Our country is known as the "Mother of Gardens in the World", which shows that China is the hometown of gardens in the world, and the foundation period of Chinese classical gardens was in the Qin and Han Dynasties. Gardens developed from gardens. Gardens in the Qin Dynasty integrated landscapes, flowers, trees, and buildings into one, and were the prototype of Chinese classical gardens. Studying gardens in the Qin Dynasty is very important for studying the architectural history, cultural history, and garden history of Qin All have important significance. It can be said that Qin and Han gardens played a pioneering role in Chinese garden culture.
Shanglinyuan
The main features of Qin Dynasty gardens are: The combination of natural landscapes and artificial landscapes, the formation of the trinity of landscape elements of mountains, water and buildings, and the diversification of garden interests. It established the pattern and tone of Chinese classical gardens, gave birth to the aesthetic emotions of ancient women, and the pleasant scenery became the eternal yearning of literati.
Qin Dynasty Garden Development Period
The Qin and Han Dynasties were a unified feudal empire. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, royal gardens featuring large-scale palace and garden buildings appeared, which were known for their grand scale and momentum. During this period, gardens in gardens emerged, and the large-scale gardens were rich but not extensive. The most characteristic Chinese garden method of mountain and water management has been initially formed, laying the foundation for the subsequent development of traditional Chinese gardens .
The hunting pictures of emperors in ancient murals
The "garden" is connected with the 忿, "it was called 忿 in ancient times, and it was called garden in Han Dynasty".
The palace garden in the Qin and Han Dynasties was a garden form with palace buildings as the main body, and was the inheritance and development of ancient gardens. Palace gardens generally gather earth to form mountains and pools in a large delineated area, and the pools are filled with rocks and earth to form islands. They also planted exotic trees and flowers, and raised birds and beasts for the emperor to hunt and enjoy. The palace buildings occupy an important position in the palace garden. The layout of the palace buildings is mostly based on the terrain. The palaces are connected by chariot roads, which are twists and turns.
In addition, during the Western Han period, the gentry, mainly composed of nobles and bureaucrats, began to form. These nobles, who enjoyed various political, economic and cultural privileges, gradually formed a closed, self-sufficient and self-contained feudal manor economy. The earliest private gardens appeared in these feudal manors. The emergence of private gardens in the Han Dynasty was of great significance in the history of Chinese gardens, which developed and interpreted the classics and essence of traditional Chinese gardens in later generations.
Basic characteristics of Qin Dynasty gardens
(1) Combination of natural landscapes and artificial landscapes
Qin and Han gardens made full use of natural landscapes and at the same time created artificial landscapes to frame the scenery. This is an important feature of Qin and Han gardens.
Shanglin Garden is the representative of the royal gardens of Qin and Han Dynasties. In Shanglin Garden, there are many rare animals, trees and flowers, covering a vast area. It is a landscape garden for emperors and nobles to hunt and play. Qin Shihuang In the process of conquering the six countries, every time a country was destroyed, he imitated the country's royal palace in Beiban, Xianyang, and built palaces and royal gardens.
(2) The formation of the trinity of landscape elements of mountains, water, and buildings
During the Qin and Han Dynasties, whether it was imperial gardens or large-scale private gardens, mountains, water, and buildings were basically the main landscape elements. The mountains and rivers are full of flowers and trees, chased by birds and animals, and full of life. The gardening model of "one pond and three mountains" was pioneered in the Qin and Han Dynasties and was imitated by royal gardens of all subsequent dynasties.
The Kunming Lake in the Summer Palace is to follow the Qin and Han Dynasty's "one pool and three mountains" model. The West Embankment and the branch embankments are used to divide Kunming Lake into three waters of different sizes and shapes. Each water area is There is an island in each, named Nanhu Island, Zhijingge and Zaojiantang, which symbolize Penglai, Abbot and Yingzhou respectively. "Huainanzi·Si Lun Xun" "In the Qin Dynasty, the high ground was the pavilion, the large garden was the garden, and the distance was the Chidao", which vividly summarizes the construction aspect of the Qin Dynasty.
(3) Diverse garden tastes
After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, there were mainly royal gardens and literati gardens, with a single form. However, the Qin and Han Dynasties were the era of the establishment and consolidation of the unified dynasty . Building meritorious services and pursuing wealth became the fashion of the Qin and Han Dynasties; this era was an era with relatively sparse institutions and a relatively relaxed social atmosphere. In this era, people at different levels will have different pursuits and different interests in gardens.
The royal gardens of Qin and Han Dynasties were huge in scale, majestic and wild. The royal family of Qin and Han Dynasties, with their broad mind and courage to encompass the whole world and the whole world, were very rare in ancient Chinese society. The Warring States Period The period of Qin and Han Dynasties was a major change in Chinese history, which was called "the collapse of the sky and the earth" by historians of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The rulers of the Qin and Han Dynasties wanted to establish the image of the new dynasty and establish a new ruling order. The huge buildings and gardens were the visual expression of their will to rule.
