Zhuanghe The ethnic evolution of the northern mountainous area
Li Qingjun
The origin of the residents of the northern mountainous area of Zhuanghe -
Zhuanghe Wulu Baidianzi Stone Shed
According to research, humans lived in Zhuanghe as early as more than 6,000 years ago, in the Spring and Autumn Period During the Warring States Period, residents of the Central Plains also crossed the sea or came to settle here by land to avoid the war. During the Eastern Expedition of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty , one of the troops landed here from the sea. Later, the refugees in the Pass also came here along this road. Therefore, many stories of the Eastern Expedition of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty can be passed down orally. By the early Ming Dynasty, more and more residents from the Central Plains came to settle here to escape the war, and it also became a transit point for refugees from the Pass to the northeast.
In the early years of the Qing Dynasty, a large number of Manchus and Han Dynasties followed the Shunzhi Emperor Conglong into the Pass. The population of Zhuanghe was reduced for a time. Later, the imperial court promulgated the "Liaodong Reclamation Regulations", and a large number of refugees from the Pass followed. During the Kangxi period, the banners of the Mongols (Barhu Mongols) and Xibo people moved to the Shengjing territory. At that time, Zhuanghe was under the jurisdiction of Xiuyan. Later, some Barhu people also moved here from Xiuyan. Like the Manchus, they "divided flags and determined the land, and distributed cattle and seeds to farm and feed themselves. When the strong men came out, they became soldiers, and when they entered, they became people." Therefore, this place became a multi-ethnic residential area.
Emperor Shunzhi entered Shanhaiguan
In the late Kangxi period, the Qing Dynasty implemented a ban policy on the birthplace of Liaodong . However, refugees in Zhili (Shandong and Hebei) areas, especially Shandong, still ignored the ban and took risks to sneak here with their families and children by sea.
The Manchus in the mountainous area north of Zhuanghe -
The number of Manchus in the north of Zhuanghe is second only to the Han, accounting for about 40%. There are four specific sources: one is the Manchus who originally lived here; the other is those who came from the capital or other places. The Manchu officials and their families sent there; the third are the Manchus who were exiled or escaped during the Qing Dynasty; the fourth are the descendants of the Eight Banners of the Han Army. At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, several Manchu branches moved south from Liaoyang, Niuzhuang, and other places, and successively immigrated to Sanjiashan, Guiyunhua and other places. They were locally called "Zhanshan households". They should be relatively The Manchus arrived here early.
The origin of the Manchus in the mountainous area north of Zhuanghe is closely related to Xiuyan:
The first batch of Manchus to arrive in Xiuyan were the Eight Banners soldiers who were destined to occupy Xiuyan and later stationed the Eight Banners soldiers here.
The second batch was Huang Taiji In March of the seventh year of Tiancong, he sent Nurhachi Jierha, the son of his younger brother Shuerhaci, to lead the Eight Banners soldiers to garrison here.
The third batch was a group of Manchu soldiers assigned by Beijing to garrison in Xiuyan in the eighth year of Shunzhi (1651) (Guerjia , and most of their descendants were from the Guan family in Pialing Township).
The fourth batch was a group of Manchurian Eight Banners soldiers sent to Xiuyan by the capital in the third year of Kangxi. Most of their descendants were in the Cao family (Suochuoluo family and Manchuria Xianghongqi) of in Shaozihe Township.
The fifth batch was the Eight Banners soldiers sent from Beijing to Xiuyan in the 24th year of Kangxi (1685). For example, the Qi family in Yangjiabao Township (Xitala family, Manzhou Xiangbaiqi), according to their genealogy, their ancestors were Agu Dudu (wanggao) was the wife of Takeshi of the Jianzhou Department in the late Ming Dynasty and the mother of Nurhaci. Agu Dudu was Nurhachi's father-in-law.
Portraits of Wang Gao
The sixth batch was in the 26th year of Kangxi. Another group of Manchu bannermen were transferred from Beijing to Xiuyan, such as: Wang family (Wanyan family) in Shaozihe TownshipZhenghuang BannerBai family, Dafangshen Township Cai family (Sa Lama family) Luo family (Sagda family); Tanggou Township He family ( Hesheli family ); Tian family, Zhenghuang Banner; Tang family in Zhenglan Banner, Xiuyan Town... According to the "Tongzhi of the Eight Banners", there were 547 soldiers stationed in Xiuyan City in the fifth year of Emperor Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty (1727), including the Eight Banners of Manchuria, the Eight Banners of Mongolia and the Mongolian Banners of Barhu.
The mountainous area in the northern part of Zhuanghe River is adjacent to Xiuyan. After many years of migration, many Manchus today migrated from Xiuyan. If the Manchus in the mountainous area in the northern part of Zhuanghe River are looking for their origins, they should start from Xiuyan.
