closely monitor the new army and revolutionaries, Hunan gentry Huang Zhonghao was appointed as the provincial patrol commander. The uprising broke out at 8 a.m. on October 22, and people kept reporting the new army to siege. Yu Chengge repeatedly said, "What is nothing, let's ask again." Finally, the new army attacked the Fu Office, and the guard surrendered immediately. Yu Chengge hurriedly came out and shouted, "Brothers, we are all Han Chinese." While hanging up the "Big Han" white flag, as a slowdown, he cut off his long braids, wore idle clothes and hats, fled from the backyard, and fled to Shanghai on a Hunan liner ship. By 2 p.m., the whole city fell into the hands of the revolutionary army, and the entire liberation process did not exceed half a day.
Shaanxi responded on the same day as Hunan, on October 22, only a few hours later than Hunan. The rebel army led the army to occupy the uniform warehouse. Shaanxi officials were panicked and scattered. They took care of Shaanxi Governor Qian Nengshen without any effective countermeasures. They hid in civilian homes. After being discovered by the Revolutionary Army, they committed suicide with a pistol, fired two bombs in a row, injured the left scepter, and attempted suicide. They were later handed over to the military government. After treatment, they were treated preferentially. In the end, they refused the invitation of the revolutionary party, ran away from Shaanxi, and resigned voluntarily.
Jiangxi's revolution started with Jiujiang . After Jiujiang was restored, Nanchang was greatly shocked and the whole city was frightened. So the new army of Nanchang also began to plan an uprising. On October 30, the uprising was launched, burning down the governor's yamen. Jiangxi Governor Feng Ruzhi failed to make effective resistance, Feng Ruzhi only brought his relatives to him. The Guards opened up the walls of the Westernization Bureau and hid the private houses of Wangzi Lane next door. After the restoration of the entire city of Nanchang, Feng Ruqi was elected as the governor of all walks of life. Feng Ruqi refused to accept the case and refused to cooperate with the revolutionary party. He was quite famous in office. The soldiers and the people were grateful, so he no longer forced others to do anything. On November 3, he escorted Feng Ruqi away from Nanchang. After arriving in Jiujiang, he committed suicide by taking opium and becoming the first Han bureaucrat to die for the Qing Dynasty.
Shanxi Governor Lu Zhongqi was the first local governor to take precautions. After the news of Xi'an's liberation reached Taiyuan, he realized that the new army was unreliable, so he planned to transfer it out of Taiyuan and reduce its bullets. As a result, this accelerated the steps of the Shanxi New Army uprising. On the morning of October 29, the uprising broke out. The soldiers of the new army rushed into the governor's yamen with guns. Yan Xishan asked Lu Zhongqi whether he participated in the uprising. Lu Zhongqi stubbornly refused and scolded: "You will fight against evil?" As a result, he was shot dead before he finished speaking. His wife and children were killed together. Yan Xishan was buried with generous gifts.
Yunnan and Guizhou Governor-General Li Jingxi and the new army commander Zhong Lin felt panic after the rebellion in Wuchang. They urgently strengthened their defenses. Kunming was in a panic for a while. On the evening of October 29, on the evening of October 29, the nine-night, Cai E and Li Genyuan led their troops to revolt in the provincial capital Kunming. After only one night of fighting, the uprising army captured the Governor's Office and shot Li Jingxi into the bedroom. Li Jingxi was injured and rose up again. He took his gun and was taken away by a certain police officer. He left the back door of the Governor's Office and fled to the police officer's house. Cai E, Li Genyuan and Consultation Bureau members urged Li Jingxi to become the governor, but Li sternly refused. Li Jingxi was closely imprisoned in the Consultation Bureau and always treated him with courtesy. A few days later, Li Jingxi requested to leave Yunnan and go to Shanghai to recuperate. Cai E, Li Genyuan and others sent their gifts out of the country for their old family and took away more than 40,000 taels of silver in Tongqingfeng.
Guizhou Governor Shen YuqingAt the time of uprisings in various places, take corresponding measures: take back the bullets of the army student, transfer the standing army to prevent them from dispersing their strength, and transfer the patrol team to protect the provincial capital Guiyang. The constitutional faction wanted to avoid bleeding and asked Shen Yuqing to declare a republic. Shen Yuqing did not make a clear statement and only allowed a self-protection association. On the night of November 3, the new army and the army students launched an uprising, and soon captured Ordnance Bureau and besieged the Governor's Office. Shen Yuqing's governor was not allowed to do anything and had to admit his independence. He agreed to proclaim Shen as the governor, but refused to sue. After Guizhou's independence, Shen Yuqing left Guizhou and went to Shanghai to serve as a residence hall.