The front hall of Afang Palace in Shanglin Garden is based on the special landform of "the top of Nanshan Mountain", so that the huge palace standing on the high platform echoes the double towers on the mountain peak that reach into the clouds. Such a space is so powerful. majestic! Only Qin Shihuang, who was full of confidence, could have such an idea of using the top of a mountain as the palace gate, and such a generous and casual gesture. Similarly, in addition to being used for hunting and viewing by the royal family, Shanglin Garden also had an important function, which was to promote the country's prestige.
(4) Penglai Wonderland - the eternal longing of the ancients
The prevalence of immortal thoughts is one of the important features of Qin and Han culture. In the process of the spread of the idea of gods, the most noteworthy thing is the legend of the "Three God Mountains on the Sea" from Yanqi to Guanzhong in the Central Plains and its imitation in the imperial gardens. Qin Shihuang built Penglai and Yingzhou in Chang'an by Weishui , Emperor Wu of Han imitated the "Three Gods Mountain on the Sea" in Kunming Pool and built the 40-foot-high Feilian Temple in Shanglin Garden. There are mountains and water, shapes and scenery, virtual and real, which makes the boundary between human world and fairyland tend to be blurred. After being exaggerated by the Qin and Han Dynasties, Penglai Wonderland took root in the minds of Chinese people.
Emperors of Qin and Han Dynasty's yearning for and creation of Penglai Wonderland established the "Three Godly Mountains in the Sea" as an unshakable position in gardens. In subsequent gardens, it had a profound impact on garden art and literati thought. Although after the Qin and Han Dynasties, politicians during the war period had little time to consider the fairy tales, and rational and pragmatic politicians in the peaceful and prosperous times did not believe in fairy tales, the pattern of the "Three Gods Mountains on the Sea" has been preserved in gardens for a long time.
(5) There are gardens in the large-scale gardens.
The most famous Shanglin Garden was built in the 35th year of Qin Shihuang (212 BC). Shanglin Garden is large-scale, starting from Weishui in the north, ending at in the south and ending in Nanshan in the east. The courtyard reaches Fenghe River in the west and was built between Feng and Hao, the former capitals of the Zhou Dynasty. In addition to Shanglin Garden, there are many other palaces and annexes, among which the famous ones are Lanchi Palace, Liangshan Palace and Changyang Palace . Shanglin Garden in the Qin Dynasty was once abandoned in the early Han Dynasty. In the twelfth year of Emperor Gaodi (195 BC), people were allowed to enter the garden to cultivate land.
In 138 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty Liu Che overhauled the royal gardens in Chang'an and rebuilt Shanglin Garden. Shanglin Garden is the largest royal garden in the history of our country, covering an unprecedented area and the length of the garden wall is about 130-160 kilometers. There are many records and descriptions in historical materials: "Is it true that the emperor is above the forest? On the left is Cangwu, on the right is the west pole, Danshui is further to the south, and Ziyuan is around it to the north... Xu Wei snakes are running around, and they are wandering inside. It is as if the eight rivers are diverging, and they are opposite to each other." "In the western suburbs, there is Shangxu Forbidden Garden, Forest Foothills Drum Lake, Pi Pond connected to Shuhan, more than 400 miles of surrounding walls, thirty-six villas in the palace, and sacred ponds and marshes, which are always there."
Garden Zhongyouyuan is a major feature of Qin and Han gardens.
This feature is most fully demonstrated in Shanglinyuan of the Western Han Dynasty. There are thirty-six gardens in Shanglin Garden. These gardens include Changmen Garden, Yusu Garden, Yushy Garden, Guangming Garden, Yichun Lower Garden, Yichun Upper Garden, Leyou Garden, Bowang Garden, Huangshan Garden, Ganquan Garden, Zhaoxiang Garden and Sixian Garden. There is a garden in a garden. This is not only a general layout method often used by ancient Chinese gardeners, but also worthy of our reference in gardening today. This can increase the changes in the internal environmental atmosphere of the garden, and at the same time, it can also make The interior of the garden achieves a contrasting effect of small within the large and large within the small.
In short, The landscape combination method of ancient Chinese gardens that integrated architecture, landscapes, plants, and animals began in the Qin and Han Dynasties. The Qin and Han Dynasties were an era of flourishing culture and vitality. Its gardens were based on the basic spatial principle of being broad and covering all things. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, whether it was the grand view of the royal gardens or the "heaven and earth in the pot" of the scholar-bureaucrats, their forms all took mountains, water, and architecture as the basic elements, emphasizing the artistic realm of "although they are made by humans, they are created from the sky", and pursued the mountains, forests, rivers and valleys. The true interest of natural forms.