In 1669 (the eighth year of Emperor Kangxi's reign in the Qing Dynasty), Aobai was arrested and convicted in Beijing. One of his grandsons, named "Er Zhui", was originally a leader in Shuntian Prefecture (a position similar to that of a Chinese clerk or chief of staff in the modern army). ), he was serving in Xiuyan at that time and was spared. Emperor Kangxi later learned of this and thought of Ao for his previous merits. He was exempted from the fall. Then he led his family members to settle in a wasteland twenty miles south of Xianren Cave. The land is adjacent to the Zhuang River in the front and a hill in the descendants. It was later named Jinjiatun. Aobai was the first ancestor of his family and Erhui was the third ancestor. The descendants of Aobai were first settled in Jinjiatun in Ronghuashan, and later expanded to Gengjiatun and Maogui Village in Taipingling.
Portrait of Obai
The Mongolian formed by the misinformation of the Barhu Mongolian tribe -
The Barhu tribe is an ancient tribe of the Mongolian people, which originated in the Barguzin River Basin on the east bank of Lake Baikal . According to "Heilongjiang Chronicles" records: "The local name of Barhu is because of its famous clan." In the Tang Dynasty, it was called "Beyegu", and in the Yuan Dynasty, the Bargujin River was called Barhujin Water. Later they gradually became known as the "Barhu" people. In 1207 AD, Temujin sent his son Jochi to conquer the tribes in this area, and the Barhu tribe was merged into the Mongol Empire led by Temujin.
The birthplace of the Barhu Mongols - Lake Baikal
In the fifth year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1648), Tsarist Russia established an aggressive stronghold at the mouth of the Barguzin River and attacked the local Buryat people (Russia's name for the Barhu people) , the Mongols brutally suppressed them, and they fled to the Khalkha Mongols (i.e. Outer Mongolia) with their property and livestock.
In 1688, Galdan of the Junggar tribe invaded eastward, and the grazing land of the Barhu people was also destroyed. Galdan sent envoys to induce the Barhu people to surrender. The Barhu people knew that they could not compete with Galdan and were unwilling to surrender, so they killed the envoy sent by Galdan (it was said to be Galdan's younger brother), and went south with the Chechen Khan tribe to surrender to the Qing Dynasty. They were temporarily nomadic in the Qing Dynasty. Zhangjiakou and Horqin and other places.
In the 30th year of Kangxi (1691) Duolun League, the Qing government organized the three Outer Mongolian tribes into thirty-seven banners. In the thirty-sixth year, Emperor Kangxi led the Qing army to defeat Galdan, and the Khalkha Mongolian tribes returned to their original pasture lands. During this period, some Barhu people returned to the Mobei grassland with their original lords. However, a large number of Barhu people broke away from their original lords and were incorporated into the Eight Banners of Manchuria by the Qing government. They belonged to the Three Banners of Upper Manchuria and were assigned to Go to Shengjing, Jilin, Qiqihar, Mergen (Heilongjiang Heihe Nenjiang), Butha (Hulunbuir Zalantun), Chahar and other places. During the Yongzheng period, two groups of Barhu people were transferred from the Chechen Khanate of Outer Mongolia to garrison Hulunbuir.
In the 31st year of Kangxi (1692), after many years of war, the Barhu people who were stationed as herders outside Zhangjiakou were repeatedly destroyed, mourned all over the country, displaced, and were crying for food. The Tiger people have a difficult life, so please move to Shengjing and other places to wear armor and eat food, in the hope of benefit. When the Tiger people are moved to Bar, more than 5,000 people, a total of 1,273 strong men, including 1,000 who can wear armor, each One hundred people were organized into a subordinate group, each group led fifty-five armored soldiers, and the rest were attached to the Ding. Seven cities including Zhouzhou, Xiuyan, Fenghuang City, etc. each have one assistant collar, and Shengjing has three assistant collars, a total of ten assistant collars. Each of them will be given a house and acres of land for support."
Banner Government Office
The original lords of the Barhu people who were transferred to the Shengjing area at that time were Chechen Khan tribe Mongolian princes Hong Erdaiqing and Dalai Zaisang. Although they belonged to the upper three banners of Manchuria, they were different from the other eight banners of Manchuria. The difference is that there is a separate flag office, commonly known as the "Ninth Flag".The three zuolings in Shengjing belong to the Xianghuang, Zhenghuang, and Zhengbai banners; the Baerhu people of Kaiyuan, Fuzhou, and Xiuyan belong to the Xianghuang banner; and Jinzhou belongs to the Zhengbai banner.
