Hello everyone, this is the seven of 9527. A science student who loves history.
Today's protagonist is the most famous reformer in history, the founder of Qin's unification of the six countries - Shang Yang
Shang Yang (about 390 BC - 338 BC), politician, reformer, and thinker during the Warring States Period , military strategist, representative of Legalism . The descendants of the monarch of the Kingdom of Wei were the Gongsun family, so they were called Wei Yang, also known as Gongsun Yang. They were later granted the title of Shang, and later generations called them Shang Yang.
Shang Yang is also a Weiguo man. We have said before Wei Wenhou With two Weiguo people ( Li Kui and Wu Qi), the Wei State, which was in the place of the four wars, became the early Warring States period The first powerhouse is . (
Weiguo was previously the core territory of Shang . Its capital Chaoge was here, so there would be many Yin and Shang remnants. Uncle Kang felt that he could not figure out the governance policy. So I went to ask my brother Ji Dan (Zhou Gong) .
It can only be said that he is a person who has influenced Chinese civilization for thousands of years. The Duke of Zhou gave the eight-character guideline "Initiate business and govern, and use Xinjiang to explore" . Use the methods of the Yin and Shang dynasties to govern the people, and use Zhou rites to govern the ruling aristocracy . This hierarchical governance method makes the Weiguo stable.
But we all know that after existing problems are solved, it will often become unstable. New problems arise. Due to this policy, there is no connection between the royal family and the upper-class nobles of the Wei Kingdom and the lower-class nobles and common people.
If things go on like this, the upper-class nobles of the Wei Kingdom will inevitably monopolize power and corruption will occur. , the lower-class nobles and the common people will appear. The common people cannot enter the center of power, leaving many talented and ambitious people with no room to display, so the Weiguo talent pool is losing a lot of
It is impossible for lower-class nobles like Gongsun Yang to enter power in the Weiguo. Central, so after he grew up to be an ambitious young man, he chose to leave Weiguo and look for opportunities in other countries.
His first stop was the Wei Kingdom with the same name, and he became a disciple of Gongshu [cuó]. The advantage of this person is that he has a good eye for understanding people, but his disadvantage is that he has a small belly and no measure.
During the period of Wei Wuhou, , for the position of prime minister, squeezed out Wu Qi, and let Chu State take advantage. With the help of Wu Qi, the state of Chu rose for a time (
But the dying man recommended his disciples, which was completely unconvincing to King Wei Hui.
Seeing that King Wei Hui had no expression, Gongshu Cuo thought "Wu Qi." "Le Wei Ben Chu Incident" , so he said: "If Gongsun Martingale is not used, the king must kill him and not let him go to other countries."
But King Wei Hui did not take his suggestion to heart and dealt with it casually. As soon as King Hui of Wei left, Gongsun Yang called Gongsun Yang and informed him of the situation. asked him to escape quickly. Gongsun Yang was noncommittal and said that he would not be able to kill the king without me. I.
As expected, King Hui of Wei not only did not kill Gongsun Martingale, but also ridiculed Gongsun Shu as he was terminally ill with acne and was not clear-headed .
In 361 BC, Gongsun Yang, who was not favored by King Hui of Wei, left Wei after the death of Gongshu Cuo. It coincided with Qin State Qin Xiaogong issued the "Order for Seeking Talents" to the world to recruit talents , Gongsun Yang Carrying a copy of Li Kui's " Dharma Sutra ", I embarked on a journey to Qin.
PS: The background at that time was that Qin State was pinned to the ground by Wei State. After Qin Xiaogong succeeded to the throne, he signed a truce treaty with Wei State and ceded a large area of land to Wei State. Not only the fertile Hexi lost land, but also Qin State's thousand-year barrier Hanguguan. In the face of the danger of national subjugation, Qin Xiaogong issued a heroic message "Order for Seeking Virtues".
After meeting Qin Xiaogong, Gongsun Yang first recommended "The Imperial Way" ( The Imperial Way is the way of ancient emperors, which is roughly equivalent to the inaction " Taoism ". ) Qin Xiaogong was indifferent after hearing this .
After the first plan was rejected, Gongsun Yang quickly came up with the second plan "The King's Way" ( The King's Way is the way of the emperor. The King's Way is to use etiquette and benevolent government to govern the world. This method is equivalent to Confucius 's " Confucian ". ) The results Qin Xiaogong was drowsy after hearing this .