November 3 After Shanghai declared independence on November 3, the uprising process also expanded to the southeast coast. Shen Junru and others strongly urged Zhejiang Governor Zengyun to declare independence. Zengyun refused. Zhejiang New Army decided to revolt at 12 pm on November 4, and the midnight uprising was launched. All parts of Dawn City were restored. The suicide squad directly attacked the Governor's Office and quickly blew it up. The Fuda Guard also followed. Governor Zengyun and his family were imprisoned, and only the flag camp was still resisting. However, in the afternoon, they had to raise the white flag. The whole process did not go through too many battles. Finally, Zengyun was sent out and sailed northward to Qinhuangdao to land.
Jiangsu Governor Cheng Dequan was the first person to declare independence in the revolutionary trend. After the Wuchang Uprising, Cheng Dequan submitted a series of memorials from the Qing court, demanding that strong reform measures be taken to win the hearts of the people and save the crisis. On October 19, the New Army's Forty-five Bills led Liu Zhijie to advise Cheng Dequan: "The current situation changes and depends on the victory or defeat of Hubei and whether other provinces respond. If the Yangtze River provinces respond more often, it is difficult for Su to be unique during the period of residence. It is advisable to sink the machine to observe the changes and wait for the time. "Cheng Dequan agreed that with the restoration of Shanghai on November 4 and Jiangsu announced independence on November 5, and the banner of "promoting Han and safeguarding the people" was hung on the streets. Cheng Dequan took office as the governor of Jiangsu and joined forces with the Jiangsu-Zhejiang coalition forces to conquer Nanjing. This was the first case of local officials in the Qing Dynasty proclaiming independence and serving as governors. It became a new trend, which was tantamount to the removal of firewood from the bottom of the cauldron for the Qing court. People at that time praised his peaceful restoration of Suzhou , which had "founded achievements" in the Republic of China. After the Wuchang Uprising and the neighboring provinces responded one after another, the revolutionaries moved to the news, and Wuzhou took the lead in independence. The situation in Guilin, the provincial capital was tense. Gan Defan and others found Guangxi Governor Shen Bingkun and asked him to declare independence. On that day, the provincial capital was hung with the flag "The National Army of Guangxi Province in Guangxi respectfully requested the Governor Shen to declare Guangxi independence, long live Guangxi independence" to be the governor. On November 7, Guangxi declared independence, and Shen Bingkun was the governor. However, he was excluded by Deputy Governor Lu Rongting . Shen Bingkun left Guilin in the name of leading troops to aid Hubei and went to Nanjing to meet with Huang Xing , and only served as the governor for two weeks.
Anhui Governor Zhu Jiabao once suppressed the Xiong Chengji Uprising in 1908. After the Wuchang Uprising, he was very panicked and thought that the new army was no longer reliable. So he asked the governor of Liangjiang Zhang Renjun to urgently call for him to declare independence by citing Cheng Dequan's example, but Zhu Jiabao refused and searched the revolutionary party and sent the new army. This was also the only case of successfully suppressing the uprising in various provinces. However, under the hint of Yuan Shikai and the persuasion of the constitutionalists, Zhu Jiabao's attitude changed drastically and said that he could accept the opinions of the Anhui people. On November 8, the Advisory Council held a meeting to declare Anhui independence and recommended Zhu Jiabao as the governor. However, the revolutionary party did not allow him to revolution. The next day, Huang Huanzhang's troops of the Anhui Jiang Army besieged the Governor's Office and forced the wages. Zhu Jiabao crossed the wall and fled in the city.
Fujian's local advisory council saw that the southeastern provinces had successively revived and began to plan independence. They put forward four conditions for the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang Songshou: Manchu obeys the new government; the flag army handed over the ordnance of the military and the Han dynasties; there was no distinction between Manchu and Han dynasties; the salary of Manchu was paid as a result. These conditions reconciled the demands of the Revolutionary Party and the Manchus. Song Shou had agreed, but the general Park Shou resisted fiercely and ordered the flag soldiers to prepare for war. Finally, on November 8, the revolution broke out. The two sides fought fiercely for one night. At noon, the Qing army surrendered. Fuzhou was liberated and Park Shou was killed. Seeing that the situation was hopeless, Song Shou went out of office and went to the high-end portrait store to open the list to commit suicide. His coffin and his family were sent back to the flag.
Governor General of Guangdong and Guangxi Zhang Mingqi is a hardliner among the local governors. He has suppressed the uprising many times before, and the Huanghuagang Uprising was also suppressed. At that time, Guangdong gentry and merchants were planning for peace and independence. Zhang Mingqi was at the beginning and was vainly condemned to the snake. After hearing that Nan and Guangdong responded to the uprising, he turned to agree. On November 8, various groups in Guangdong Province held a meeting at the Advisory Council, formally decided to declare the independence of the Republic and planned to elect Zhang Mingqi as the governor. When the envoy sent the official document and sealed the letter to the governor's office, Zhang Mingqi refused to accept it. He left the province and fled to Hong Kong on the same day. Later, he fled from Hong Kong to Japan and eventually became a traitor.