According to statistics in 2002, there are two surnames, Kou and Bai, in Balhuyingzi and Taipingling Xiangtuchengzi, Guanghua Village, Wulu Township, Zhuanghe City today, with the ancestor of the Kou surname, Sabuhu, as the assistant leader. After the descendants of the Zhuanghe Kou surnamed Barhu lived in Wulu Barhuyingzi Village and Tuchengzi Village for 60 years, some people began to move out, successively to Laibaogou, Qumufang, and Laosi Farm in Gaoling Town. According to incomplete statistics, there are about 500 descendants of the Kou surname in Dongguachuan in Taling Town, Sijiazi, Bajiazi, Gujiazi, Huanghuanggou, Zhuyingzi and other places in Daying Township. Descendants of the Bai surname mainly live in Tuchengzi Village, Taipingling, Zhuanghe, Baijiadian, Xuanchengzi and other places, with about 300 people. According to their genealogy records, the two surnames Kou Bai come from the same ancestor. Therefore, most of the Manchu people in Taling have ancestors from the Barhu Mongolian ethnic group. In the census of the last century, they were all reported as Manchus.
Descendants of the Eight Banners of the Han Army -
Dalian Jinzhou and Fuzhou in the west were important coastal defense areas in the Qing Dynasty. Therefore, in the tenth year of Shunzhi, all the Han residents who moved from Denglaiqing and other prefectures in the Qing Dynasty were classified into the upper three of Flag , and at the same time all residents in the south of Jinzhou City will be registered. In the west, Xiuyan, Fengcheng, Huanren, Benxi, Ji'an, Xinbin, Qingyuan were the places of Longxing in the Qing Dynasty, and had always been the first inhabited area of the Manchus, except for the fourth year of Yongzheng's reign. , the Han people who were transferred from Shandong and Yunnan to report land and plant fields in Xiuyan were organized into the Han army flags of red, yellow, red and blue. These people were locally called "occupying households". Since then, there has been no integrated Han army. The Eight Banners were transferred in, so how did the descendants of the Eight Banners of the Han Army get here? It was all because of the war that the residents of Jinzhou and Fuzhou fled to the Zhuanghe River in the east. Among those who fled were both the Eight Banners of Manchuria and the Eight Banners of the Han Army.
The main body of residents in the mountainous area north of Zhuanghe - Descendants of Shandong people who broke into the Guandong
When the Qing Dynasty was established, a large number of Han people followed Emperor Shunzhi into the Central Plains. In addition, the Manchu rulers later built wicker borders to prevent the Han population from entering their " "Longxing Land" led to a sharp decrease in the population of Liaodong and the land was barren. With the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, society gradually stabilized. Refugees in the society began to gradually flow into Shanhaiguan, regardless of the Qing government's ban. In the sixth year of Shunzhi (1649), the Qing government adopted a method that followed the historical trend and took advantage of the situation. "There are many wastelands outside Shanhaiguan. If the people are willing to go out to cultivate land, Shanhaidao will be registered in the Ministry of Households (household department) and live in separate areas." As a result, the number of people going out to Guandong gradually increased. For example, in the 11th year of Shunzhi (1654), Chen Dade, a native of Zhejiang, recruited 140 households in Liaoyang and was awarded the title of county magistrate by the Qing government; Mr. Li Bai, an Orion hunter in Shengjing, was rewarded with "clothes rewards" by the Qing government for adopting more than 400 poor people in Shanhaiguan (黄) Mandarin jacket ), pommel horse". In short, the largest population migration in the history of our country started from this period and did not stop until the eve of the founding of New China - the journey to Guandong.
Dalian Fujiazhuang Sea Sculpture of Guandong Passage
Zhuanghe is located on the north bank of the Yellow Sea. Most of the people who come here are residents of Dengzhou , Laizhou , Qingzhou , Jiaozhou , Weihai and other places in Shandong
who cross the sea. Coming here, while the Han people from other areas in the Guan Guan mostly took the overland route to Guandong, it was difficult to get here. Some of them came here under the orders of the imperial court, and some of them were planning to continue migrating north and stayed here for some reason. There are several recorded large-scale population inflows as follows:
First, during the Shunzhi period, the Qing Dynasty recruited silkworms from Jiaodong, Shandong to Zhuanghe to raise tussah silkworms to increase the court's income. Second, in the forty-third year of Qianlong's reign (1830), a large-scale recruitment of silkworm herders from Jiaodong, Shandong Province came to Zhuanghe to breed tussah silkworms. Third, during the Russo-Japanese War , because Zhuanghe was located in the middle of the three regions of Dandong, Liaoyang, and Luda, it was less affected by the war. The northern mountainous area was sparsely populated, and it was not a strategic location, so the impact was even smaller. There were many warring areas. People flow in.
From the analysis of many names in the northern mountainous area, most of them are surname + fort (or tun), which are the products of the settlement of Han people in Guan during the period when they invaded Guandong.
People in the mountainous area north of Zhuanghe celebrate the National Day
Little knowledge - Regarding Xinbaalhu and Chenbaalhu, the obvious difference between the two is that "Chenbaalhu has no respect for the lama in the secular world; Xinbaalhu respects the lama and entrusts his life to the Buddha, which is the same as Chenbaalhu." Baal is like tiger, water, fire and cloud." The Barhu people who later moved to the Shengjing area, including the Dalian area, are all New Barhu people.