Faced with the "imperial way" and the "kingly way", Qin Xiaogong knew that Qin did not have much time to wait for results, so Qin Xiaogong was not very interested.
In desperation, Gongsun Yang came up with the third plan "domineering" . As soon as this plan came out, Qin Xiaogong's eyes lit up , and he immediately said that he would take it.
As a result, Gongsun Yang was appointed as the Chief of Zuo Shu by Qin Xiaogong, who did not abide by the emperor's way, did not abide by the royal way, and only wanted to be domineering , to preside over the Qin State's reform.
Before Shang Yang's reform , the Qin State had four kinds of concubine chiefs: the big concubine chief, the right concubine chief, the left concubine chief, and the Si chariot concubine chief. The four kinds of concubine chiefs are all in one title, which is both a title and an official position. The chief concubine praised the king, who was roughly equivalent to the early prime minister; the right concubine chief was in charge of the royal ministers, the left concubine chief was in charge of the non-royal ministers, and the Siche concubine chief was in charge of royal affairs; among the four concubine chiefs, Except for Zuo Shuchang, who can be held by non-royal ministers, the rest are all full-time positions of the royal family. After Shang Yang's reform, the official system of the Qin State imitated the changes in the Central Plains, and the prime minister took charge of regent affairs. The concubines and chiefs were reduced to military titles and no longer had actual power.
Gongsun Martingale's domineering technique was first aimed at the " enfeoffment system " since the establishment of the Zhou Dynasty . The characteristic of the "enfeoffment system" was decentralization , the emperor of Zhou distributed power to the princes and established princes. In the country, the princes then distributed power to the ministers and officials in the country. At the beginning of the
Zhou Dynasty, when transportation and communication capabilities were very backward (there were no people in many places and there were no roads), it was very difficult for the emperor of Zhou to rule such a large territory, so enfeoffment was the time the most appropriate system.
However, as time goes by, it is easy to give out the power of , but it is difficult to take it back . Therefore, there is the Spring and Autumn Overlord that pretends to be the emperor, and the Sanhuan Zhuanlu and three families that pretend to be the princes are divided into Jin And Tian's generation is .
Gongsun Martingale's hegemonic technique, first of all, is to change "decentralization" into "centralization" , in order to weaken the aristocratic power within the Qin State and enhance the power of the Qin State monarch.
Weakening the power of the aristocracy is something that every reformer will do. Perhaps he saw the unforgivable end of the aristocracy after Wu Qi and Chu's reforms offended the aristocracy. While Gongsun Yang was attacking the old aristocracy, he also created "military merit" New aristocrat .
Those traditional nobles, whether they are from a public or a noble family, their titles are hereditary and their fiefdoms are private. It can be said that they are superior to others from birth.
Gongsun Martingale's reform is based on "military merit" . All nobles first start from the clan without military merit, and then regain their titles according to the size of military merit.
Military merit is obtained regardless of class . Even civilians can be promoted to nobles as long as they perform military merits on the battlefield. Simply put, the more enemies you kill on the battlefield, the greater your merits will be. Ordinary people can also become nobles by virtue of their military merits.
This method of "military merit" greatly weakened the power of the nobles.
Before the reform, aristocrats had very large management rights in their fiefdoms, even the king could not interfere with . However, after the reform, the new aristocrats' only power over their own fiefdoms was land taxation .
So where does the power of people’s management lie? After the implementation of the new law, Qin State established counties and counties, and the country was divided into thirty-one counties, which were governed by county magistrates and county magistrates, and the power of appointment was in the hands of the monarch.
At this point, officials are no longer monopolized by the nobles. , as long as they have the ability, the lower-level nobles and common people can also enter the power level.
reformed the aristocratic system and completed the king's centralization of power ; for enriching the country and strengthening the army , Gongsun Yang went one step further on the basis of Wu Qi's "paying equal attention to farming and war, both soldiers and farmers".
encourages farming. If you work hard to produce more and pay public grain, you can be exempted from corvee. If you cheat and cheat, you will be demoted to a slave. In order to make people participate in the war and make meritorious service, has established a complete promotion channel (seventeen-level nobility system) .
PS: Seventeen-level knighthood system: a military reward system based on the "first-level knighthood".
With such a system, the people of Qin were naturally very excited when they heard about war, so it was not unreasonable to later call the Qin army the "tiger and wolf division".
In this way, through Gongsun Yang's "hegemony", the status of the king of Qin was improved, the power of the nobles was lost, the folk customs changed, and the national power was greatly improved.
