Historical background: In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, before the Qing Dynasty in Northeast Asia expanded rapidly, Tsarist Russia, located at the other end of Eurasia at almost the same latitude, took the lead and began to expand rapidly. Both empires It has swallowed the surrounding territories at an incredible speed. About the middle of the 17th century, the two empires inevitably met in the area north of Heilongjiang.
Since the 17th century, tsarist Russian adventurers, Ronin, and Cossack mercenaries, in order to obtain fur, chased the wild beasts all the way eastward, from Europe to Northeast Asia, fur Trade objectively stimulated the eastward expansion of Tsarist Russia. By the end of the Ming Dynasty, it had bordered the Qing Dynasty. Although the number of Tsarist Russia who reached the Far East was pitifully small, they were desperadoes, extremely vicious and extremely cruel. However, the Daur and Oroqen people who lived in the Heilongjiang valley at that time knew nothing about them, thinking they were non-pure Mongolians from the Siberian Khanate.
Actually, these white people are notorious Cossacks. According to some fragments in the Russian document "Selected Translation of Documents on Sino-Russian Relations in the 17th Century", Learn about the cruel actions of some Cossack mercenaries. In 1643, Vayari Boyakov led a 132-man Cossack expeditionary force to the Heilongjiang region. After robbing the Daur people, he fought back. In order to solve the food shortage problem, Boyakov went wild and instigated The Cossack mercenaries ate about fifty aliens.
The American scholar Buddha A. Gold once said in the book "Russian Expansion in the Pacific (1641-1850)": "Boyak The husband’s actions gave people such a profound and terrifying impression that the residents on the Amur River (referring to the Heilongjiang) would just say "The Cossacks are coming" and they would have a picture of torture, kidnapping, death and death in their minds. It is the brutal behavior of this expeditionary army that reminds the people of Heilongjiang border areas of the "Raksha" in Buddhist vocabulary. The so-called Raksha is the meaning of the devil. This group of Russian bandits burned and killed prostitutes in China. Plunder, do no evil, do nothing, the Dahaner people and the Oroqen people are the first victims.
Then why did the Qing government also call Tsarist Russia (Russia) the "Raksha country" What? There are roughly two different opinions about this.
The first one is the record.
The Qing state believes that Russia and its surroundings belong to the "Raksha" vassal state.
《清"Shizu Shilu" records, "(Shunzhi 9th year) September Bingxu, with the garrison Ninggutazhang Jinghaisai sent to catch the animal wing leader Xifu and other troops to Heilongjiang, fought against Raksha, defeated, Hesaifuzhu, Xifuge went Wings are long, whip a hundred; still stay in Ninggu Tower. "According to the records of "The Eight Banners General Records", in the eleventh year of Shunzhi, "Ming Andali led troops from the capital to conquer Rakshasa and defeated the enemy in Heilongjiang." "C5a0e# The Manchu "Russian Archives" also recorded, "Heilongjiang, there is a small night of the Raksha Kingdom, which robbed me to catch the mink Zhu Sheli, Daur, etc.". In the early Qing Dynasty, it was recorded that Emperor Kangxi used Yaksa to conquer and invade China's Heilongjiang. The official document of the Russian Cossack Expeditionary Army in the region, the name is "Panding the Rakshasa Strategy".
The second is the transliteration .
in English In, Russia is called Russia, and the pronunciation of Russia should come from Russian Россия (meaning: Russian pronunciation: if the teeth). In comparison, the pronunciation of the two is somewhat similar. At that time, the Qing Dynasty was the main source of information about this language. For the Mongols, although the Mongol Empire was torn apart at that time, it still had a strong presence in the Eurasian steppes, Mongolian plateau and other places. What is interesting is that when the Mongols used the Mongolian spelling of Russian "Russia", they used "R" A vowel is added in front, so "Russia" becomes "ORussia", which sounds more like Russia. But the strange thing is that the Qing government clearly knows the Mongolian "ORussiaIA"When translated into Chinese, it is more similar to "Russia", but it is still called "Raksha" for a long time.
From this, it is inferred that the first kind of misleading record, or the folk story with a sense of hatred, may be more in line with the facts.