Sichuan, which was the first to attack due to the road protection movement, fell to the end because of the stalemate with Zhao Erfeng. He acted as the governor of Sichuan, Zhao Erfeng, and arrested the masses' petition representatives, and created a "Chengdu bloody case". The Qing court ordered Duanfang to replace Zhao Erfeng and temporarily appointed the governor of Sichuan. However, Duanfang was killed in Zizhou by his subordinates on the way to Sichuan. In fact, he did not take the post of the governor of Sichuan. Since the revolutionary situation could no longer be stopped, on November 22 and 25, Chengdu held a Sichuan official and gentry congress, announcing his independence from the Beijing government, and established the Sichuan military government of Han, and Pu Dianjun, and Pu Dianjun, and served as the governor of the military government, but the situation was not stable. On December 6, the army suddenly mutiny, and Yin Changheng quelled the rebellion and was promoted to the governor. Afterwards, people suspected that the mutiny was in charge of Zhao. In the early morning of December 22, Yin Changheng command headquarters captured Zhao Erfeng and executed the imperial city "Mingyuan Tower" on the spot.
There is another special governor, that is, the governor of Liangjiang, Zhang Renjun, stationed in Jiangning (now Nanjing), and is in charge of military and civil affairs in Jiangsu (including Shanghai), Anhui and Jiangxi provinces. After the Wuchang Uprising, Zhang Renjun urgently planned a defensive strategy. He not only hated constitutionalism, but also hated the new army. After the restoration of Shanghai, Suzhou and Hangzhou, the gentry in Nanjing demanded peace and independence, but was rejected by Zhang Renjun. Zhang Renjun relied on Zhang Xun 's troops and prepared to resist to the end. On December 2, the Jiangsu and Zhejiang coalition forces captured Nanjing. Zhang Renjun and Tieliang hid the Japanese soldiers in Xiaguan and fled to Shanghai. Later, they stayed in Qingdao and did not take office again.
above is the reaction of the local governors of the fourteen provinces who declared independence during the Revolution of 1911. Several characteristics can be seen from them. Due to the rapid revolution, in Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Jiangxi and other provinces that initially revolted, the local governors did not make any effective defense or resistance measures. Starting from Shanxi and Yunnan, the governors of various places began to realize the seriousness of the problem and began to take precautions for the new army, which mainly included two points: one was to transfer the new army from the provincial capital, and the other was to seize the ammunition and equipment of the new army. However, this measure often accelerated the pace of the uprising. When the uprising broke out, the local governors were also powerless. Among all the fourteen independent provinces, only Zhu Jiabao of Anhui successfully suppressed the uprising, and then he soon surrendered.
On the other hand, it is also too simple to regard these local governors as "subduing after seeing the wind". It was not until November 4 that Jiangsu Governor Cheng Dequan became the first local official to serve as the governor of the Revolutionary Army. The only imitators who followed him were Zhu Jiabao, Anhui and Shen Bingkun, Guangxi, and both of them failed to control the situation and quickly stepped down. The only local governors who truly participated in the revolutionary process were Cheng Dequan. On the contrary, five people who refused to serve as the governor of the revolutionary army were Qian Nengxun, Feng Ruyi from Jiangxi, Li Jingxi from Yunnan, Shen Yuqing from Guizhou, and Zhang Mingqi from Guangdong. Those who died of the revolution or committed suicide after the revolution included Zhao Erfeng from Sichuan, Lu Zhongqi from Shanxi, Feng Ruyi from Jiangxi, and Songshou from Fujian.
However, in terms of the relationship between the Revolution of 1911 and the local governors, except for Zhao Erfeng, Sichuan and Zhang Renjun, Liangjiang, whether these local governors were loyal to the revolution or loyal to the Qing court, they had almost no resistance to the uprising. Most of the uprisings were completed within one day or even a few hours. Even those local officials who were loyal to the loyalty to the revolution chose to hide rather than actively confront them at that time. In Jiangsu, Guangxi, Guangdong and other places, they declared independence without even a day of armed struggle.
Therefore, within two months after the beginning of the Xinhai Revolution, an extremely absurd picture was formed: on the one hand, Yuan Shikai's Beiyang Army actively confronted the Hubei Revolutionary Army, and successively seized Hankou and Hanyang . However, on the other hand, in the wider southern region, most of China announced its separation from the Qing court.
